Clinical Outcome and Pharmacokinetics After Addition of Low-Dose Cyclosporine to Methotrexate: A Case Study of Five Patients with Treatment-Resistant Inflammatory Bowel Disease:

Immunosuppressive therapies adversely affect blood biochemical parameters in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis

Objective

This study was performed to investigate whether a definite correlation exists between alteration of blood biochemical parameters and immunosuppressive therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Data on alterations in white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and liver enzymes in patients with IBD treated with immunomodulators were extracted.

Results

Data from 1141 patients were included. The relative risk (RR) of leukopenia was significantly higher in the immunosuppressive therapies group than in the placebo group (RR, 12.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.28–31.57). A statistically significant risk of leukocytosis during immunosuppressive therapies was observed (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05–2.23). Patients taking immunomodulators had increased risks of serum creatinine elevation (RR, 10.68; 95% CI, 2.07–55.12) and serum aminotransferase elevation (RR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.24–8.17).

Conclusion

Immunosuppressive therapies might have an impact on variations in blood biochemical parameters in patients with IBD. Although the conclusion regarding leukopenia was reliable in this study, some confounding factors might reduce the reliability of the conclusions about leukocytosis, creatinine elevation, and aminotransferase elevation. Close monitoring is recommended during immunosuppressive therapies for IBD.

Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Methotrexate, a folate antagonist, is an immunosuppressant drug that is effective for treating several inflammatory disorders including Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis, a related chronic inflammatory bowel disease, can be challenging to treat. T his updated systematic review summarizes the current evidence on the use of methotrexate for induction maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this review were to assess the efficacy and safety of methotrexate for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and the Cochrane IBD/FBD group specialized trials register from inception to June 26, 2014. Study references and review papers were also searched for additional trials. Abstracts from major gastroenterological meetings were searched to identify research published in abstract form only.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials in which methotrexate was compared to placebo or an active comparator in patients with quiescent ulcerative were considered for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias for each study. The primary outcome was the occurrence of clinical or endoscopic relapse as defined by the primary studies. Secondary outcomes included frequency and nature of adverse events, change of disease activity score and steroid-sparing effect. We calculated the risk ratio and corresponding 95% confidence interval for dichotomous outcomes. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the outcomes was evaluated using the GRADE criteria.

MAIN RESULTS

Three trials (165 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. One study compared oral methotrexate (12.5 mg/week) to placebo, another compared oral methotrexate (15 mg/week) to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP, 1.5 mg/kg/day) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, 3 g/day) and the other compared methotrexate (15 mg/week) in combination sulfasalazine (3 g/day) to sulfasalazine. The placebo-controlled study was rated as low risk of bias. The study comparing methotrexate to 6-MP and 5-ASA was rated as high risk of bias and the study assessing methotrexate and sulfasalazine was rated as unclear risk of bias for sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding. The placebo-controlled study found no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients who maintained remission. At nine months, 36% (5/14) of methotrexate patients maintained remission compared to 54% (10/18) of placebo patients (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.45). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was low due to very sparse data (15 events). The study comparing combination therapy to sulfasalazine found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients who maintained remission. At 12 months, 100% (14/14) of patients in the combination group maintained remission compared to 75% (9/12) of sulfasalazine patients (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.86), A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence for this outcome was very low due to unknown risk of bias and very sparse data (23 events). There were no statistically significant differences in maintenance of remission rates between methotrexate and 6-MP or between methotrexate and 5-ASA. At 76 weeks, 14% (1/7) of methotrexate patients maintained remission compared to 64% (7/11) of 6-MP patients (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.45) and 0% (0/2) of 5-ASA patients (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.06 to 20.71). A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence from this study was very low due to high risk of bias and very sparse data. Adverse events reported in these studies included transient leucopenia, migraine, nausea and dyspepsia, mild alopecia, mild increase in aspartate aminotransferase levels, peritoneal abscess, hypoalbuminemia, severe rash and atypical pneumonia

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The results for efficacy and safety outcomes between methotrexate and placebo, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate and 5-aminosalicylic acid were uncertain. Whether a higher dose or parenteral administration of methotrexate would be effective in quiescent ulcerative colitis is unknown. At present there is no evidence supporting the use of methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. More studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of methotrexate maintenance therapy in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Large scale methodologically rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed. These studies should investigate higher doses of methotrexate (e.g. 15 to 25 mg/week) and parenteral administration.

