1
|
Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Slattery ML, Trivellas A, Pellatt AJ, Mullany LE, Stevens JR, Wolff RK, Herrick JS. Genetic variants in the TGFβ-signaling pathway influence expression of miRNAs in colon and rectal normal mucosa and tumor tissue. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16765-16783. [PMID: 28061442 PMCID: PMC5370000 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway is involved in regulation of cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We test the hypothesis that genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway alters miRNA expression.We use data from 1188 colorectal cancer cases to evaluate associations between 80 SNPs in 21 genes.Seven variants eIF4E rs12498533, NFκB1 rs230510, TGFB1 rs4803455, TGFBR1 rs1571590 and rs6478974, SMAD3 rs3743343, and RUNX1 rs8134179 were associated with expression level of miRNAs in normal colorectal mucosa. RUNX2 rs12333172 and BMPR1B rs13134042 were associated with miRNAs in normal colon mucosa; eIF4EBP3 rs250425, SMAD3 rs12904944, SMAD7 rs3736242, and PTEN rs532678 were associated with miRNA expression in normal rectal mucosa. Evaluation of the differential expression between carcinoma and normal mucosa showed that SMAD3 rs12708491 and rs2414937, NFκB1 rs230510 and rs3821958, and RUNX3 rs6672420 were associated with several miRNAs for colorectal carcinoma. Evaluation of site-specific differential miRNA expression showed that BMPR1B rs2120834, BMPR2 rs2228545, and eIF4EBP3 rs250425 were associated with differential miRNA expression in colon tissue and SMAD3 rs12901071, rs1498506, and rs2414937, BMPR2 rs2228545, and RUNX2 rs2819854, altered differential miRNA expression in rectal tissue.These data support the importance of the TGF-β signaling pathway to the carcinogenic process, possibly through their influence on miRNA expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Lila E Mullany
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John R Stevens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun M, Huang F, Yu D, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhang L, Li L, Dong L, Guo L, Wang S. Autoregulatory loop between TGF-β1/miR-411-5p/SPRY4 and MAPK pathway in rhabdomyosarcoma modulates proliferation and differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1859. [PMID: 26291313 PMCID: PMC4558514 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The origin of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) remains controversial. However, specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are downregulated in RMS and it is possible that re-expression of these miRNAs may lead to differentiation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to block differentiation of RMS. We therefore analyzed miRNA microarrays of RMS cell lines with or without TGF-β1 knockdown and identified a novel anti-oncogene miR-411-5p. Re-expression of miR-411-5p inhibited RMS cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Using a luciferase reporting system and sequence analysis, the potential target of miR-411-5p was identified as sprouty homolog 4 (SPRY4), which inhibits protein kinase Cα-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially p38MAPK phosphorylation. These results revealed an inverse correlation between TGF-β1/SPRY4 and miR-411-5p levels. SPRY4 small interfering RNA and miR-411-5p both activated p38MAPK phosphorylation and also promoted apoptosis and myogenic differentiation, indicated by increased caspase-3, myosin heavy chain, and myosin expression. SPRY4 and miR-411 mRNA levels correlated with TGF-β1 expression levels in RMS tissues, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1, SPRY4, and phosphorylated p38MAPK proteins. Overall, these results indicate that miR-411-5p acts as an RMS differentiation-inducing miRNA prompting p38MAPK activation via directly downregulating SPRY4. These results establish an autoregulatory loop between TGF-β1/miR-411-5p/SPRY4 and MAPK in RMS, which governs the switch between proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sun
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - F Huang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - D Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Osteology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - L Dong
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - L Guo
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
