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Nyambah PK, Agjei R, Sarfo B. Seroprevalence and factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among students in two senior high schools in the Krachi Nchumuru district in Ghana-A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:358. [PMID: 38042854 PMCID: PMC10693693 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) data among student populations although Ghana is HBV endemic. Screening and identification of factors associated with HBV transmission in schools will support the intervention in the elimination of the virus by 2030. This study assessed the seroprevalence and factors associated with HBV among students in two Senior High Schools in the Krachi Nchumuru District in Ghana. METHODS Through cross-sectional design and simple random sampling technique, 300 first-year students were enrolled from selected Senior High Schools. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic and exposure factors while rapid test kit was used to detect HBV infections. Chi-square/Fisher exact test and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine the association between the variables at a 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significant level. RESULTS Seroprevalence of HBV was 14% (42/300) among the students. The prevalence was significantly (p = 0.001) higher in males 19.4% (34/175) than females 6.4% (8/125). 77.7% (233/300) were aware of HBV infection. Males who were circumcised were 4 times more likely to be infected with HBV (AOR = 4.09, 95%CI = 1.82-9.19) (p = 0.001) compared with those uncircumcised. CONCLUSION HBV screening and education on hygienic genital circumcision practices must be prioritized in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Nyambah
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 13, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- Health Directorate, P.O. Box 79, Kyinderi, Krachi Nchumuru District, Ghana
| | - Richard Agjei
- Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 13, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
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Singh SP, Patwa AK, Patel ML, Gupta H, Atam V, Verma SK, Jain A, Shukla S, Rungta S, Chandra A, Singh A. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in ascitic fluid of decompensated cirrhotic patients. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:585-588. [PMID: 37335523 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pratap Singh
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Patwa
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India.
| | - M L Patel
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Harish Gupta
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Virendra Atam
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Verma
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Suruchi Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Sumit Rungta
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Abhijit Chandra
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226 003, India
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3
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Zheng XQ, Li X, Liu J, Shi L, Wang HZ, Tian KG, Pan XB. Horizontal transmission might be a common route of hepatitis B virus exposure in highly endemic areas. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4983-4992. [PMID: 35652312 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that infects more than a third of the world's population; however, the transmission route remains to be further defined. The 18-year implementation of free HBV vaccine for children has greatly changed the prevalence of HBV infection in China, which presents a unique real-world model for assessing the pattern of HBV transmission. METHODS Cross-sectional data of HBV seromarkers between July 2019 and April 2020 were collected from 53,371 individuals aged 1-60 years in four areas of North to South in Eastern China. Longitudinal data of HBV seromarkers between 2007 and 2020 were collected from 177 adults in an area of South China. The regional- and age-specific changes in HBV seromarkers were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, positive rates of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) (from 3.44% to 15.1%) and antibody against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) (from 7.6% to 44.0%) significantly increased from North to South. Among persons aged ≤18 years, the positive rates of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) and anti-HBc (+) remained at low levels in the North, while they were increasing among persons aged >12 years in the South, despite higher positive rates of anti-HBs (+). Among persons aged >18 years, the anti-HBs (+) rates remained relatively stable (~60%), while anti-HBc (+) rates increased significantly with age. Up to ~80% of the anti-HBs (+) adults in the South was anti-HBc (+) while it was 13.6% in the North. In the longitudinal cohort, the anti-HBc (+) rate among adults in the South increased by 14.2% during 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Horizontal transmission might be a common route in highly endemic areas, and may help to explain the high HBV exposure worldwide. The risk of horizontal transmission among children without seroprotective anti-HBs should be notified in highly endemic areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ke-Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Ben Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Sood AK, Pathak SM, Khandelwal N. A Study of Prevalence of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Knowledge and Preventive Practices Against Hepatitis B Virus in Barbers Serving the Armed Forces. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:668-673. [PMID: 34866845 PMCID: PMC8617542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem in the world. Barbers deal with frequent abrasions/lacerations due to sharp equipment, making them a high-risk group. Determination of HBsAg positive status excludes most reservoirs of transmission in the population. However, Occult Hepatitis B continues to be a source of transmission. The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of occult HBV infection in barbers serving the armed forces clientele and evaluate their knowledge and preventive practices against HBV transmission. METHODS Seventy-nine HBsAg negative barbers were included in this study and interviewed for the status of immunisation and preventive practices. Anti-HBc total and HBV DNA levels were measured along with a complete haemogram, LFT, PT INR, ultrasound abdomen and Fibroscan of the liver. RESULTS The prevalence of occult Hepatitis B status was 3.79%. Among barbers who were anti-HBc total positive, 100% were found to have replicative HBV DNA status. All barbers (100%) were unaware of the existence and modes of HBV transmission and were never screened for HBV; 98.73% of barbers followed improper disinfection practices and were never immunised. CONCLUSION The prevalence of occult HBV infection in barbers, absence of immunisation, unawareness and improper disinfection practices are significantly at risk for transmission to the unaware clients. It is important to educate barbers, establish a universal disinfection procedure and implement a system of compulsory Hepatitis B vaccination before the commencement of their trade work.
