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Tailor VK, Theodorou M, Dahlmann-Noor AH, Dekker TM, Greenwood JA. Eye movements elevate crowding in idiopathic infantile nystagmus syndrome. J Vis 2021; 21:9. [PMID: 34935877 PMCID: PMC8709927 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic infantile nystagmus syndrome is a disorder characterised by involuntary eye movements, which leads to decreased acuity and visual function. One such function is visual crowding – a process whereby objects that are easily recognised in isolation become impaired by nearby flankers. Crowding typically occurs in the peripheral visual field, although elevations in foveal vision have been reported in congenital nystagmus, similar to those found with amblyopia. Here, we examine whether elevated foveal crowding with nystagmus is driven by similar mechanisms to those of amblyopia – long-term neural changes associated with a sensory deficit – or by the momentary displacement of the stimulus through nystagmus eye movements. A Landolt-C orientation identification task was used to measure threshold gap sizes with and without either horizontally or vertically placed Landolt-C flankers. We assume that a sensory deficit should give equivalent crowding in these two dimensions, whereas an origin in eye movements should give stronger crowding with horizontal flankers given the predominantly horizontal eye movements of nystagmus. We observe elevations in nystagmic crowding that are above crowding in typical vision but below that of amblyopia. Consistent with an origin in eye movements, elevations were stronger with horizontal than vertical flankers in nystagmus, but not in typical or amblyopic vision. We further demonstrate the same horizontal elongation in typical vision with stimulus movement that simulates nystagmus. Consequently, we propose that the origin of nystagmic crowding lies in the eye movements, either through image smear of the target and flanker elements or through relocation of the stimulus into the peripheral retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Tailor
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre @ Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK., https://eccentricvision.com
| | - Maria Theodorou
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre @ Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,
| | - Annegret H Dahlmann-Noor
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre @ Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,
| | - Tessa M Dekker
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre @ Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK., https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucjttb1/
| | - John A Greenwood
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK., https://eccentricvision.com
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Hertle RW, Curtis M, Boydstun I, Juric A, Evliyaoglu F, Ricker I. Clinical and Electrophysiological Outcomes After Eye Muscle Surgery in 81 Adults With Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021; 58:93-104. [PMID: 34038269 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20210105-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the effects of eye muscle surgery on patients older than 18 years with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) who have had only optical treatment. METHODS This was a prospective, single-center, interventional case series analysis of clinical and electro-phyisological data before and after surgery. Outcome measures included: clinical characteristics, surgical procedure, and preoperative and postoperative binocular best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the null position, anomalous head posture (AHP), contrast sensitivity, strabismic deviation, and nystagmus acuity function (NAFX). Postoperative data used were collected for a minimum of 12 months after surgery. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis of the outcome measures was performed. RESULTS Ages ranged from 18 to 72 years (average: 36 years) and follow-up from 12 to 74 months (average: 26 months). A surgical algorithm of nine separate procedures involving at least two recti muscles on each eye was used for each patient. Most patients had associated systemic and/or ocular diagnoses, including albinism (35%), amblyopia (23%), optic nerve or retinal disorders (48%), refractive error (80%), AHP (44%), aperiodicity (27%), and strabismus (69%). There were no serious surgical complications, with a reoperation rate of 12%. There were significant group mean increases in BVCA, AHP, contrast sensitivity, strabismic deviation, and NAFX after surgery. Sixty percent of patients who were legally ineligible for driving prior to surgery became eligible after eye muscle surgery. CONCLUSIONS Adult patients with INS showed sustained improvement in many afferent and efferent measures of visual function after eye muscle surgery. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021;58(2):93-104.].
