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Liu R, Li H, Qiu Y, Liu H, Cheng Z. Recent Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment with Radionuclides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1339. [PMID: 36355512 PMCID: PMC9694760 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
As the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by late detection, difficult diagnosis and treatment, rapid progression, and poor prognosis. Current treatments for liver cancer include surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, external radiation therapy, and internal radionuclide therapy. Radionuclide therapy is the use of high-energy radiation emitted by radionuclides to eradicate tumor cells, thus achieving the therapeutic effect. Recently, with the continuous development of biomedical technology, the application of radionuclides in treatment of HCC has progressed steadily. This review focuses on three types of radionuclide-based treatment regimens, including transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radioactive seed implantation, and radioimmunotherapy. Their research progress and clinical applications are summarized. The advantages, limitations, and clinical potential of radionuclide treatment of HCC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
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Manjunatha N, Ganduri V, Rajasekaran K, Duraiyarasan S, Adefuye M. Transarterial Chemoembolization and Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e28439. [PMID: 36176866 PMCID: PMC9509692 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor, and even with the breakthrough in preventive strategies, and new diagnostic and treatment modalities, incidence and fatality rates continue to climb. Patients with HCC are most commonly diagnosed in the later stage, where the disease has already advanced, making it impossible to undertake potentially curative surgery. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a locoregional therapy regarded as a first-line treatment in patients with intermediate-stage HCC (Barcelona clinical liver cancer {BCLC}-B). TACE is a minimally invasive and non-surgical procedure that combines local chemotherapeutic drug administration with embolization to treat HCC. It helps limit tumor growth, preserve liver function, and increase overall and progression-free survival in patients with intermediate-stage HCC. This article has reviewed the efficacy, survival, limitations, and overall benefit of TACE in patients with unresectable HCC. This article has also discussed the effectiveness of TACE for neoadjuvant chemoembolization and the use of TACE with combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Manjunatha
- Research, Our Lady of Fatima University College of Medicine, Metro Manila, PHL
| | | | | | | | - Mayowa Adefuye
- Research, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, NGA
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3
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Correlation between Cancer Stem Cells, Inflammation and Malignant Transformation in a DEN-Induced Model of Hepatic Carcinogenesis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2879-2886. [PMID: 35877422 PMCID: PMC9324326 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and cancer stem cells are known risk factors for tumorigenesis. The aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves a multistep pathological process that is characterised by chronic inflammation and hepatocyte damage, but the correlation between HCC, inflammation and cancer stem cells remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of hepatic progenitor cells in a mouse model of chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis to elucidate the relationship between inflammation, malignant transformation and cancer stem cells. We used diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce liver tumour and scored for H&E and reticulin staining. We also scored for immunohistochemistry staining for OV-6 expression and analysed the statistical correlation between them. DEN progressively induced inflammation at week 7 (40%, 2/5); week 27 (75%, 6/8); week 33 (62.5%, 5/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN progressively induced malignant transformation at week 7 (0%, 0/5); week 27 (87.5%, 7/8); week 33 (100%, 8/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). The obtained data showed that DEN progressively induced high-levels of OV-6 expression at week 7 (20%, 1/5); week 27 (37.5%, 3/8); week 33 (50%, 4/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN-induced inflammation, malignant transformation and high-level OV-6 expression in hamster liver, as shown above, as well as applying Spearman’s correlation to the data showed that the expression of OV-6 was significantly correlated to inflammation (p = 0.001) and malignant transformation (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the number of cancer stem cells, inflammation and malignant transformation in a DEN-induced model of hepatic carcinogenesis in the hamster.
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Kumari N, Bansal S. Arginine depriving enzymes: applications as emerging therapeutics in cancer treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:565-594. [PMID: 34309734 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy and other medications are employed to treat various types of cancer. However, each treatment has its own set of side effects, owing to its low specificity. As a result, there is an urgent need for newer therapeutics that do not disrupt healthy cells' normal functioning. Depriving nutrient or non/semi-essential amino acids to which cancerous cells are auxotrophic remains one such promising anticancer strategy. L-Arginine (Arg) is a semi-essential vital amino acid involved in versatile metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and cancer cell proliferation. Hence, the administration of Arg depriving enzymes (ADE) such as arginase, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and arginine deiminase (ADI) could be effective in cancer therapy. The Arg auxotrophic cancerous cells like hepatocellular carcinoma, human colon cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer cells are sensitive to ADE treatment due to low expression of crucial enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OCT). These therapeutic enzyme treatments induce cell death through inducing autophagy, apoptosis, generation of oxidative species, i.e., oxidative stress, and arresting the progression and expansion of cancerous cells at certain cell cycle checkpoints. The enzymes are undergoing clinical trials and could be successfully exploited as potential anticancer agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Yang G, Li X, Liu J, Huang S, Weng Y, Zhu J, Lin D, Jiang O. Hsa_circ_0008537 facilitates liver carcinogenesis by upregulating MCL1 and Snail1 expression via miR‑153‑3p. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:1072-1082. [PMID: 33469676 PMCID: PMC7860016 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of circular RNAs in liver tumorigenesis have been well demonstrated by a number of studies. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, the role and mechanism of action of hsa_circ_0008537 (circ_0008537) in liver cancer pathogenesis remain undetermined. In the present study, circ_0008537 expression was associated with the GLI3 gene and was markedly increased in liver cancer tissue specimens and cells. High expression levels of circ_0008537 exhibited a poor prognosis. In addition, circ_0008537 overexpression resulted in an increased proliferation, migration and invasion of liver cancer cells, whereas circ_0008537 knockdown exhibited opposite effects. circ_0008537 acted as a sponge of microRNA-153-3p (miR-153-3p), and a negative correlation was observed between circ_0008537 and miR-153-3p expression in liver cancer. Transfection with miR-153-3p further abolished the effects of circ_0008537 on the malignant behavior of liver cancer cells. Furthermore, circ_0008537 indirectly affected the expression levels of pro-survival protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) and snail family zinc finger 1 (Snail1) via miR-153-3p in liver cancer cells. In conclusion, the data indicated that circ_0008537 facilitated liver carcinogenesis by indirectly regulating miR-153-3p and leading to the release of MCL1 and Snail1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Xianyong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Shengjie Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Daiqiong Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Ou Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Neijiang Second People's Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
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Farooq A, Merath K, Paredes AZ, Wu L, Tsilimigras DI, Hyer JM, Sahara K, Mehta R, Beal EW, Pawlik TM. Outcomes of Patients with Scirrhous Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights from the National Cancer Database. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:1049-1060. [PMID: 31243715 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare primary liver tumor characterized by extensive fibrosis and production of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. There have been conflicting reports on patient survival in scirrhous versus non-scirrhous HCC. The objective of the present study was to define the clinical features, practice patterns, and long-term outcomes of patients with scirrhous HCC versus non-scirrhous HCC in a propensity score-matched cohort. METHODS A propensity score-matched cohort was created using data from the National Cancer Database for 2004 to 2015. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of the scirrhous HCC variant on overall survival. RESULTS Among the 70,426 patients with a diagnosis of HCC who met the inclusion criteria, 99.8% had non-scirrhous HCC (n = 70,290) whereas a small subset had scirrhous HCC (n = 136, 0.19%). While 20,330 (28.9%) patients underwent liver-directed therapy (resection, ablation, and transplantation), the majority did not (n = 50,096, 71.1%). After propensity matching, there were no difference in 1-, 3-, or 5-year overall survival among patients with scirrhous versus non-scirrhous HCC (1-year overall survival (OS), 53.7% versus 51.0%; 3-year OS, 34.6% versus 28.7%; and 5-year OS, 18.0% versus 21.0%, respectively; p = 0.52). While the scirrhous HCC variant was not associated with survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.74-1.16), non-receipt of liver-directed therapy (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.18-0.32), advanced AJCC stage (III/IV) (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.55-2.95), and non-academic facilities (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49-0.73) remained associated with worse survival. CONCLUSION Patients with the scirrhous variant had a comparable overall survival compared with individuals who had non-scirrhous HCC. Failure to receive liver-directed therapy, advanced AJCC stage (III/IV), and treatment at a non-academic facility was strongly associated with a worse long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Farooq
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katiuscha Merath
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anghela Z Paredes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diamantis I Tsilimigras