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Key Words
- ALT, Alanine Transaminase
- HBV DNA, Hepatitis B Virus Deoxyribose nucleic acid
- HBV, Hepatitis B Virus
- HBcAg, Hepatitis B core antigen
- HBeAg, Hepatitis B envelope antigen
- HBsAg, Hepatitis B surface antigen
- INR, International Normalised Ratio
- IU/ml, International Units/millilitre
- PT, Prothrombin Time
- anti-HBc, Antibodies to Hepatitis B core antigen
- anti-HBs, Antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen
- barbers
- hepatitis B virus DNA
- high-risk group
- kPa, KiloPascal
- occult hepatitis B virus Infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Sood
- DM (Gastroenterology) and Commandant, Military Hospital, Dehradun, India
| | - Sukant M. Pathak
- MD (Community Medicine), Station Health Organisation, Dehradun, India
| | - Nitish Khandelwal
- MD (Pathology) and Officer-in-charge Laboratory Sciences, Military Hospital, Dehradun, India
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5
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Kohagura T, Kawabe S, Abe N, Nakaseko H, Iwata N. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination in children with rheumatic diseases. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:752-756. [PMID: 33145843 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination to prevent hepatitis B (HB) virus infection is important for children undergoing immunosuppressive treatment. Information on the efficacy of HB vaccination in children with rheumatic diseases undergoing immunosuppressive therapy is scarce. METHODS Children with rheumatic diseases administered HB vaccine during immunosuppressive treatment between May 2013 and September 2016 were enrolled. Patients were vaccinated three times (primary series). Those who remained seronegative after the primary series received a secondary series of vaccinations. Patient baseline characteristics and treatment details from the medical records were retrospectively investigated. The proportion of patients that was seropositive for HB virus antibody after primary-and secondary series of vaccinations was calculated. Associations between immunosuppressants and serostatus were evaluated. RESULTS Fifteen of 26 patients (58%) produced anti-hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) after the primary vaccinations. Eight of 10 patients (80%) taking methotrexate and 3 of 11 (27%) taking mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were seropositive. Multivariate analysis adjusted for dosage of prednisolone per body weight. Multivariate analysis showed MMF was a factor impeding seroconversion (odds ratio 0.093, 95% confidence interval 0.014-0.615). In six of seven patients (86%) who received a secondary series of vaccinations, anti-HBs were produced. CONCLUSIONS MMF may impede seroconversion after a primary series of HB vaccinations, thus requiring secondary series of vaccinations in pediatric patients with a rheumatic disease undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toaki Kohagura
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabe
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruna Nakaseko
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Iwata
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
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6
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Campos-Valdez M, Monroy-Ramírez HC, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Sánchez-Orozco LV. Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061167. [PMID: 34207116 PMCID: PMC8235420 DOI: 10.3390/v13061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos-Valdez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendáriz-Borunda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3954-5677
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7
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Ibrahim SAE, Mohamed SB, Kambal S, Diya-Aldeen A, Ahmed S, Faisal B, Ismail F, Ibrahim A, Sabawe A, Mohamed O. Molecular Detection of Occult Hepatitis B virus in plasma and urine of renal transplant patients in Khartoum state Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:126-130. [PMID: 32497807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the OBI in plasma and urine samples from renal transplant patients using Multiplex Nested PCR. METHOD A total of 100 samples (plasma and urine) were collected from renal transplant patients admitted to the renal transplant center in Khartoum north, Sudan in 2019. For each sample, HBsAg, HBeAg and anti HBcAg were detected using Enzyme linked Immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The viral DNA was then extracted using viral DNA extraction kit and were then tested for HBV DNA by using multiplex nested PCR. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package of social science (IBM SPSS version 20.0) considering a P value ≤ 0.05 as a level of significance. RESULTS HBsAg were not detected in al patient but, HBeAg were 14 (14%) and anti HBcAg were 36 (36%)were detect by using ELISA. A total 18 (18%) and 3 out of 100 were found positive in plasma and urine samples, respectively. Regarding the virus genotypes, D, E and mixed D/E genotypes were detected in all positive samples. Females were significantly (P value=0.013) higher detectable with HBV than males in plasma samples CONCLUSION: OBI incidence in renal transplant patients is high in Sudan. The multiplex nested PCR had identified OBI with a high rate supporting the efficiency of using molecular techniques in detecting of HBV. This will lead to an appropriate diagnosis and minimizing the risk to be infected by HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah A E Ibrahim
- Department of Bioinformatics and biostatistics, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Sofia B Mohamed
- Department of Bioinformatics and biostatistics, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Sumaya Kambal
- Department of Bioinformatics and biostatistics, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Aya Diya-Aldeen
- Department microbiology University of Alrazi-Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Department microbiology University of Alrazi-Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Batool Faisal
- Department microbiology University of Alrazi-Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Fatima Ismail
- Department microbiology University of Alrazi-Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Amel Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Amel Sabawe
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan
| | - Osama Mohamed
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University Biomedical Research Institute, National University-Sudan, Khartoum- Sudan.
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8
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Pan XB, Yu J, Li HJ, Wu N, Zhang GW, Wu T, Liao JY, Liu WP, Qu XW, Si P, Shi WY, Li ST, Lv X, Liu P, Zhao R, Song YJ, Yang Z, Mo WN, Wang HZ, Liu YF, Zhou ZW, Ge LY, Zhu H, Zheng YQ, Zhang WL, Yang ZL, Zheng XQ. Young Chinese children without seroprotective hepatitis B surface antibody could be at risk of hepatitis B virus infection through horizontal transmission. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:456-460. [PMID: 31785059 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ben Pan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Li
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua College, Panzhihua, China
| | - Wen-Pei Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wang Qu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ping Si
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Shi
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Li
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Jing Song
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wu-Ning Mo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Yan Ge
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Urumqi Children's Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi-Li Yang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Centre of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Applicability of Oral Fluid and Dried Blood Spot for Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:5672795. [PMID: 31058110 PMCID: PMC6463598 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5672795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease worldwide; however most of individuals are not aware about the infection. Oral fluid and dried blood spot (DBS) samples may be an alternative to serum to HBV diagnosis to increase the access to diagnosis in remote areas or high-risk groups. The main objective of this review is to give an insight about the usefulness of oral fluid and DBS for detecting HBV markers. Several groups have evaluated the detection of HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs markers in oral fluid and DBS samples demonstrating 13 to 100% of sensitivity and specificity according different groups, sample collectors, and diagnosis assays. In the same way, HBV DNA detection using oral fluid and DBS samples demonstrate different values of sensitivity according type of collection, studied group, extraction, and detection methods. Thus, serological and molecular diagnostic tests demonstrated good performance for detecting HBV using oral fluid and DBS according some characteristics and could be useful to increase the access to the diagnosis of HBV.