Methotrexate for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Corticosteroids and 5-aminosalicylates are the most commonly used therapies. However, many patients require immunosuppressive therapy for steroid-refractory and steroid-dependent disease. Methotrexate is a medication that is effective for treating a variety of inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease. This review was performed to determine the effectiveness of methotrexate treatment in UC patients. This review is an update of a previously published Cochrane review.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the efficacy and safety of methotrexate for induction of remission in patients with UC.

SEARCH METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and the Cochrane IBD/FBD group specialized trials register were searched from from inception to June 26, 2014. Study references and review papers were also searched for additional trials. Abstracts from major gastroenterological meetings were searched to identify research published in abstract form only.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials comparing methotrexate with placebo or an active comparator in patients with active ulcerative colitis were considered for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently reviewed studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids as defined by the studies and expressed as a percentage of the total number of patients randomized (intention-to-treat analysis). We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the primary outcome was assessed using the GRADE criteria.

MAIN RESULTS

Two studies (n = 101 patients) were included in the review. One study (n = 67) compared oral methotrexate 12.5 mg/week) to placebo. The other study (n = 34) compared oral methotrexate (15 mg/week) to 6-mercaptopurine (1.5 mg/kg/day) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (3 g/day). The placebo-controlled study was judged to be at low risk of bias. The other study was judged to be at high risk of bias due to an open-label design. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical remission rates between methotrexate and placebo patients. Forty-seven per cent (14/30) of methotrexate patients achieved clinical remission and complete withdrawal from steroids during the study period compared to 49% (18/37) of placebo patients (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.59. A GRADE analysis indicated that the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome was low due to very sparse data (32 events). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients who achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids in the study comparing oral methotrexate to 6-mercaptopurine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. At 30 weeks, 58% (7/12) of methotrexate patients achieved clinical remission and withdrawal from steroids compared to 79% (11/14) of 6-mercaptopurine patients (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.29) and 25% of 5-aminosalicylic acid patients (RR 2.33, 95% CI 0.64 to 8.49). GRADE analyses indicated that the overall quality of the evidence was very low due to very sparse data (18 and 9 events respectively) and and high risk of bias. In the placebo-controlled trial two patients (7%) were withdrawn from the methotrexate group due to adverse events (leucopenia, migraine) compared to one patient (3%) who had a rash in the placebo group (RR 2.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 25.91). Adverse events experienced by methotrexate patients in the active comparator study included nausea and dyspepsia, mild alopecia, mild increase in aspartate aminotransferase levels, peritoneal abscess, hypoalbuminemia, severe rash and atypical pneumonia.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Although methotrexate was well-tolerated, the studies showed no benefit for methotrexate over placebo or active comparators. The results for efficacy outcomes between methotrexate and placebo, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate and 5-aminosalicylic acid were uncertain. Whether a higher dose or parenteral administration would be effective for induction therapy is unknown. At present there is no evidence supporting the use of methotrexate for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis. A trial in which larger numbers of patients receive a higher dose of oral methotrexate should be considered. Currently there are two large ongoing placebo-controlled trials (METEOR and MERIT-UC) assessing the efficacy and safety of intramuscular or subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with active UC which may help resolve the evidence supporting the use of methotrexate as therapy for active of ulcerative colitis.

Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Methotrexate, a folate antagonist, is an immunosuppressant drug that is effective for treating several inflammatory disorders including Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis, a related chronic inflammatory bowel disease, can be challenging to treat. This review was performed to examine the efficacy of methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVES

To systematically review randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of methotrexate for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane IBD/FBD Review Group Specialized Trials Register, MEDLINE (PUBMED), EMBASE (1984 to November 2008), Web of Science, Scopus, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), and Clinical trials database (ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched. In addition, references from selected papers and abstracts from Digestive Disease Week were also examined.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of methotrexate for maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis compared to placebo or any other intervention were considered for inclusion in this review.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were extracted independently by each author. The odds ratio of relapse, 95% confidence interval and P-value were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. An intention to treat analysis was used.

MAIN RESULTS

Only one trial fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This trial randomized 30 patients to methotrexate and 37 to placebo. Methotrexate was given orally in a dose of 12.5 mg/week. Fourteen patients in the methotrexate group and 18 patients in the placebo group who entered remission were followed for 9 months or to the time of first relapse. Sixty-four per cent of methotrexate patients relapsed compared to 44% of placebo patients (OR 2.25; 95% CI 0.54 to 9.45; P = 0.27).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The available evidence is not sufficient to recommend the use of methotrexate to maintain remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. A large scale methodologically rigorous randomized controlled trial is needed. Such a study should investigate higher doses of methotrexate and parenteral administration.

Methotrexate for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Corticosteroids and 5-aminosalicylates are the most commonly used therapies. However, many patients require immunosuppressive therapy when their disease becomes steroid-refractory or dependent. Methotrexate is a medication that is effective for treating a variety of inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease. This review was performed to determine the effectiveness of methotrexate at inducing remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVES

To review randomized trials examining the efficacy of methotrexate for remission induction in patients with ulcerative colitis.

SEARCH STRATEGY

MEDLINE (PUBMED), EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane IBD/FBD group specialized trials register, review papers on ulcerative colitis, and references from identified papers were searched in an effort to identify all randomized trials studying methotrexate use in patients with ulcerative colitis. Abstracts from major gastroenterological meetings were searched to identify research published in abstract form only.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials comparing methotrexate with placebo or an active comparator in patients with active ulcerative colitis were considered for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were extracted independently by each author, analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis, and treated dichotomously. Methotrexate was compared to placebo in one trial. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated and P-values were derived using the chi-square test.

MAIN RESULTS

Only 1 trial fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This study randomized 30 patients to methotrexate 12.5 mg orally weekly and 37 patients to placebo for 9 months. During the study period, 14/30 patients (47%) assigned to methotrexate, and 18/37 patients (49%) assigned to placebo achieved remission and complete withdrawal from steroids (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.35-2.42; P = 0.87). The mean time to remission was 4.1 months in the methotrexate group and 3.4 months in the placebo group.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

A single trial of methotrexate 12.5 mg orally weekly showed no benefit over placebo in remission induction in patients with active ulcerative colitis. There is no evidence on which to base recommendations for treating ulcerative colitis patients with methotrexate. However, the possibility of a type 2 error exists, and a higher dose of methotrexate may be effective. A new trial in which adequate numbers of patients are randomized to placebo or a higher dose of methotrexate should be considered.

The bioavailability of oral methotrexate in children with inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVES

Methotrexate is used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Although no available pharmacologic data support the assumption that the bioavailability of methotrexate is diminished in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, most such patients receive methotrexate parenterally.

METHODS

The oral bioavailability of methotrexate was determined in 11 pediatric patients being treated with methotrexate for inflammatory bowel disease. Serial plasma methotrexate concentrations were determined after equal subcutaneous and oral doses of methotrexate.

RESULTS

The mean bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease was 84% +/- 38%. Interpatient variability in drug exposure was similar after oral and subcutaneous administration.

CONCLUSIONS

The bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is no different from that observed in other disease states. Subcutaneous administration of methotrexate does not appear to decrease the interpatient variability in drug exposure. There is no sound pharmacologic basis for favoring administration of methotrexate via the subcutaneous route for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.