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Madison Hyer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kota Sahara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rittal Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eliza W Beal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Pan Y, Hu Y, Yang P, Liao M. Protective and therapeutic effects of nanoliposomal quercetin on acute liver injury in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:11. [PMID: 32059743 PMCID: PMC7023747 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quercetin, a pigment (flavonoid) found in many plants and foods, has good effects on protecting liver function but poor solubility and bioavailability in vivo. A drug delivery system can improve the accumulation and bioavailability of quercetin in liver. In this study, we used liposomal nanoparticles to entrap quercetin and evaluated its protective and therapeutic effects on drug-induced liver injury in rats. METHODS The nanoliposomal quercetin was prepared by a thin film evaporation-high pressure homogenization method and characterized by morphology, particle size and drug content. Acute liver injury was induced in rats by composite factors, including carbon tetrachloride injection, high-fat corn powder intake and ethanol drinking. After pure quercetin or nanoliposomal quercetin treatment, liver function was evaluated by detecting serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxal acetic transaminase (GOT) and direct bilirubin (DBIL). Histology of injured liver tissues was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS On histology, liposomal nanoparticles loading quercetin were evenly distributed spherical particles. The nanoliposomal quercetin showed high bioactivity and bioavailability in rat liver and markedly attenuated the liver index and pathologic changes in injured liver tissue. With nanoliposomal quercetin treatment, the serum levels of GPT, GOT and DBIL were significantly better than treated with pure quercetin. Using liposomal nanoparticles to entrap quercetin might be an effective strategy to reduce hepatic injury and protect hepatocytes against damage. CONCLUSION Liposomal nanoparticles may improve the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin in liver. Furthermore, nanoliposomal quercetin could effectively protect rats against acute liver injury and may be a new hepatoprotective and therapeutic agent for patients with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Hussein NAEM, El-Toukhy MAEF, Kazem AH, Ali MES, Ahmad MAER, Ghazy HMR, El-Din AMG. Protective and therapeutic effects of cannabis plant extract on liver cancer induced by dimethylnitrosamine in mice. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Abd El Moneim Hussein
- Applied Medical Chemistry, Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Abd El-Fattah El-Toukhy
- Applied Medical Chemistry, Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany Hussein Kazem
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Said Ali
- Toxicology Department, Forensic Science College, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hossam Mahmoud Rashad Ghazy
- Applied Medical Chemistry, Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Applied Medical Chemistry, Applied Medical Chemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Villani R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCC Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010049. [PMID: 30583555 PMCID: PMC6337751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of a direct effect of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) proteins and an indirect oncogenic effect of chronic inflammation and impaired immune response. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C markedly reduces all-cause mortality; in fact, interferon-based treatment has shown a reduction of HCC incidence of more than 70%. The recent introduction of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has completely changed the scenario of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with rates of HCV cure over 90%. However, an unexpectedly high incidence of HCC recurrence was observed in patients after DAA treatment (27% versus 0.4–2% in patients who received interferon treatment). The mechanism that underlies the high rate of tumor relapse is currently unknown and is one of the main issues in hepatology. We reviewed the possible mechanisms involved in HCC recurrence after DAA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Interferons/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Griffith AS, Hayashi PH, Burke LMB, McRee AJ. Decreased hepatocellular carcinoma tumor burden with the achievement of hepatitis C virus sustained virologic response: unlocking the potential of T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2018; 5:55-59. [PMID: 29911076 PMCID: PMC5987785 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s152569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy who had dramatic improvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor burden with DAA therapy alone. Both patients were diagnosed with HCC on screening magnetic resonance imaging shortly after beginning DAA therapy. Both patients achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) with dramatic improvement in HCC tumor burden on follow-up imaging without HCC treatment. Patients with multifocal or advanced HCC are infrequently treated with antiviral therapy for HCV. As a result, these cases provide unique insight into the ongoing debate regarding the impact of SVR on existing and recurrent HCC. We review the current literature regarding this debate, as well as the theory of immunosurveillance. We postulate that DAA therapy activates CD8+ T cells to induce a T-cell-mediated response and increased immunosurveillance to virus-induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren MB Burke
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Thomas MB, Garrett-Mayer E, Anis M, Anderton K, Bentz T, Edwards A, Brisendine A, Weiss G, Siegel AB, Bendell J, Baron A, Duddalwar V, El-Khoueiry A. A Randomized Phase II Open-Label Multi-Institution Study of the Combination of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib Compared to Sorafenib in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology 2018; 94:329-339. [PMID: 29719302 DOI: 10.1159/000485384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the combination of bevacizumab (B) and erlotinib (E) compared to sorafenib (S) as first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 90 patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A-B7 cirrhosis, and no prior systemic therapy were randomly assigned (1: 1) to receive either 10 mg/kg B intravenously every 14 days and 150 mg E orally daily (n = 47) (B+E) or 400 mg S orally twice daily (n = 43). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS), objective response rate based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), time to progression, and safety and tolerability. RESULTS The median OS was 8.55 months (95% CI: 7.00-13.9) for patients treated with B+E and 8.55 months (95% CI: 5.69-12.2) for patients receiving S. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57-1.47). The median EFS was 4.37 months (95% CI: 2.99-7.36) for patients receiving B+E and 2.76 months (95% CI: 1.84-4.80) for patients receiving S. The HR for EFS was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42-1.07; p = 0.09), favoring B+E over S. When OS was assessed among patients who were Child-Pugh class A, the median OS was 11.4 months (95% CI: 7.5-15.7) for patients treated with B+E (n = 39) and 10.26 months (95% CI: 5.9-13.0) for patients treated with S (n = 38) (HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.53-1.46). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in efficacy between the B+E and S arms, although the safety and tolerability profile tended to favor B+E over S based on competing risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Thomas
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Munazza Anis
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kate Anderton
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tricia Bentz
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andie Edwards
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Brisendine
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey Weiss
- Department of Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Abby B Siegel
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johanna Bendell
- GI Oncology Research, Sarah Canon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ari Baron
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony El-Khoueiry
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Chang WC, Hung CT, Chen YS, Hsueh CC, Hou CW, Lay HL. Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury by emulsified Antrodia extract. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:230-235. [PMID: 29511488 PMCID: PMC5817165 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.21545.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is found with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory biological activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-hepatitis effect of the emulsified AC extract from RO water or supercritical fluid CO2 with ethanol co-solvent extract methods of AC preparations. Materials and Methods: Five groups of eight to ten weeks male rats with a count of ten for each group were studied to evaluate the protection of two kinds of AC extract from hepatic injury. Acute liver injury of rats was induced by injecting 40% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Positive and negative control groups rats were perfused with CCl4 or isotonic saline, respectively. Experimental groups received oral administration once/day of AC preparations before CCl4 treatment: water AC extract (WAE group), or emulsified AC extract from supercritical fluid extraction (EAE group) for 5 days, and sacrificed on the 6th day and the blood and liver samples were collected under chloral hydrate anesthesia. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant markers, and relevant signaling pathways were measured (AST, ALT, ROS, IL-1, IL-6, NO, and COX-2, MAPKs, and caspase-3). Results: EAE at 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the serum AST, ALT, IL-1, IL-6, NO, and ROS levels. Both extracts reduced the activation of p-ERK in the liver samples, but EAE inhibited COX-2 and caspase-3 protein expression better than WAE. The EAE ameliorated CCl4-induced hepatic injury significantly; as compared with WAE and the positive control. Conclusion: The hepatoprotection of EAE could be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Antrodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chang
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tsen Hung
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shuen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Hsueh
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Hou
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Liang Lay
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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13