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10
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Pintilie H, Brook G. Commentary: A review of risk of hepatitis B and C transmission through biting or spitting. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:1423-1428. [PMID: 30047616 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A draft UK Parliamentary Bill sought to criminalize assaults on emergency workers through biting and spitting. This seemed to be based on a fear of bloodborne virus transmission. We undertook a literature search to clarify the risk of hepatitis infection from such exposures. We identified 245 possible papers and then reduced these to those relevant to HBV and HCV transmission through biting or spitting and the scientific plausibility. Nine papers were identified, reporting 16 possible cases of HBV (15 bites, 1 spitting) and 2 of HCV transmission (both bites). Only 3 HBV transmissions by bites and 1 by spitting and both HCV transmissions were felt to be plausible. Although both HBV DNA and HCV RNA can be found in the saliva of infected patients, it seems unlikely that there is enough to transmit infection unless there is blood contamination. In conclusion, the risk of acquiring HCV through spitting is negligible and is very low for HBV. The risk is also low for acquiring HBV and HCV through biting, especially if no blood is apparent in the saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Brook
- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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11
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Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100469. [PMID: 30262738 PMCID: PMC6210948 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral biomarkers are important tools for monitoring chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg) negative infection, both in its natural course as well as during and after treatment. The biomarkers consist of antibodies against viral epitopes, viral proteins, and molecular surrogate markers of the quantity and transcriptional activity of the stable episomal HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which is located in the nuclei of the infected hepatocytes. HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or else viral load measurement in plasma or serum is a marker of HBV replication of major clinical importance. HBV DNA is used for staging and treatment monitoring as described in international scientific guidelines. Quantification of HBV antigens, mainly hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as well as Hepatitis B core related antigen (HBcrAg), play an important yet secondary role, especially in cases of low or undetectable HBV DNA and has been evaluated for the classification of the inactive carrier state, as a predictor of subsequent HBsAg clearance, treatment outcome, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The measurement of the replicative intermediate HBV RNA in serum is currently evaluated and may also prove to be a significant biomarker particularly in patients treated with nucleot(s)ide analogs. This review focuses on the viral biomarkers mentioned above and their role in HBV, HBeAg negative, infection.
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Jain S, Su YH, Su YP, McCloud S, Xue R, Lee TJ, Lin SC, Lin SY, Song W, Steffen JD, Hu CT. Characterization of the hepatitis B virus DNA detected in urine of chronic hepatitis B patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:40. [PMID: 29548283 PMCID: PMC5857095 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the urine of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) has been reported previously, suggesting urine could provide a potential route of horizontal HBV transmission. However, it is not clear whether the HBV DNA detected in urine is indeed full-length, infectious viral DNA. The aim of this study is to assess the potential infectivity of urine from patients with CHB and to correlate HBV DNA detection in urine with clinical parameters, such as serum viral load and HBeAg status. Methods Urine from 60 CHB patients with serum viral loads ranging from undetectable to 108 IU/mL were analyzed for HBV DNA and serum immune markers. HBV DNA was detected from total urine DNA and size-fractionated urine DNA (separated into ≤1 kb and > 1 kb fractions) by PCR analysis of six regions of the HBV genome. Results Twenty-seven of 59 (45.7%) patients with HBV serum viral load (≥20 IU/mL) contained at least 20 copies per mL of fragmented HBV DNA in urine detected in at least 1 of the 6 PCR assay regions. Only one patient contained HBV DNA detected by all six regions, and was found to have evidence of blood in the urine. Sixteen of 25 urine samples with high viral load (> 105 IU/mL) and 11 of 34 urine samples with low viral load (< 105 IU/mL) contained detectable HBV DNA. Twelve of 27 (44.44%) patients with detectable HBV DNA in urine were HBeAg positive, and only 5 of these HBeAg positive patients were in the group of 33 (15.15%) patients with no detectable HBV DNA in urine. By Fishers’ exact test, HBV DNA in urine is significantly associated with high serum viral load (P = 0.0197) and HBeAg (P = 0.0203). Conclusions We conclude that urine from CHB patients with healthy kidney function should not contain full-length HBV DNA, and therefore should not be infectious. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0767-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Yih-Ping Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | | | - Ruixia Xue
- The Second Hospital of Yuncheng, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, 044000, China
| | - Tai-Jung Lee
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Shu-Chuan Lin