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Mcilreavy L, Freeman TCA, Erichsen JT. Two-Dimensional Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Pursuit in Infantile Nystagmus Reveals Quantitative Deficits in Accuracy and Precision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:15. [PMID: 32526031 PMCID: PMC7415281 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infantile nystagmus (IN) presents with continuous, predominantly horizontal eye oscillations. It remains controversial whether those with IN have normal horizontal pursuit, while vertical pursuit has rarely been studied. We examined whether there are pursuit deficits associated with IN by investigating the effect of target direction, velocity, and amplitude. Methods Twelve adults with idiopathic IN performed a pursuit task, a 0.4° dot moved either horizontally or vertically at 8 or 16°/s, through amplitudes of 8°, 16°, or 32°. Accuracy and precision errors were computed as bivariate probability density functions of target-relative eye velocities. Results Eye velocity was less precise along the horizontal axis during both horizontal and vertical pursuit, reflecting the primary axis of the eye oscillation. Mean accuracy error along the target trajectory during vertical pursuit was just as impaired as during horizontal pursuit. There was a greater error in accuracy along the target trajectory for 16°/s targets than 8°/s. Finally, targets that oscillated at 2.0 Hz had a greater error in accuracy along the target trajectory than frequencies of 1.0 Hz or 0.5 Hz. When studied using the same experimental protocol, pursuit performance for typical observers was always better. Conclusions These findings strongly support our hypothesis of severe deficits in pursuit accuracy in observers with IN for horizontally and vertically moving targets, as well as for targets that move at higher speeds or oscillate more quickly. Overall, IN pursuit impairment appears to have previously been underestimated, highlighting a need for further quantitative studies of dynamic visual function in those with IN.
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Molina A, Pérez-Cambrodí RJ, Ruiz-Fortes P, Laria C, Piñero DP. Utility of microperimetry in nystagmus: A case report. Can J Ophthalmol 2013; 48:e103-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bedell HE, Stevenson SB. Eye movement testing in clinical examination. Vision Res 2013; 90:32-7. [PMID: 23416869 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical vision examination routinely includes an evaluation of ocular motor function. In a number of diverse situations, thorough objective recording of eye movements is warranted, using any of a variety of eye-tracking technologies that are available currently to clinicians. Here we review the clinical uses of eye tracking, with both an historical and contemporary view. We also consider several new imaging technologies that are becoming available in clinics and include inbuilt eye-tracking capability. These highly sensitive eye trackers should be useful for evaluating a variety of subtle, but important, oculomotor signs and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bedell
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
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Anagnostou E, Spengos K, Anastasopoulos D. Single-plane compensatory phase shift of head and eye oscillations in infantile nystagmus syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2011; 308:182-5. [PMID: 21665224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 43-year-old man with infantile nystagmus syndrome complained of "head tremor" that would occur during attempted reading. Three-dimensional, combined eye and head recordings were performed with the magnetic search coil technique in two conditions: 1) looking straight-ahead under photopic conditions without a particular attentional focus and 2) reading a simple text held one meter away. A mainly vertical-horizontal spontaneous nystagmus was evident in both conditions, whereas head nodding emerged in the second condition. The head oscillated only in the vertical plane and concomitant analysis of eye and head displacement revealed a counterphase, compensatory pattern of the first harmonic of the INS waveform. This was verified by the significant negative peak of the crosscorrelogram at zero lag. Eye-in-space (gaze) displacement during nystagmic oscillations was thereby reduced suggesting a central adaptive behavior that may have evolved to partly compensate for the abnormal eye movements during reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Anagnostou
- Department of Physiology, Dizziness and Balance Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
We review current concepts of nystagmus and saccadic oscillations, applying a pathophysiological approach. We begin by discussing how nystagmus may arise when the mechanisms that normally hold gaze steady are impaired. We then describe the clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with ocular oscillations. Next, we systematically review the features of nystagmus arising from peripheral and central vestibular disorders, nystagmus due to an abnormal gaze-holding mechanism (neural integrator), and nystagmus occurring when vision is compromised. We then discuss forms of nystagmus for which the pathogenesis is not well understood, including acquired pendular nystagmus and congenital forms of nystagmus. We then summarize the spectrum of saccadic disorders that disrupt steady gaze, from intrusions to flutter and opsoclonus. Finally, we review current treatment options for nystagmus and saccadic oscillations, including drugs, surgery, and optical methods. Examples of each type of nystagmus are provided in the form of figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Thurtell