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Zhao L, Xie C, Liu D, Li T, Zhang Y, Wan C. Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Hepatocirrhosis by Soluble B7-H3. J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 21:807-812. [PMID: 28243980 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated an association between increased soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) levels and unfavorable progression in patients with malignant tumors. In the present study, we detected sB7-H3 levels in serum to investigate the value of sB7-H3 as a tool for differential diagnosis of cirrhotic patients with or without early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (ESHCC). We also assessed the diagnostic value of sB7-H3regarding the prediction of overall survival (OS) of cirrhotic patients with ESHCC. sB7-H3 expression was measured in 91 healthy volunteers, 149 cirrhotic patients with ESHCC, and 87 cirrhotic patients by ELISA, and correlations between DCP1a level and clinical characteristics were analyzed. SB7-H3 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with ESHCC than in cirrhotic patients (P < 0.001). Using 48.34 ng/mL as a cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity of sB7-H3 in differentiating between cirrhotic patients and cirrhotic patients with ESHCC were 76.5 and 93.1%, respectively. Moreover, high serum sB7-H3 in cirrhotic patients with ESHCC correlated with tumor size, tumor stage, vascular invasion, and tumor differentiation. The area under the curve (AUC) value for sB7-H3 (0.898) was significantly higher than those for AFP (0.789), CA199 (0.627), and CA125 (0.545) for differentiating between cirrhotic patients with ESHCC and sex- and age-matched cirrhotic patients without ESHCC. Our data indicate that serum sB7-H3 serves as a valuable biomarker for cirrhotic patients with ESHCC and that high levels of sB7-H3 correlate with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xie
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chidan Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhong F, Cheng X, Sun S, Zhou J. Transcriptional activation of PD-L1 by Sox2 contributes to the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3061-3067. [PMID: 28339084 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in the world. Sox2 is a potential oncogene in the pathogenesis of HCC, however, the actual mechanisms of Sox2 functions in HCC has not emerged yet. In this study, we explored the expression, function and the relationship between Sox2 and PD-L1 in HCC. We found that both Sox2 and PD-L1 were expressed at a markedly higher level in HCC tissues in comparison to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of both genes were correlated with each other. Knockdown of Sox2 reduced the cell proliferation ability and induces apoptosis of HCC cells, suggesting the function of Sox2 in regulating both the cell proliferation and apoptosis. Noteworthy, the depletion of Sox2 also reduced the expression of PD-L1. Further analysis showed that there is a consensus Sox2 binding site in the promoter region of PD-L1. Through in vitro EMSA assay and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that Sox2 directly bound to the PD-L1 promoter through the consensus Sox2 motif. Further evidence by luciferase reporter assays revealed that Sox2 promoted the transcription activity of PD-L1 promoter region through the Sox2 motif. Collectively, our data provide a novel insight into the function and the interplay of Sox2 and PD-L1 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Xinsheng Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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15
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Béguelin C, Moradpour D, Sahli R, Suter-Riniker F, Lüthi A, Cavassini M, Günthard HF, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Schmid P, Calmy A, Braun DL, Furrer H, Rauch A, Wandeler G. Hepatitis delta-associated mortality in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients. J Hepatol 2017; 66:297-303. [PMID: 27746337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection accelerates the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease. We assessed the epidemiological characteristics of HDV infection in the nationwide Swiss HIV Cohort Study and evaluated its impact on clinical outcomes. METHODS All HIV-infected patients with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen test were considered and tested for anti-HDV antibodies. HDV amplification and sequencing were performed in anti-HDV-positive patients. Demographic and clinical characteristics at initiation of antiretroviral therapy, as well as causes of death were compared between HDV-positive and HDV-negative individuals using descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between HDV infection and overall mortality, liver-related mortality as well as incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS Of 818 patients with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen tests, 771 (94%) had a stored serum sample available and were included. The prevalence of HDV infection was 15.4% (119/771, 95% CI: 12.9-18.0) and the proportion of HDV-positive patients with HDV replication 62.9% (73/116). HDV-infected patients were more likely to be persons who inject drugs (60.6% vs. 9.1%) and to have a positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) serology (73.1% vs. 17.8%) compared to HDV-uninfected ones. HDV infection was strongly associated with overall death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.33, 95% CI 1.41-3.84), liver-related death (7.71, 3.13-18.97) and with the occurrence of HCC (9.30, 3.03-28.61). Results were similar when persons who inject drugs or HCV-coinfected patients were excluded from the analyses. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HDV in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) is high and HDV infection is independently associated with mortality and liver-related events, including HCC. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection accelerates the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease. In a nationwide cohort of HIV-infected individuals in Switzerland, 15% of HBV-coinfected patients had antibodies to HDV infection, of which a majority had active HDV replication. HDV-infected individuals were 2.5 times more likely to die, eight times more likely to die from a liver-related cause and nine times more likely to develop liver cancer compared to HDV-uninfected ones. Our results emphasize the need for prevention programs (including HBV vaccination), the systematic screening of at risk populations as well as close monitoring, and underline the importance of developing new treatments for chronic HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Béguelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Sahli
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Lüthi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Wu SZ, Wei JL, Xu B, Wei PH, Yang Y, Qin B, Xie ZC. Detection and analysis of hepatitis C virus in HIV-infected patients in the Guangxi province of China. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:917-923. [PMID: 28450920 PMCID: PMC5403232 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals and to study the infection status of HCV RNA in HIV-infected individuals who did not have anti-HCV antibodies in the Guangxi province of China, in order to provide basis for screening and clinical treatment of hepatitis C in future. Data were collected from patients recruited via a questionnaire. Between August 2008 and January 2009, 300 HIV-infected individuals were randomly selected from various HIV monitoring points in Liuzhou and Qinzhou (Guangxi, China). In addition, 41 patients with only hepatitis C were recruited from a hospital clinic (First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China). HCV antibodies in patient serum samples were detected by ELISA. HCV RNA expression was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HCV RNA levels in the serum were evaluated using quantitative fluorescence PCR, and HCV genotypes were confirmed using restriction fragment length polymorphism. The infection rate of HCV in the HIV-infected people was 48.67%. The anti-HCV positive rate differed between routes of disease transmission: Anti-HCV positive rate was 63.7% among drug users, 34.96% among sex-transmitted persons and 1.37% among other persons. In the anti-HCV-negative group, the HCV RNA-positive rate was 26.62%. In the anti-HCV-positive group, HCV RNA positive rate was 78.08%. HCV RNA level of HIV/HCV coinfected patients was higher than those infected with HCV alone, and there was no difference of anti-HCV-positive rate among different levels of HCV RNA. HCV genotypes of HIV/HCV coinfected persons showed diversity across Guangxi, and the predominant ones were the 1b and mixed subtypes. The predominant HCV genotypes were 6a, mixed subtypes and 3b amongst patients that contracted HCV via drug use-related routes of transmission. The patients with HCV transmission routes other than drug-related routes possessed 1b and 1a+1b genotypes. In conclusion, there was a large proportion of HIV infected persons with mixed HCV infection in the Guangxi province of China. The present results show that 26.62% of HCV-infected persons will be fail to be diagnosed with hepatitis C virus coinfection if we simply use ELISA to detect HCV antibody. The predominant HCV genotypes were 1b, mixed, 6a and 3b in HIV/HCV coinfected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhi Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Hai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Chun Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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17
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Kloeckner R, Pitton MB, Dueber C, Schmidtmann I, Galle PR, Koch S, Wörns MA, Weinmann A. Validation of Clinical Scoring Systems ART and ABCR after Transarterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 28:94-102. [PMID: 27562621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform an external validation of the Assessment for Retreatment with Transarterial Chemoembolization (ART) and α-fetoprotein (AFP), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Child-Pugh, and response (ABCR) scores and to compare them in terms of prognostic power. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2000 to 2015, 871 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent transarterial chemoembolization at a tertiary referral hospital, and 176 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria for both scores and were analyzed. Nineteen percent (n = 34) had BCLC stage A disease and 81% had stage B disease. Thirty-nine patients (22%) presented with elevated AFP levels. Overall survival was calculated. Scores were validated and compared with a Harrell C-index, integrated Brier score (IBS), and prediction error curves. RESULTS Before the second chemoembolization procedure, 22 patients (12%) showed an increase of 1 point in Child-Pugh score and 51 patients (22%) had an increase of ≥ 2 points. Thirty-one patients (23%) showed a > 25% increase in aspartate aminotransferase level, and 114 (65%) showed a response to treatment. Consequently, 127 patients (72%) had a low ART score and 49 (28%) had a high ART score. One hundred fifty-eight patients (90%) had a low ABCR score, whereas 18 (10%) had a high ABCR score. Low and high ART score groups had median survival durations of 20.8 and 15.3 mo, respectively. Harrell C-indexes were 0.572 and 0.608, and IBSs were 0.135 and 0.128, for ART and ABCR, respectively. For both scores, an increase in Child-Pugh score ≥ 2 points and a radiologic response were significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Both scores were of limited predictive value, and neither was sufficient to support clear-cut clinical decisions. Further effort is necessary to determine criteria for making valid clinical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kloeckner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Michael B Pitton