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,U-Screen Dx Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jamin D Steffen
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.,Hepron Molecular Lab, Inc., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien, 970, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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Portilho MM, Nabuco LC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Brandão-Mello CE, Pilotto JH, Flores GL, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Lampe E, Villar LM. Detection of occult hepatitis B in serum and oral fluid samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:62-65. [PMID: 29211108 PMCID: PMC5719542 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) can be detected in serum samples; however, oral fluid collection for detection of HBV DNA has not yet been explored, despite the availability of collection devices. Serum and oral fluid samples from 45 hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)-positive patients were collected for the amplification of the HBV polymerase gene. HBV DNA was detected in five serum and four oral fluid samples (the detection limit for oral fluid was 1.656 log IU/mL in paired serum). In conclusion, simple methodologies of sample collection and in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed detection of HBV DNA, and these could be used to improve the diagnosis of OBI, especially in locations with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyra Machado Portilho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leticia Cancella Nabuco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário
Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Brandão-Mello
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital
Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Henrique Pilotto
- Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Geane Lopes Flores
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Elisabeth Lampe
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Villar LM, Cruz HM, Barbosa JR, Bezerra CS, Portilho MM, Scalioni LDP. Update on hepatitis B and C virus diagnosis. World J Virol 2015; 4:323-42. [PMID: 26568915 PMCID: PMC4641225 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) are responsible for the most of chronic liver disease worldwide and are transmitted by parenteral route, sexual and vertical transmission. One important measure to reduce the burden of these infections is the diagnosis of acute and chronic cases of HBV and HCV. In order to provide an effective diagnosis and monitoring of antiviral treatment, it is important to choose sensitive, rapid, inexpensive, and robust analytical methods. Primary diagnosis of HBV and HCV infection is made by using serological tests for detecting antigens and antibodies against these viruses. In order to confirm primary diagnosis, to quantify viral load, to determine genotypes and resistance mutants for antiviral treatment, qualitative and quantitative molecular tests are used. In this manuscript, we review the current serological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of hepatitis B and C.
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15
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Murano T, Tsunoda T, Sogo T, Fujisawa T. Lack of infectivity of HBV in feces from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and infection using chimeric mice. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:366. [PMID: 26289533 PMCID: PMC4545881 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body fluids such as saliva and tears from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are known as infectious agents. The infectivity of feces from patients with HBV infection has not been established. The aim of this study was to determine whether feces from HBV carriers can be a source of HBV infection. METHODS Thirty-three children and 17 adults (ages 0-49 years, median age 13 years) who were chronically infected with HBV were enrolled. The levels of HBV DNA in the feces from these patients were quantified by real-time PCR, and the levels of fecal HBsAg were measured. Isolated human hepatocytes from chimeric mice with humanized livers were co-cultured with serum, tears and feces from the HBV carriers. Four chimeric mice were inoculated intravenously with sterilized feces from HBV carriers. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in the feces of 37 (74%) of the 50 patients. The fecal HBV DNA levels ranged from 2.8 to 8.4 log copies/mL (mean ± SD = 5.6 ± 1.2 log copies/mL). A significant correlation was observed in the levels of HBV DNA between serum and feces (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). Of the 13 HBV carries, 7 (54%) were positive for fecal HBsAg. The fecal HBsAg levels ranged from 0.06 to 1.0 IU/mL (median 0.28 IU/mL). Immunogold electron microscopy showed Dane particles in feces. HBV DNA was detected in the human hepatocytes co-cultured with serum and tears, but not in those co-cultured with feces. HBV DNA was not detected in the serum of the chimeric mice after oral or intravenous inoculation with sterilized fecal samples, which contained 5 log copies/mL of HBV DNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Although the positive rate of fecal HBV DNA was high, the fecal HBsAg levels were extremely low. The chimeric mice were not infected with HBV after oral or intravenous inoculation with sterilized fecal samples. Therefore, feces from HBV carriers seem not to serve as an infectious vehicle for the transmission of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu Sakura, Chiba, Japan. .,Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Takeyoshi Murano