TGF-β1 suppression of microRNA-450b-5p expression: a novel mechanism for blocking myogenic differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:2075-86. [PMID: 23665678 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is the most potent inhibitor of myogenic differentiation (MyoD) of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS); however, the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition remain unclear. In this study, we identified novel TGF-β1-related microRNAs (miRNAs); among these, miR-450b-5p is significantly regulated by TGF-β1. We provide evidence that TGF-β1 exerts it function by suppressing miR-450b-5p. Both in cultured cells and tumor implants, miR-450b-5p significantly arrested the growth of RMS and promoted its MyoD. Utilizing a bioinformatics approach, we identified miR-450b-5p target mRNAs. Among these candidates, only the expression of ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger 2 (ENOX2) and paired box 9 (PAX9) was augmented by miR-450b-5p knockdown examined by western blot; the engineered inhibition antagonized TGF-β1-mediated differentiation inhibition. Furthermore, we found that the Smad3 and Smad4 pathways, but not Smad2, are the principal mediator of TGF-β1 suppression of miR-450b-5p. Taken together, these results suggest that disrupting the TGF-β1 suppression of miR-450b-5p, or knockdown of ENOX2 and PAX9, are effective approaches in inducing RMS MyoD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Valkov A, Sorbye SW, Kilvaer TK, Donnem T, Smeland E, Bremnes RM, Busund LT. The prognostic impact of TGF-β1, fascin, NF-κB and PKC-ζ expression in soft tissue sarcomas. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17507. [PMID: 21390241 PMCID: PMC3048407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fascin, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p105, protein-kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ), partioning-defective protein-6 (Par-6), E-cadherin and vimentin are tumor promoting molecules through mechanisms involved in cell dedifferentiation. In soft tissue sarcomas, their expression profile is poorly defined and their significance is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of TGF-β1, NF-κB p105, PKC-ζ, Par-6α, E-cadherin and vimentin in non-gastrointestinal stromal tumor soft tissue sarcomas (non-GIST STSs). Patients and Methods Tumor samples and clinical data from 249 patients with non-GIST STS were obtained, and tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed for each specimen. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate marker expression in tumor cells. Results In univariate analysis, the expression levels of TGF-β1 (P = 0.016), fascin (P = 0.006), NF-κB p105 (P = 0.022) and PKC-ζ, (P = 0.042) were significant indicators for disease specific survival (DSS). In the multivariate analysis, high TGF-β1 expression was an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4, P = 0.019) in addition to tumor depth, malignancy grade, metastasis at diagnosis, surgery and positive resection margins. Conclusion Expression of TGF-β1 was significantly associated with aggressive behavior and shorter DSS in non-GIST STSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Valkov
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Slattery ML, Lundgreen A, Herrick JS, Wolff RK, Caan BJ. Genetic variation in the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway and survival after diagnosis with colon and rectal cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:4175-83. [PMID: 21365634 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many aspects of tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis and metastasis. The authors evaluated this pathway in association with survival after a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer. METHODS The study included 1553 patients with colon cancer and 754 patients with rectal cancer who had incident first primary disease and were followed for a minimum of 7 years after diagnosis. Genetic variations were evaluated in the genes TGF-β1 (2 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]), TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) (3 SNPs), smooth muscle actin/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (Smad1) (5 SNPs), Smad2 (4 SNPs), Smad3 (37 SNPs), Smad4 (2 SNPs), Smad7 (11 SNPs), bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) (11 SNPs), BMP2 (5 SNPs), BMP4 (3 SNPs), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A) (9 SNPs), BMPR1B (21 SNPs), BMPR2 (11 SNPs), growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10) (7 SNPs), Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) (40 SNPs), RUNX2 (19 SNPs), RUNX3 (9 SNPs), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E) (3 SNPs), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3 (eiF4EBP2) (2 SNPs), eiF4EBP3 (2 SNPs), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) (6 SNPs). RESULTS After adjusting for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage and tumor molecular phenotype, 12 genes and 18 SNPs were associated with survival in patients with colon cancer, and 7 genes and 15 tagSNPs were associated with survival after a diagnosis of rectal cancer. A summary score based on "at-risk" genotypes revealed a hazard rate ratio of 5.10 (95% confidence interval, 2.56-10.15) for the group with the greatest number of "at-risk" genotypes; for rectal cancer, the hazard rate ratio was 6.03 (95% confidence interval, 2.83-12.75). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the presence of several higher risk alleles in the TGF-β signaling pathway increase the likelihood of dying after a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Slattery ML, Lundgreen A, Herrick JS, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Wolff RK. Associations between genetic variation in RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3, MAPK1 and eIF4E and riskof colon and rectal cancer: additional support for a TGF-β-signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:318-26. [PMID: 21088106 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) are potentially involved in tumorigenesis. We evaluated genetic variation in RUNX1 (40 tagSNPs), RUNX2 (19 tagSNPs), RUNX3 (9 tagSNPs), MAPK1 (6 tagSNPs), eIF4E (3 tagSNPs), eIF4EBP2 (2 tagSNP) and eIF4EBP3 (2 tagSNPs) to determine associations with colorectal cancer (CRC). We used data from population-based studies (colon cancer n = 1555 cases, 1956 controls; rectal cancer n = 754 cases, 959 controls with complete genotype data). Four statistically significant tagSNPs were identified with colon cancer and three tagSNPs were identified with rectal cancer. Whereas the independent risk estimates for each of the tagSNPs ranged from 1.21 to 1.52, the combined risk was greater than additive for any of the three combined high-risk genotypes {combined risk range 1.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45, 2.70] for eIF4E, RUNX1 and RUNX3 to 3.32 [95% CI 1.34, 8.23] for eIF43, RUNX2 and RUNX3}. For rectal cancer, the strongest association was detected for the combined genotype of RUNX1 and RUNX3 (odds ratio 1.87 95% CI 1.22, 2.87). Associations with specific molecular tumor phenotypes showed consistent and strong associations for CIMP+/MSI+ tumors where the risk estimates were consistently >10-fold and lower confidence bounds were over 3.00 for high-risk genotypes defined by RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3. For CIMP+/KRAS2-mutated colon tumors, the combined risk for high-risk genotypes of RUNX2, eIF4E and RUNX1 was 7.47 (95% CI 1.58, 35.3). Although the associations need confirmation, the findings and their internal consistency underline the importance of genetic variation in these genes for the etiology of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Guo L, Dong L, Guo L, Li S, Zhang J, Sun M. TGF-beta1 signal pathway may contribute to rhabdomyosarcoma development by inhibiting differentiation. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1108-16. [PMID: 20219075 PMCID: PMC11158283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and its downstream molecules in the rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) RD cell line has been reported previously, but the regulatory role of TGF-beta1 on RMS has not been studied extensively. In the present study, we showed that expression of TGF-beta1 and its downstream molecules type II TGF-beta receptor (TbetaRII) and Smad4 was significantly higher in RMS than in normal skeletal muscle, and there was a significant relationship between TGF-beta1 expression and histological grade. Gene silencing with TGF-beta1 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing vectors significantly decreased the growth of RD cells, which was confirmed by caspase-3 (in vitro) and TUNEL (in vivo) assays. Moreover, a proportion of treated rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells changed to a round shape from the normal fusiform or polygonal shape and expressed myofilaments. Myogenin is one of the myogenic differentiation genes (MyoD) family of myogenic regulators, and was obviously higher in TGF-beta1-shRNA-treated tumors than it in control at the mRNA and protein level. Immunohistochemical staining with myogenic differentiation markers such as myosin and desmin in subcutaneous RMS tissue showed that TGF-beta1 shRNA increased staining for myosin. These results provide new insight into the biological function of TGF-beta1 in malignant tumors, and imply that the TGF-beta1 signal pathway is a potential therapeutic target for drugs that induce differentiation of RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Yao H, Guo L, Dong L, Li S, Deng H, Sun M. Antisense oligonucleotide targeting TGF-β1 abrogates tumorigenicity of rhabdomyosarcoma in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-008-0258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Inhibition of differentiation by transforming growth factor ß1 in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-007-0327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|