- Departments of Neurology and Daroff-Dell'Osso Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Extending the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function for vertical and multiplanar data. Vision Res 2010; 50:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dell'Osso LF, Jacobs JB, Serra A. The sub-clinical see-saw nystagmus embedded in infantile nystagmus. Vision Res 2006; 47:393-401. [PMID: 17045326 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A transient, decompensated vertical phoria in an individual with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) resulted in two images that oscillated vertically-a diplopic oscillopsia. Ocular motor studies during the vertical oscillopsia recreated by vertical prisms, led to the identification of a sub-clinical see-saw nystagmus (SSN), present under the prism-induced diplopic condition. Retrospective analysis of ocular motor recordings made prior to the above episode of vertical diplopia revealed the presence of that same sub-clinical SSN. The SSN had not been detected previously despite extensive observations and recordings of this subject's pendular IN over a period of forty years. Three- dimensional search-coil data from fourteen additional INS subjects (with pendular and jerk waveforms) confirmed the existence of sub-clinical SSN embedded within the clinically detectable horizontal-torsional IN in seven of the fifteen and a sub-clinical, conjugate, vertical component in the remaining eight. Unlike the clinically visible SSN found in achiasma, the cause of this sub-clinical SSN is hypothesized to be due to a failure of the forces of the oblique muscles (responsible for the torsional component of the IN) to balance out the associated forces of the vertical recti; the net result is a small, sub-clinical SSN. Thus, so-called "horizontal" IN is actually a horizontal-torsional oscillation with a secondary, sub-clinical SSN or conjugate vertical component. The suppression of oscillopsia by efference copy in INS appears to be accomplished for each eye individually, even in a binocular individual. However, failure to fuse the two images results in oscillopsia of one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Dell'Osso
- Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CASE Medical School, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies on the various forms of infantile-onset nystagmus have advanced our understanding of these disorders. The previously described waveforms of infantile nystagmus syndrome (congenital nystagmus) may be identified in infants less than 7 months of age, including the more mature forms; the visual status of these patients may be directly correlated with their mean foveation times. RECENT FINDINGS Refractive errors in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome do not follow the expected trend toward emmetropization during infancy and early childhood. A study on the torsional component of nystagmus present in most patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome found it to be generated centrally and not by peripheral or mechanical dynamics. Two psychophysical studies on patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome revealed significant differences compared with control subjects. Two different animal models imply that lack of normal visual motion during a critical period of development in infancy leads to infantile nystagmus syndrome. An electron microscopic study of the enthesis site-where the extraocular muscle tendon inserts onto the sclera-in normal individuals versus patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome revealed significant abnormalities in the latter. Significant demographic and socioeconomic differences were reported between patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome and those with spasmus nutans. SUMMARY New evidence supports a role for sympathomimetic modulation of infantile nystagmus syndrome. Novel surgical treatments for infantile nystagmus syndrome are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Maybodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Ukwade MT, Bedell HE, White JM. Orientation discrimination and variability of torsional eye position in congenital nystagmus. Vision Res 2002; 42:2395-407. [PMID: 12350426 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thresholds for discriminating the orientation of unreferenced horizontal and vertical lines were measured in subjects with congenital nystagmus (CN) and normal observers and compared to the variability of torsional eye position. Orientation thresholds were determined for horizontal and vertical lines between 0.7 degrees and 5.6 degrees in length, that were presented binocularly for 20-1280 ms. The variability of torsional eye position was assessed using the magnetic search coil technique. Orientation thresholds improved with line length and stimulus duration in both groups of observers. Some of the subjects with CN exhibited poorer than normal thresholds, particularly when the length of the line was short. In addition, orientation discrimination in the subjects with CN was consistently anisotropic, with significantly lower thresholds for horizontal than vertical lines. The standard deviations of torsional eye position were larger in the subjects with CN than in normal observers. However, orientation thresholds were poorer than expected from the variability of torsional eye position in normal observers, and better than expected on the basis of torsional variability in some of the subjects with CN. These results imply that torsional variability does not limit normal orientation thresholds and that torsional eye movements in CN are compensated partially by extraretinal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Ukwade
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 505 J. Davis Armistead Building, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA
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