- Department of Research and Development, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Sogo
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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16
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Bae SK, Yatsuhashi H, Takahara I, Tamada Y, Hashimoto S, Motoyoshi Y, Ozawa E, Nagaoka S, Yanagi K, Abiru S, Komori A, Ishibashi H. Sequential occurrence of acute hepatitis B among members of a high school Sumo wrestling club. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E267-72. [PMID: 24007264 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A 17-year-old male was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with acute hepatitis B. Six weeks later, a 15-year-old male was admitted with acute hepatitis B as well. They were Sumo wrestling players in the same club. A detailed survey in the club revealed that a 28-year-old male coach was a hepatitis B surface antigen carrier with high-level viremia. The consistency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the infected players was revealed by analyzing the complete HBV genome sequences. Sumo players are more likely to get injured, including cuts and bleeding, compared with players of other sports because of the characteristic wrestling style. Several past reports have suggested that highly viremic HBV carriers have high HBV DNA titers in both their blood and other body fluids such as sweat. In our cases, percutaneous HBV transmission through the bleeding wounds was the most probable infection route. We conclude that a universal HBV immunization program should be introduced urgently in Japan, similar to those implemented in other countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kwan Bae
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara Omura, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Sogo T, Tateno A, Shimokawa R, Fujisawa T. Tears from children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are infectious vehicles of HBV transmission: experimental transmission of HBV by tears, using mice with chimeric human livers. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:478-85. [PMID: 22508939 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body fluids such as saliva, urine, sweat, and tears from hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers are potential sources of HBV transmission. METHODS Thirty-nine children and 8 adults who were chronically infected with HBV were enrolled. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the quantification of HBV DNA. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in 73.7% of urine samples (14 of 19), 86.8% of saliva samples (33 of 38), 100% of tear samples (11 of 11), and 100% of sweat samples (9 of 9). Mean HBV DNA levels (±SD) in urine, saliva, tears, and sweat were 4.3 ± 1.1 log copies/mL, 5.9 ± 1.2 log copies/mL, 6.2 ± 0.7 log copies/mL, and 5.2 ± 0.6 log copies/mL, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the HBV DNA level in serum specimens and HBV DNA levels in saliva and tear specimens (r = 0.88; P < .001). Tear specimens from a child were injected intravenously into 2 human hepatocyte-transplanted chimeric mice. One week after inoculation, both chimeric mice had serum positive for HBV DNA. CONCLUSIONS The levels of HBV DNA in tear specimens from young children were high. Tears were confirmed to be infectious, using chimeric mice. Strict precautions should be taken against direct contact with body fluids from HBV carriers with high-level viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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18
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Louise Heiberg I, Hogh B. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus--why discuss when we can vaccinate? J Infect Dis 2012; 206:464-5. [PMID: 22508941 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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19
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Portilho MM, Martins PP, Lampe E, Villar LM. A comparison of molecular methods for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detection from oral fluid samples. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:844-851. [PMID: 22403138 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.040238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate four commercial DNA extraction methods and three PCR protocols for hepatitis B virus (HBV) detection in artificially contaminated oral fluid samples. The extraction protocols were selected based on ease of use and cost, and were also compared with respect to sensitivity and cost. Prior PCR optimization was conducted, in which the sample volume for DNA extraction and the concentrations of DNA and Taq DNA polymerase in the PCR were adjusted. One-round PCR, used to amplify the core region of the HBV genome, achieved high levels of sensitivity in comparison with nested and semi-nested PCR experiments that were designed for the amplification of HBV surface protein genes. Of the four extraction protocols evaluated, the RTP DNA/RNA Virus Mini kit and the QIAamp DNA Mini kit gave the highest recovery rates, presenting 20 copies of HBV DNA ml(-1) as the limit of detection. These results suggest that HBV DNA can be detected from oral fluid samples but that the optimization of the PCR assays and the choice of extraction methods must be determined by laboratories before the implementation of this method in routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Pais Martins
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Lampe