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Dueber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Clinical Registry Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Clinical Registry Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Clinical Registry Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Lu Y, Bao JG, Deng Y, Rong CZ, Liu YQ, Huang XL, Song LY, Li S, Qin X. Role of IL-18 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms, Serum IL-18 Levels, and Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-related Liver Disease in the Guangxi Zhuang Population: a Retrospective Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6019-26. [PMID: 26320490 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and HBV-related diseases and whether these polymorphisms influence its expression in the Guangxi Zhuang population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 129 chronic HBV infected (CHB) patients, 86 HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) patients and 160 healthy controls in our study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to detect IL-18 gene -607C/A, -137G/C polymorphisms, and an ELISA kit was employed to determine serum IL-18 levels. RESULTS No correlation was found between the -607C/A polymorphism and risk of HBV-related disease. For the -137G/C polymorphism, the GC genotype and C allele were associated with a significantly lower risk of CHB (95%CI: 0.32-0.95, p=0.034 and 95%CI: 0.35-0.91, p=0.018) and HBV-related LC (95%CI: 0.24-0.89, p=0.022 and 95%CI: 0.28-0.90, p=0.021). A similar decreased risk was also found with the A-607C-137 haplotype. With respect to IL-18 expression, it was significantly lower in both patient groups, but no association was noted between the two polymorphisms in the IL-18 gene and its expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that the -137C allele in the IL-18 gene may be a protective factor for HBV-related disease, and serum IL-18 level may be inversely associated with CHB and HBV-related LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China E-mail : ;
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19
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Grandhi MS, Kim AK, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Kamel IR, Ghasebeh MA, Pawlik TM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:74-85. [PMID: 27312032 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer overall and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for up to 90% of all primary hepatic malignancies and represents a major international health problem. While surgical resection and transplantation are the cornerstone of therapy in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma, locoregional therapy and sorafenib are beneficial in those with more advanced disease or those who are not surgical candidates. At times, the integration of both surgical and locoregional therapy may be necessary. Hence, hepatocellular carcinoma requires a multidisciplinary approach to determine the most appropriate treatment as well as the timing of various treatments for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Sadaria Grandhi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy K Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean M Ronnekleiv-Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ihab R Kamel
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mounes A Ghasebeh
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Falcon-Perez JM, Royo F. Circulating RNA: looking at the liver through a frosted glass. Biomarkers 2015; 20:339-54. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain and
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F. Royo
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain and
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21
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Zhang H, Weng X, Ye J, He L, Zhou D, Liu Y. Promoter hypermethylation of TERT is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in the Han Chinese population. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:600-9. [PMID: 25683523 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upstream of the transcription start site (UTSS), hypermethylation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene has been shown to be associated with tumour progression and a poor prognosis in paediatric brain tumours (Castelo-Branco 2013). It has been inferred that the UTSS region of TERT is a potentially accessible biomarker for various cancers. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of TERT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate whether the UTSS region of the TERT promoter shows the same methylation pattern in HCC. METHODS We analysed the results of a methylation assay for TERT, including the UTSS region, from 125 paired HCC samples using Mass Array EpiTyper (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA). To determine the relationship between TERT promoter methylation status and the TERT expression level, we analysed a validation group of 12 paired HCC samples and acquired the FPKM values for the TERT gene. RESULTS Our results showed aberrant methylation of the UTSS region of the TERT promoter in HCC (mean=15.1) compared with the adjacent normal tissues (mean=6.1, P<0.00001). Furthermore, a nearly 56-fold increase in TERT expression from the hypermethylated promoter was found in HCC (P<0.05), indicating a positive relationship between TERT methylation and expression. CONCLUSIONS As hypermethylation was positively correlated with high expression of TERT in HCC, TERT is likely to be involved in the aetiology of HCC. Our findings indicate that future studies on TERT might be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Weng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Junyi Ye
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Centre Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Bio-X Centre Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Attwa MH, El-Etreby SA. Guide for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1632-1651. [PMID: 26140083 PMCID: PMC4483545 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i12.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is ranked as the 5th common type of cancer worldwide and is considered as the 3rd common reason for cancer-related deaths. HCC often occurs on top of a cirrhotic liver. The prognosis is determined by several factors; tumour extension, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, histologic subtype of the tumour, degree of liver dysfunction, and the patient’s performance status. HCC prognosis is strongly correlated with diagnostic delay. To date, no ideal screening modality has been developed. Analysis of recent studies showed that AFP assessment lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for effective surveillance and diagnosis. Many tumour markers have been tested in clinical trials without progressing to routine use in clinical practice. Thus, surveillance is still based on ultrasound (US) examination every 6 mo. Imaging studies for diagnosis of HCC can fall into one of two main categories: routine non-invasive studies such as US, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging, and more specialized invasive techniques including CT during hepatic arteriography and CT arterial portography in addition to the conventional hepatic angiography. This article provides an overview and spotlight on the different diagnostic modalities and treatment options of HCC.
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Deng Y, Xie M, Xie L, Wang J, Li T, He Y, Li R, Li S, Qin X. Association between polymorphism of the interleukin-13 gene and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in the Chinese population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116682. [PMID: 25658755 PMCID: PMC4319784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated CD4 T cells. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between two IL-13 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs1800925 and SNP rs20541) and the incidence of hepatitis B virus-related (HBV) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method Three hundred and ninety-eight HBV-positive individuals (192 HCC and 206 patients with chronic hepatitis) and one hundred and ninety-two healthy participants from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were enrolled in this study. Results The results showed no significant differences between the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-13 gene rs1800925 and rs20541 polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B risk after adjusting for age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol intake using binary logistic regression analyses. Regarding the rs20541 SNP, the GA genotype was significantly related to a decreased risk of HCC after adjusting for age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol intake using binary logistic regression analyses (The odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.34–0.87). The adjusted OR for the GA and AA genotypes combined was 0.68 (95% CI 0.39–0.90). Conclusion This study indicates that the functional IL-13 rs20541 polymorphism may contribute to the risk of HCC and that the rs20541 polymorphism is a protective factor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Taijie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruolin Li
- Department of Medicine Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (XQ)
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (XQ)
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Li J, Thompson TD, Tai E, Zhao G, Oster AM. Testing for human immunodeficiency virus among cancer survivors under age 65 in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2014; 11:E200. [PMID: 25393748 PMCID: PMC4232332 DOI: 10.5888/pcd11.140274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Knowing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus of patients at the time of cancer diagnosis or cancer recurrence is prerequisite to coordinating HIV and cancer treatments and improving treatment outcomes. However, there are no published data about HIV testing among cancer survivors in the United States. We sought to provide estimates of the proportion of cancer survivors tested for HIV and to characterize factors associated with having had HIV testing. Methods We used data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to calculate the proportion of cancer survivors under age 65 who had undergone HIV testing, by demographic and health-related factors and by state. Adjusted proportion estimates were calculated by multivariable logistic regression. Results Only 41% of cancer survivors in the United States under the age of 65 reported ever having had an HIV test. The highest proportion of survivors tested was among patients aged 25 to 34 years (72.2%), non-Hispanic blacks (59.5%), and cervical cancer survivors (51.2%). The proportion tested was highest in the District of Columbia (68.3%) and lowest in Nebraska (24.1%). Multivariable analysis showed that factors associated with HIV testing included being non-Hispanic black or Hispanic, being younger, having higher education, not being married or living with a partner, not being disabled, and having medical cost concerns. Having an AIDS-related cancer was associated with HIV testing only among females. Conclusion The proportions of HIV testing varied substantially by demographic and health-related factors and by state. Our study points to the need for public health interventions to promote HIV testing among cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Epidemiologist, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F76, Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: 770-488-3030. E-mail:
| | | | - Eric Tai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guixiang Zhao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Amer M, Elhefnawi M, El-Ahwany E, Awad AF, Gawad NA, Zada S, Tawab FMA. Hsa-miR-195 targets PCMT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma that increases tumor life span. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11301-9. [PMID: 25119594 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small 19-25 nucleotides which have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in many organisms. Downregulation or accumulation of miRNAs implies either tumor suppression or oncogenic activation. In this study, differentially expressed hsa-miR-195 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was identified and analyzed. The prediction was done using a consensus approach of tools. The validation steps were done at two different levels in silico and in vitro. FGF7, GHR, PCMT1, CITED2, PEX5, PEX13, NOVA1, AXIN2, and TSPYL2 were detected with high significant (P < 0.005). These genes are involved in important pathways in cancer like MAPK signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathways, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, angiogenesis, Wnt signaling pathway, and TGF-beta signaling pathway. In vitro target validation was done for protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1). The co-transfection of pmirGLO-PCMT1 and pEGP-miR-195 showed highly significant results. Firefly luciferase was detected using Lumiscensor and t test analysis was done. Firefly luciferase expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control. The low expression of firefly luciferase validates the method of target prediction that we used in this work by working on PCMT1 as a target for miR-195. Furthermore, the rest of the predicted genes are suspected to be real targets for hsa-miR-195. These target genes control almost all the hallmarks of liver cancer which can be used as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Amer
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt,
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26
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Li F, Yang R, Zhang X, Liu A, Zhao Y, Guo Y. Silencing of hypoxia‑inducible adrenomedullin using RNA interference attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1295-302. [PMID: 24927229 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an angiogenic peptide that has been shown to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and to promote tumor cell survival following hypoxia. ADM may induce microvessel proliferation and partially decrease hypoxia in solid tumors, thus contributing to the proliferation of tumor cells, as well as tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the impact of hypoxia‑induced ADM expression on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells requires further elucidation. In the present study it was found that the levels of ADM mRNA in tumor tissue from patients with HCC were significantly increased compared with the mRNA levels in adjacent non‑tumorous liver tissue. Under hypoxic conditions, the mRNA and protein levels of ADM, as well as those of the cancer‑promoting genes vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α, were significantly elevated in a time‑dependent manner in three human HCC cell lines. In addition, knockdown of ADM expression using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in SMMC‑7721 cells resulted in apoptosis that was not observed in untransfected cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with cisplatin and ADM‑shRNA significantly decreased tumor growth in vivo compared with treatment with cisplatin or ADM‑shRNA alone. These data demonstrate that ADM acts as a critical promoter of cell cycle progression in HCC and that the inhibition of ADM may be an effective interventional therapeutic strategy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenbao Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Xizhong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Aiguang Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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Petrizzo A, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Prediction of individual immune responsiveness to a candidate vaccine by a systems vaccinology approach. J Transl Med 2014; 12:11. [PMID: 24428943 PMCID: PMC3903560 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that a candidate idiotype vaccine, based on the IGKV3-20 light chain protein, is able to induce activation of circulating antigen presenting cells (APCs) in both HCV-positive and HCV-negative subjects, with production of Th2-type cytokines. In addition, such a candidate idiotype vaccine induces an early gene expression pattern, characterized by the strong induction of an innate immune response, and a late pattern, characterized by a prevalent B cell response. Nonetheless, some HCV-positive individuals showed a complete lack of maturation of circulating APCs with low levels of cytokine production, strongly suggesting the possible identification of selective impairments in immune response in individual subjects. Method Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated ex vivo with IGKV3-20 for 24 h and 6 days. Analysis of the global gene expression profile as well as the cytokine pattern was performed for individual subjects. Results The gene expression profile showed a strong agreement with the cytokine pattern. Indeed, the expression pattern of immune-related genes is highly predictive of the individual immunological phenotype. Conclusion The overall results represent a proof of concept, indicating the efficacy of such an ex vivo screening platform for predicting individual’s responsiveness to an antigen as well as guiding optimization of vaccine design. Larger cohort study will be needed to validate results observed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
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Liu XW, Cai TY, Zhu H, Cao J, Su Y, Hu YZ, He QJ, Yang B. Q6, a novel hypoxia-targeted drug, regulates hypoxia-inducible factor signaling via an autophagy-dependent mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy 2013; 10:111-22. [PMID: 24220190 PMCID: PMC4389865 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia underlies treatment failure and yields more aggressive and metastatic cancer phenotypes. Although therapeutically targeting these hypoxic environments has been proposed for many years, to date no approaches have shown the therapeutic value to gain regulatory approval. Here, we demonstrated that a novel hypoxia-activated prodrug, Q6, exhibits potent antiproliferative efficacy under hypoxic conditions and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in 2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, with no obvious toxicity being detected in 2 normal liver cell lines. Treatment with Q6 markedly downregulated HIF1A [hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)] expression and transcription of the downstream target gene, VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A). This dual hypoxia-targeted modulation mechanism leads to high potency in suppressing tumor growth and vascularization in 2 in vivo models. Intriguingly, it is the autophagy-dependent degradation pathway that plays a crucial role in Q6-induced attenuation of HIF1A expression, rather than the proteasome-dependent pathway, which is normally regarded as the predominant mechanism underlying posttranslational regulation of HIF1A. Inhibition of autophagy, either by short interfering RNA (siRNA) or by chemical inhibitors, blocked Q6-induced HIF1A degradation. Autophagic degradation of HIF1A was further confirmed by the observation that HIF1A coimmunoprecipitated with the ubiquitin-binding adaptor protein, SQSTM1, which is degraded through autophagy. Additionally, silencing of SQSTM1 inhibited Q6-induced HIF1A degradation. These findings suggest that the novel hypoxia-targeted agent, Q6, has potential clinical value in the therapy of HCC. Furthermore, the identification of autophagy as a crucial regulator of HIF1A provides new insights into hypoxia-related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Liu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Yu Cai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Su
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Zhou Hu
- ZJU-ENS Joint laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
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Yue PYK, Wong YY, Wong KYK, Tsoi YK, Leung KSY. Current evidence for the hepatoprotective activities of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. Chin Med 2013; 8:21. [PMID: 24180549 PMCID: PMC3819176 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an endemic mushroom species of Taiwan, and has been demonstrated to possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immunomodulation. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of AC on hepatitis, hepatocarcinoma, and alcohol-induced liver diseases (e.g., fatty liver, fibrosis). The relevant biochemical and molecular mechanisms are addressed. Overall, this review summarizes the hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no doubt that human and clinical trials are still limited, and further studies are required for the development of AC-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ying-Kit Yue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi-Yi Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kay Yuen-Ki Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yeuk-Ki Tsoi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Association between an insertion/deletion polymorphism within 3'UTR of SGSM3 and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:295-301. [PMID: 23918301 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy, and multiple host genetic factors are believed to contribute to HCC development. The small G protein signaling modulator 3 (SGSM3) has been shown to be associated with small G protein coupled receptor signal transduction pathway, suggesting a potential role in HCC susceptibility. We carried out a case-control study in a Chinese population (502 cases and 513 controls) to determine whether the 4-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs56228771) in 3' untranslated region of SGSM3 could affect HCC susceptibility. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the del/del genotype, the ins/del genotype of rs56228771 was associated with a significantly decreased risk of HCC [adjusted odd ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42-0.73, P = 1.93 × 10(-5)]. The combined ins/del + ins/ins genotypes contributed to a 45% decreased HCC risk (95% CI = 0.42-0.73, P = 1.03 × 10(-5)). This protective trend was more prominent in the HBsAg-negative subgroup. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that mRNA levels of SGSM3 from HCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-HCC tissues were correlated with rs56228771 genotypes. Tissue samples with ins/ins genotype have the highest level of SGSM3, which are 2.85-3.00-fold and 1.46-1.57-fold higher than that with ins/del and del/del genotype, respectively. Similar results were also observed with four common hepatoma cell lines in vitro. In addition, compared with HCC tissues, significantly higher SGSM3 expression was observed in adjacent non-HCC tissues (fold change = 2.48), implying its tumor suppressor roles in HCC. Bioinformatics prediction showed that the insertion allele disrupted a binding site for microRNA (miRNA)-151-5p, which would upregulate SGSM3. Taken together, we provided initial evidence that rs56228771 may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis, possibly by affecting SGSM3 expression through a miRNA-mediated regulation. The replication of our studies in other populations and functional analysis will further strengthen the underlining mechanism.