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mahboobi N, Porter SR, Karayiannis P, Alavian SM. Oral fluid and hepatitis A, B and C: a literature review. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:505-16. [PMID: 22188507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Viral hepatitis is a significant global health problem that, depending upon the virus, affects individuals of the developing and/or developed world. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in whether oral fluids can be considered as a source of viral hepatitis transmission and whether oral fluid, in particular, whole saliva, may be a useful source for viral detection as part of the diagnosis and monitoring of viral hepatitis. The aim of this article was to review current data concerning the possible carriage of the hepatitis A, B and C viruses within saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Such knowledge will indicate if (i) oral fluid is a possible source of infection and (ii) whether oral fluid can be used for diagnosis and monitoring of viral hepatitis. DATA AND SOURCES A literature search was conducted using PubMed (Medline), EMBASE/Excerpta medica, the Cochrane database and Scopus. The results were limited to published material after 2000. Relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. CONCLUSION There is some evidence that hepatitis viruses A, B and C are present in oral fluids, particularly whole saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and may thus be possible sources of viral detection in clinical diagnosis and monitoring. However, the data are inconsistent and warrant the need for well-planned longitudinal studies to explore the precise frequency of oral carriage of such viruses and to determine the virological and host factors that may influence the oral presence of hepatitis A, B and C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mahboobi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Does the spread of hepatitis B virus genotype A increase the risk of intrafamilial transmission in Japan? J Infect Chemother 2011; 17:272-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hepatitis B virus DNA in saliva from children with chronic hepatitis B infection: implications for saliva as a potential mode of horizontal transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:465-7. [PMID: 20335824 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181d8e009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among children, we investigated the quantitative relationship between HBV in saliva and blood from 46 children with chronic hepatitis B. We found high levels of HBV DNA in saliva of HBeAg (+) children, suggesting saliva as a vehicle for horizontal transmission of HBV among children.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compared with other sexually active adults, men who have sex with men (MSM) are more frequently infected with several pathogens including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Because one common element between these organisms is their presence in saliva, we evaluated saliva exposure among MSM in a heretofore relatively unrecognized route-via use of saliva as a lubricant in anal sex. METHODS MSM in a San Francisco population-based cohort were interviewed regarding use of saliva by the insertive partner as a lubricant in various anal sexual practices. RESULTS Among 283 MSM, 87% used saliva as a lubricant in insertive or receptive penile-anal intercourse or fingering/fisting at some point during their lifetime; 31%-47% did so, depending upon the act, in the prior 6 months. Saliva use as a lubricant was more common among younger men and among HIV-infected men when with HIV-infected partners. Even among MSM following safe sex guidelines by avoiding unprotected penile-anal intercourse, 26% had anal exposure to saliva via use as a lubricant. CONCLUSIONS Among MSM, use of saliva as a lubricant is a common, but not ubiquitous, practice in anal sex. The findings provide the rationale for formal investigation of whether saliva use in this way contributes to transmission of saliva-borne pathogens in MSM.
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Kidd-Ljunggren K, Holmberg A, Bläckberg J, Lindqvist B. High levels of hepatitis B virus DNA in body fluids from chronic carriers. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:352-7. [PMID: 17046105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem. Transmission is mainly blood-borne, although the route of infection during horizontal transmission in childhood is unclear. Nosocomial outbreaks of HBV have been widely reported, but have mainly focused on blood-borne transmission. There is limited knowledge of the viral load levels in other body fluids. In the present study, chronic HBV carriers were tested for the presence of HBV DNA in serum, saliva, nasopharyngeal fluid, urine and tears by means of qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Twenty-five patients who were positive for HBV DNA with both PCRs were included. Low titres in real-time PCR corresponded with weak bands in the qualitative assay. HBV DNA was found in two urine samples, 10 saliva samples, five nasopharyngeal swabs and in tear fluid from four patients. One highly viraemic HBeAg-positive carrier with serum HBV DNA levels of 7 x 10(9) genome copies had high copy numbers detected in both saliva and nasopharyngeal fluid. These results demonstrate that highly viraemic HBV carriers may have high titres of HBV DNA in other body fluids. This has particular importance for infection control programmes and regulations, underlining the importance of aiming towards regular HBV DNA testing and thus infectivity assessment of chronic carriers in order to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kidd-Ljunggren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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