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Tsuchishima M, George J, Shiroeda H, Arisawa T, Takegami T, Tsutsumi M. Chronic ingestion of ethanol induces hepatocellular carcinoma in mice without additional hepatic insult. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1923-33. [PMID: 23371017 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic intake of alcohol increases the risk of gastrointestinal and hepatic carcinogenesis. The present study was focused to investigate the incidence and mechanism of pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during chronic ingestion of alcohol without any additional hepatic injury. METHODS Ethanol was administered to Institute for Cancer Research male mice through drinking water for 70 weeks at concentrations of 5 % (first week), 10 % (next 8 weeks), and 15 % thereafter. The animals were killed at 60 and 70 weeks, the livers were examined for hepatic tumors, and evaluated for foci of cellular alteration (FCA). Immunohistochemical staining was performed in the liver sections for cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), and proto-oncogene, c-Myc. RESULTS At the 60th week, 40 % of the mice in the ethanol group had visible white nodules (5-10 mm) in the liver, but not in the control mice. At the 70th week, several larger nodules (5-22 mm) were present in the livers of 50 % mice in the ethanol group. In the control group, one mouse developed a single nodule. All nodules were histologically trabecular HCC composed of eosinophilic and vacuolated cells. In the livers of both control and ethanol group, several foci with cellular alteration were present, which were significantly higher in ethanol group. Staining for CYP2E1, 4-HNE and c-Myc depicted marked upregulation of all these molecules in the FCA. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that upregulation of CYP2E1 and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species along with the persistent expression of c-Myc play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCC during chronic ingestion of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Yu Q, Zhou C, Wang J, Chen L, Zheng S, Zhang J. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of PDCD6IP is associated with the susceptibility of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:451-7. [PMID: 23777424 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Apart from environmental factors such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus, alcohol abuse, and exposure to dietary aflatoxin, genetic factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. By analyzing 390 HCC cases and 431 healthy controls in a Chinese population, we used a candidate gene approach to evaluate the association between a 15-bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism (rs28381975) in the promoter region of the programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP) gene and HCC susceptibility. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that subjects carrying ins/del or ins/ins genotypes had significantly increased risk for HCC than individuals carrying del/del genotypes (adjusted odds ratio=1.39, 95% confidence interval=1.01-1.91, p=0.033]. Carrying the 15-bp insertion allele was associated with a 1.26-fold risk for HCC (95% CI=1.04-1.54, p=0.018). Moreover, significant differences were observed within HCC patients concerning genotypic frequencies of rs28381975 after stratifying by tumor stages and HBV infection. Computational modeling suggests that rs28381975 could disrupt the binding patterns of c-rel, a key subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor. Further luciferase-based transient transfection assays revealed that rs28381975 can affect the promoter activity of PDCD6IP, indicating its possible functional significance. Taken together, our data suggest that common genetic variations in PDCD6IP may influence HCC risk, possibly through promoter activity-mediated regulation. Replication of our studies in other populations and further functional analysis will strengthen our understanding of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Uccello M, Malaguarnera G, Pelligra EM, Biondi A, Basile F, Motta M. Lipoprotein(a) as a potential marker of residual liver function in hepatocellular carcinoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012; 32:71-5. [PMID: 22174493 PMCID: PMC3237183 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.89775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The residual liver function is a major clinical index in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. As the liver plays a crucial role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, the significant impairment of the hepatic function occurring during chronic liver diseases, such as HCC, can influence plasma lipoprotein profiles. Although, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) circulating concentrations are mostly determined by genetic factors, in the majority of reports they have shown a correlation with the hepatic status and a significant decrease in HCC and liver cirrhosis patients than among the controls. In such a way, Lp(a) may represent a new additional and useful marker for a more complete assessment and monitoring of the liver function in patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate the clinical significance of Lp(a) in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Uccello
- Departments of Senescence, Urological & Neurological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Petrizzo A, Tornesello ML, Napolitano M, D'Alessio G, Salomone Megna A, Dolcetti R, De Re V, Wang E, Marincola FM, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Multiparametric analyses of human PBMCs loaded ex vivo with a candidate idiotype vaccine for HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorders. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44870. [PMID: 23028651 PMCID: PMC3445594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been identified as one of the major risk factors for type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), during the clinical evolution of chronic hepatitis, which may lead to development of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We have previously shown that the candidate idiotype vaccine, based on the IGKV3-20 light chain protein, is able to induce activation and maturation of circulating antigen presenting cells (APCs) in both HCV-positive and HCV-negative healthy control subjects, with production of Th2-type cytokines. Here, the effect of the recombinant IGKV3-20 protein on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HCV-positive subjects, with known blood levels of cryoglobulins, is shown via gene expression profiling analysis combined to multiparameter flow cytometry and multiplex analyses of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annacarmen Petrizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Valli De Re
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco M. Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, National Cancer Institute “Fond. G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Poelstra K, Prakash J, Beljaars L. Drug targeting to the diseased liver. J Control Release 2012; 161:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang L, Xu J, Ni J, Gao X, Zhu Z, Dong D, Wang X, Shi C, Tao X, Dong W, Gao Y. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the proximal promoter of CD3G is associated with susceptibility for hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1480-5. [PMID: 22731821 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the most common primary malignancy of the liver with a worldwide increasing incidence. Although the risk factors for HCC are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms responsible for malignant transformation of hepatocytes are not well understood. In this study, a case-control study including 291 HCC patients and 294 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the association between HCC susceptibility and with a 4-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs66465034) in the proximal promoter of CD3G. Logistic regression analysis showed that the heterozygote and the homozygote 4-bp ins/ins confer a significantly increased risk of HCC after controlling for other covariates (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.51, 95% confidence interval [C.I.] 1.01-2.27, p=0.040; OR=1.71, 95% C.I. 1.07-2.89, p=0.025, respectively). Carriage of the 4-bp insertion allele was associated with a greatly increased risk of developing the disease (OR=1.30, 95% C.I. 1.02-1.64, p=0.027). Moreover, hepatitis B virus (HBV) stratification analysis showed that the differences between cases and controls were more obvious in HBV-positive than in the HBV-negative population, suggesting a possible role of this polymorphism in the immune regulation during HBV infection. Further, luciferase-based transient transfection assays revealed that rs66465034 can affect promoter activity of CD3G, indicating its possible functional significance. Our data suggested that common genetic polymorphisms in CD3G may influence HCC risk in Chinese population. Considering the relative small sample size, replication in other populations with larger sample size and further functional analysis are required for fully understanding the roles of CD3G polymorphisms in predisposition for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Kang JW, Kim SJ, Kim HY, Cho SH, Kim KN, Lee SG, Lee SM. Protective Effects of HV-P411 Complex Against D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:467-80. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1250036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the hepatoprotective effect of the HV-P411 complex, an herbal extract mixture from the seeds of Vitis vinifera, Schisandra chinensis and Taraxacum officinale, against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatitis. Hepatotoxicity was induced by D-GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.), and the HV-P411 complex was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after D-GalN injection. Increases in serum aminotransferase activity and lipid peroxidation and a decrease in hepatic glutathione content were attenuated by the HV-P411 complex 24 h after D-GalN treatment. The HV-P411 complex attenuated the increases in serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 level and cyclooxygenase-2 protein production and their mRNA expressions, while increases in serum IL-10 level and heme oxygenase-1 protein production and their mRNA expressions were augmented by the HV-P411 complex. The increased translocation of nuclear factor-κB and c-Jun phosphorylation were attenuated by treatment with the HV-P411 complex. Our results suggest that the HV-P411 complex prevents D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Yeon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyun Cho
- HVLS Co., Ltd., Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-250, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Nam Kim
- HVLS Co., Ltd., Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-250, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Gu Lee
- HVLS Co., Ltd., Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-250, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Scisciani C, Vossio S, Guerrieri F, Schinzari V, De Iaco R, D'Onorio de Meo P, Cervello M, Montalto G, Pollicino T, Raimondo G, Levrero M, Pediconi N. Transcriptional regulation of miR-224 upregulated in human HCCs by NFκB inflammatory pathways. J Hepatol 2012; 56:855-61. [PMID: 22178270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS miR-224 is up-regulated in human HCCs as compared to both paired peri-tumoral cirrhotic tissues and cirrhotic livers without HCC. Here, we have cloned the miR-224 regulatory region and characterized its transcriptional regulation by the NFκB-dependent inflammatory pathways. METHODS Mature miRNA expression was evaluated by a 2 step stem-loop real-time RT-PCR. The recruitment of polymerase II and transcription factors on the pre-miR-224 promoter has been assessed by ChIPSeq and ChIP. RESULTS We found miR-224 levels strongly up-regulated in both peri-tumoral cirrhotic livers and HCC samples as compared to normal livers. In silico analysis of the putative miR-224 promoter revealed multiple NFκB sites. We showed that LTα and TNFα activate transcription from the miR-224 promoter and of endogenous miR-224 expression in HCC cell lines, whereas the expression of miR-224 target API5 was reduced. Exogenously expressed p65/RelA activates the miR-224 promoter and a dominant negative form of IκBα (IκBSR) represses it. ChIP analysis showed that p65/NFκB is recruited on the miR-224 promoter and that its binding sharply increases after exposure to LPS, TNFα, and LTα. Altogether these findings link the inflammatory signals to NFκB-mediated activation of miR-224 expression. An antago-miR specific for miR-224 blocked LPS and LTα stimulated HCC cells migration and invasion. Conversely, the IKK inhibitor BMS-345541 blocks pre-miR-224-induced cellular migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify p65/NFκB as a direct transcriptional regulator of miR-224 expression and link miR-224 up-regulation with the activation of the LPS, LTα, and TNFα inflammatory pathways and cell migration/invasion in HCC.
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Yang HY, Liu HL, Tian LT, Song RP, Song X, Yin DL, Liang YJ, Qu LD, Jiang HC, Liu JR, Liu LX. Expression and prognostic value of ING3 in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:352-61. [PMID: 22550337 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor ING3 has been shown to be involved in tumor transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Some studies have demonstrated that ING3 is dysregulated in several types of cancers. However, the expression and function of ING3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate ING3 expression in hepatic tumors and its clinical relevance in hepatic cancer. The expression of ING3 protein was examined in 120 dissected HCC tissues and 47 liver tissues adjacent to the tumor by immunohistochemical assays and confirmed by Western blot analysis in 20 paired frozen tumor and non-tumor liver tissues. The relationship between ING3 staining and clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC was further analyzed. The mRNA expression of ING3 in the dissected tissues was also analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and realtime PCR. Both mRNA and protein concentrations of ING3 were found to be downregulated in the majority of HCC tumors in comparison with matched non-tumor hepatic tissues. Analysis of the relationship between ING3 staining and clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC showed that the low expression of ING3 protein is correlated with more aggressive behavior of the tumor. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that patients with a low expression of ING3 have a significantly increased risk of shortened survival time. In addition, multivariate analysis suggested that the level of ING3 expression may be an independent prognostic factor. Our findings indicate that ING3 may be an important marker for human hepatocellular carcinoma progression and prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Hao-Ling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District
| | - Lan-Tian Tian
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Rui-Peng Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Xuan Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Da-Long Yin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Ying-Jian Liang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Lian-Dong Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Experimental Animal Center, 427 Ma Duan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hong-Chi Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Jia-Ren Liu
- Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lian-Xin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
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Körner C, Riesner K, Krämer B, Eisenhardt M, Glässner A, Wolter F, Berg T, Müller T, Sauerbruch T, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Nischalke HD. TRAIL receptor I (DR4) polymorphisms C626G and A683C are associated with an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCV-infected patients. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:85. [PMID: 22401174 PMCID: PMC3372437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour surveillance via induction of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is a key mechanism, how the immune system prevents malignancy. To determine if gene variants in the TRAIL receptor I (DR4) gene affect the risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver cancer (HCC), we analysed DR4 mutations C626G (rs20575) and A683C (rs20576) in HCV-infected patients with and without HCC. Methods Frequencies of DR4 gene polymorphisms were determined by LightSNiP assays in 159 and 234 HCV-infected patients with HCC and without HCC, respectively. 359 healthy controls served as reference population. Results Distribution of C626G and A683C genotypes were not significantly different between healthy controls and HCV-positive patients without HCC. DR4 variants 626C and 683A occurred at increased frequencies in patients with HCC. The risk of HCC was linked to carriage of the 626C allele and the homozygous 683AA genotype, and the simultaneous presence of the two risk variants was confirmed as independent HCC risk factor by Cox regression analysis (Odds ratio 1.975, 95% CI 1.205-3.236; p = 0.007). Furthermore HCV viral loads were significantly increased in patients who simultaneously carried both genetic risk factors (2.69 ± 0.36 × 106 IU/ml vs. 1.81 ± 0.23 × 106 IU/ml, p = 0.049). Conclusions The increased prevalence of patients with a 626C allele and the homozygous 683AA genotype in HCV-infected patients with HCC suggests that these genetic variants are a risk factor for HCC in chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str, 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Jin Y, Yu Q, Zhou D, Chen L, Huang X, Xu G, Huang J, Gao X, Gao Y, Shen L. The mitochondrial DNA 9-bp deletion polymorphism is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in the Chinese population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:330-4. [PMID: 22283196 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although molecular biology of carcinogenesis and tumor progression of HCC has been increasingly understood with intense research in recent years, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HCC pathogenesis are still poorly understood. In the present study, a case-control study including 390 HCC patients and 431 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the association of HCC susceptibility with the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 9-bp deletion polymorphism in Chinese population. Chi-square testing showed that frequencies of 9-bp one repeat or two repeats were significantly different between HCC and control groups. Carriage of 9-bp one repeat fragment was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing HCC (odds ratio=1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-2.14, p=0.027). Stratification analysis further showed that the differences between cases and controls were more obvious in drinkers than nondrinkers. Computational modeling of the 9-bp deletion polymorphism suggests that the mtDNA sequence without the 9-bp deletion polymorphism lies within a predicted binding site (seed region) for hsa-miR-519c-5p and hsa-miR-526a. Our data suggested that the 9-bp deletion polymorphism in mitochondria may influence HCC risk, likely through specific microRNA-mediated regulation, which was possibly involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. The replication of our studies in other populations with larger sample size is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Jin
- Department of Vascular/Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Hung CS, Lin SF, Liu HH, Kuo LJ, Li LT, Su HY, Liew PL, Lin FY, Wei PL, Liu DZ, Chang YJ. Survivin-mediated therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine through glucose-regulated protein 78 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2744-52. [PMID: 22258814 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is an antiapoptotic molecule that is widely expressed in cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Survivin has become a general therapeutic target for cancers because of its selective overexpression in a majority of tumors. However, little is known regarding the effect of survivin expression in combination with gemcitabine on HCC. METHODS We generated survivin knockdown cells (survivin-KD) via a short interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. The antiproliferation effects of gemcitabine were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling) assay, and cell cycle evaluation. RESULTS According to the MTT assay, we found that survivin-KD cells were more sensitive than parental cells and scrambled control cells to gemcitabine treatment. The apoptotic cell population increased in survivin-KD cells that were treated with gemcitabine in comparison to scrambled control cells, as observed by the cell cycle distribution and TUNEL assays. We found that survivin knockdown resulted in a reduction of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which may be responsible for the observed increased survivin-KD cell sensitivity to gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that survivin knockdown may contribute to a therapeutic effect of gemcitabine through GRP78 on HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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A 40-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the constitutive promoter of MDM2 confers risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Gene 2012; 497:66-70. [PMID: 22285926 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HCC is a multistage process with the involvement of genetic factors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible association between a 40-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel) at constitutive promoter of MDM2 and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Chinese population. Using 420 HCC patients and 423 control subjects, we genotyped the indel polymorphism (rs3730485) using polymerase chain reaction method. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the polymorphism and HCC susceptibility. Under co-dominant model, we found that the ins/del and del/del genotype of indel was associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC compared with its homozygote ins/ins (OR=1.39, 95%C.I.=1.03-1.87; OR=1.68, 95%C.I.=1.03-2.73, respectively). Presence of 40-bp deletion allele of MDM2 seemed to confer higher risk for HCC when compared with non-carriers (OR=1.30, 95%C.I.=1.06-1.60, P=0.011). Further stratification analysis showed that this association was more pronounced in patients with a family history of HCC, early tumor stage and higher serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). These findings indicated that the MDM2 indel polymorphism may be a genetic modifier for developing HCC in Chinese population.
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Siqueira ERF, Oliveira CPMS, Correa-Giannella ML, Stefano JT, Cavaleiro AM, Fortes MAHZ, Muniz MTC, Silva FS, Pereira LMMB, Carrilho FJ. MTP -493G/T gene polymorphism is associated with steatosis in hepatitis C-infected patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 45:72-7. [PMID: 22147193 PMCID: PMC3854139 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of hepatic microsomal transfer protein (MTP) activity results in fatty liver, worsening hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The G allele of the MTP gene promoter, -493G/T, has been associated with lower transcriptional activity than the T allele. We investigated this association with metabolic and histological variables in patients with CHC. A total of 174 untreated patients with CHC were genotyped for MTP -493G/T by direct sequencing using PCR. All patients were negative for markers of Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis and autoimmune diseases and had current and past daily alcohol intake lower than 100 g/week. The sample distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Among subjects with genotype 1, 56.8% of the patients with fibrosis grade 3+4 presented at least one G allele versus 34.3% of the patients with fibrosis grade 1+2 (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.3-2.3). Logistic regression analysis with steatosis as the dependent variable identified genotypes GG+GT as independent protective factors against steatosis (OR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.8; P = 0.01). The results suggest that the presence of the G allele of MTP -493G/T associated with lower hepatic MTP expression protects against steatosis in our CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R F Siqueira
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abdalla MA, Haj-Ahmad Y. Promising Candidate Urinary MicroRNA Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma among High-Risk Hepatitis C Virus Egyptian Patients. J Cancer 2011; 3:19-31. [PMID: 22211142 PMCID: PMC3245605 DOI: 10.7150/jca.3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small endogenously expressed non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate expression of protein-coding genes at the translational level. Accumulating evidence, such as aberrant expression of miRNAs, suggests that they play a role in the development of cancer. They have been identified in various tumor types, demonstrating that different sets of miRNAs are usually deregulated in different cancers. To identify the miRNA signatures specific for Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), miRNA expression profiling of 32 HCC post-HCV infected, 74 HCV-positive and 12 control individuals was carried out using whole genome expression profiling. Differential expression of two individual miRNAs between control and high risk HCV patients was detected and found to possibly target genes related to HCC development and progression. The sensitivity and specificity of miR-618 for detecting HCC among HCV-positive individuals was found to be 64% and 68%, respectively. Whereas, the sensitivity and specificity of miR-650 were 72% and 58%, respectively. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity for miR-618/650 in tandem were 58% and 75%, respectively. These predictive values are greatly improved compared to the traditional α-feto protein (AFP) level-based detection method. The proposed HCC miRNA signatures may therefore be of great value for the early diagnosis of HCC, before the onset of disease in HCV-positive patients. The significance of this approach is amplified by the use of urine as a sample source as it offers a non-invasive approach for developing screening methods that can reduce mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moemen Ak Abdalla
- Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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Li S, Deng Y, Chen ZP, Huang S, Liao XC, Lin LW, Li H, Peng T, Qin X, Zhao JM. Genetic polymorphism of interleukin-16 influences susceptibility to HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:2083-8. [PMID: 22019522 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interleukin-16 (IL16) as a multifunctional cytokine, plays a key role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as tumour growth and progression. Recently, genetic polymorphisms of IL16 have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to a range of cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the IL16 gene polymorphisms and determine whether these genetic factors are related to the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Chinese population. METHODS We analyzed three polymorphisms of the IL16 gene (rs11556218T/G, rs4072111C/T and rs4778889T/C) in 206 patients with HBV-related HCC, 270 chronic hepatitis B patients and 264 healthy controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and DNA sequencing technology. RESULTS IL16 polymorphisms were not associated with risk of HCC when compared with healthy controls. However, IL16 polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to HBV-related HCC when using chronic hepatitis B patients as controls. The rs11556218T/G TG and GG genotypes were associated with significantly increased risk of HBV-related HCC compared with the TT genotype (OR = 1.96 and OR = 3.33). The data also revealed that subjects with the G allele appeared to have higher susceptibility to HBV-related HCC than those with the T allele (OR = 2.10). Under the dominant model genotype TG+GG appeared to be associated with an increased risk of HBV-related HCC (OR = 2.18). The rs4072111C/T TT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of HBV-related HCC compared with the CC genotype (OR = 6.67). Polymorphisms of the IL16 gene were significantly associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B when using healthy subjects as controls. The rs11556218T/G TG and GG genotypes were associated with significantly decreased risk of chronic hepatitis B compared with the TT genotype (OR = 0.49 and OR = 0.29). The data also revealed that subjects with the G allele appeared to have lower susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B than those with the T allele (OR = 0.46). Under the dominant model genotype TG + GG appeared to have lower susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B (OR = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the genotypes and allele of IL16 SNPs were associated with chronic HBV infection and HCC. However, further investigation with a larger sample size and haplotype analysis with other SNPs may be required to validate the genetic effects of the IL16 polymorphisms on chronic HBV infection and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of type I collagen a2 (COL1A2) is associated with susceptibility for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:265-9. [PMID: 21665180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and severe diseases in the world. Besides the influence of environmental factors, such as viral infection, an increasing number of novel genetic components identified by genome-wide association studies have been associated with predisposition to HCC. Thus, studies focusing on functional variants in these findings are indispensable. In the present study, based on in-silico analysis, we carried out a case-control study in a Chinese population (207 cases and 245 controls) to investigate the association between HCC susceptibility with a 7 base pair (bp) insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs3917) in the 3'UTR of COL1A2. Our results showed that the ins/del + del/del genotype had an odds ratio of 1.76 (95% C.I.=1.03-3.01; P=0.028) for developing HCC compared to the ins/ins genotype. Carriers for the "del" allele of rs3917 were associated with a 1.73-fold increased risk for HCC (95% C.I.=1.06-2.84; P(trend)=0.02). Computational modeling suggests that this polymorphism is located in the hsa-let-7 g potential target sequence in the COL1A2 3' untranslated region. Our data suggest that most likely, common genetic changes in COL1A2 may influence HCC risk, at least in part by let-7 g-mediated regulation, which is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. The replication of our studies in other populations will further strengthen our understanding of this association.
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Fielding L. Current imaging strategies of primary and secondary neoplasms of the liver. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011; 23:3-12. [PMID: 21326715 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This article details the diagnosis and imaging of primary and secondary neoplasms of the liver. Benign conditions that can mimic malignancy are also discussed, such as focal nodular hyperplasia and adenoma. Considerable attention is given to hepatoma, which is the most common primary hepatic tumor in the United States. The roles of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound are evaluated, with recommendations for their effective use. Pitfalls in imaging related to posttreatment changes and unusual patterns of metastatic disease are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fielding
- Visiting Associate Professor of Radiology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Nischalke HD, Coenen M, Berger C, Aldenhoff K, Müller T, Berg T, Krämer B, Körner C, Odenthal M, Schulze F, Grünhage F, Nattermann J, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. The toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) -196 to -174 del/ins polymorphism affects viral loads and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1470-5. [PMID: 21500195 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV proteins core and NS3 can bind to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and trigger inflammatory responses. Polymorphisms in the TLR2 gene predispose to various forms of malignancy but have not been studied in HCV-associated HCC. Here, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs4696480, rs5743708, rs5743704 and the -196 to -174 del/ins polymorphism of the TLR2 gene affect the risk for HCC in chronic hepatitis C. The study involved 189 and 192 HCV genotype 1 infected patients with and without HCC, respectively, as well as 347 healthy controls. TLR2 alleles were determined by hybridization probe assays and allele-specific short fragment polymerase chain reaction on a LightCycler system. All TLR2 polymorphisms matched the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in each study group. Although TLR2 SNPs showed no effect, the frequency of the TLR2 -196 to -174 del allele was significantly higher in patients with HCV-associated HCC (22.5%) than in HCV-infected patients without HCC (15.6%, p = 0.016) and healthy controls (15.3%, p = 0.003). HCV-infected carriers of a TLR2 -196 to -174 del allele had significantly higher HCV viral loads than TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/ins homozygous patients (p = 0.031). Finally, in carriers of the TLR2 -196 to -174 del allele, stimulation of monocytes resulted in significantly lower TLR2 expression levels and interleukin-8 (IL-8) induction than in individuals with the TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/ins genotype (p < 0.05). Our data suggest the TLR2 -196 to -174 del allele to affect HCV viral loads and to increase the risk for HCC in HCV genotype1-infected patients.
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Pollicino T, Saitta C, Raimondo G. Hepatocellular carcinoma: the point of view of the hepatitis B virus. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1122-32. [PMID: 21665892 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, Italy.
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