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Šoljić V, Perak RB, Vukojević K, Saraga-Babić M, Bubalo P, Karan D, Todorović J, Batinić D. ZAP-70 expression and proliferative activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:1171-6. [PMID: 23098292 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.742527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 70 kDa protein zeta-associated protein (ZAP-70) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been used to detect those patients with more aggressive disease. The aim of this study was to determine the proliferative activity of ZAP-70(+) leukemic cells by immunocytochemical methods. The study was undertaken on native blood marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) smears from 65 patients with CLL. ZAP-70 was expressed in leukemic cells of 35 patients (54%). We demonstrated that ZAP-70 immunoreactivity correlated with Rai 0-IV (p = 0.002) and Binet A-C stages (p < 0.001), total tumor mass (TTM score) (p < 0.001), β2-microglobulin (p = 0.006), atypical lymphocytes (p < 0.001) and proliferative activity in bone marrow and peripheral blood (p = 0.014, p = 0.002, respectively) using χ(2) test and Mann-Whitney test. ZAP-70 protein expression is in direct correlation with the poorer prognostic parameters, which additionally confirms the successful method of detection of ZAP-70 expression. Higher Ki-67 expression in BM and PB smears of patients with ZAP-70(+) disease indicates higher proliferating compartments, which may contribute to poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Šoljić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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2
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Comparative analysis of MVA-CD40L and MVA-TRICOM vectors for enhancing the immunogenicity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1351-7. [PMID: 20122733 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral transduction with CD40L and poxviral transduction with B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 (TRICOM) have been used to enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. This study compares the same vector (modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA)) encoding CD40L or TRICOM for its ability to enhance the immunogenicity of CLL cells. CLL cells from some patients showed differential responses to each vector in terms of induction of autologous T-cell responses. This study supports the rationale for the use of CLL cells modified ex vivo with pre-specified recombinant MVA vectors as a whole tumor-cell vaccine for immunotherapy in CLL patients.
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3
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Palena C, Foon KA, Panicali D, Yafal AG, Chinsangaram J, Hodge JW, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Potential approach to immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): enhanced immunogenicity of CLL cells via infection with vectors encoding for multiple costimulatory molecules. Blood 2005; 106:3515-23. [PMID: 16081691 PMCID: PMC1895050 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of CD5(+) B lymphocytes (designated as CLL cells) that are inefficient antigen-presenting cells. Their poor ability to present antigens to the T cells, largely due to an inadequate costimulatory capacity, is manifested as a failure to stimulate proliferation of both allogeneic and autologous T cells. We have investigated the ability of in vitro manipulated CLL cells, via hyperexpression of a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 3 [LFA-3], designated TRICOM), to stimulate effective antitumor T-cell responses. A recombinant modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA), which is a highly attenuated, replication-impaired virus variant, was successfully used to infect and deliver the simultaneous expression of the 3 human costimulatory molecules in TRICOM on the surface of the CLL cells. Proliferation of allogeneic and autologous T cells was observed when MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells were used as stimulators in proliferation assays. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, generated in vitro by stimulation of autologous T cells with MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells, showed cytotoxicity against unmodified/uninfected CLL cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that the use of CLL cells infected ex vivo with MVA-TRICOM or direct injection of MVA-TRICOM in patients with CLL has potential for the immunotherapy of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Mikaelsson E, Danesh-Manesh AH, Lüppert A, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Rezvany MR, Sharifian RA, Safaie R, Roohi A, Osterborg A, Shokri F, Mellstedt H, Rabbani H. Fibromodulin, an extracellular matrix protein: characterization of its unique gene and protein expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2005; 105:4828-35. [PMID: 15741214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFibromodulin is an extracellular matrix protein normally produced by collagen-rich tissues; the fibromodulin gene has been found to be the most overexpressed gene in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this study, fibromodulin was expressed at the gene level (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) in all patients with B-CLL (n = 75) and in most (5 of 7) patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). No mutations in the fibromodulin gene were detected. Fibromodulin was also detected at the protein level in the cytoplasm of the B-CLL cells and in the supernatant after in vitro cultivation, but not at the cell surface. Fibromodulin was not found in patients with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL), B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL), T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), hairy cell leukemia, follicular lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or in 36 hematologic cell lines. Normal blood mononuclear cells (T and B lymphocytes, monocytes), tonsil B cells, and granulocytes did not express fibromodulin. Activation (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate [PMA]/ionomycin) of normal T and B lymphocytes induced weak fibromodulin gene expression, but not to the extent seen in freshly isolated B-CLL cells. The reason for the exclusive ectopic expression of fibromodulin in B-CLL and MCL is unknown. However, its unique protein expression makes it likely that fibromodulin is involved in the pathobiology of B-CLL and MCL. (Blood. 2005;105:4828-4835)
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Collagen/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibromodulin
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Palatine Tonsil/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/chemistry
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mikaelsson
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, CCK, Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zheng Z, Venkatapathy S, Rao G, Harrington CA. Expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia suggests deficient CD1-mediated immunity, polarized cytokine response, altered adhesion and increased intracellular protein transport and processing of leukemic cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:2429-37. [PMID: 12454749 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2002] [Accepted: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We used oligonucleotide microarrays to profile the expression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells from eight patients compared with CD5-expressing normal B cells from four donors and with pooled normal circulating B cells. Of 6790 genes examined, we identified 87 genes that were differentially expressed at least two-fold between CLL and the normal B cells. CLL cells significantly down-regulated transcripts from CD1c and CD1d genes, which encode proteins known to present lipid antigen and mediate innate and adaptive immunity. The expression pattern was also consistent with reduced signaling by interferon gamma but increased response to interleukin 4 in leukemic cells. CLL cells increased the expression of several collagen-associated extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules, up-regulated many genes involved in intracellular protein transport and processing, while downregulating genes involved in proliferation and metabolism. Based on the expression pattern, we propose that CLL-B cells prolong their survival through increased interaction with survival factors such as IL-4, and through various mechanisms of evading the immune response, such as turning off the expression of CD1c and CD1d, reducing immunogenic response to interferon gamma, inactivating T cell in B-T interaction and increasing the expression of immunoglobulin receptors which neutralize antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cytokines/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Protein Transport/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zheng
- Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Houlston RS, Catovsky D, Yuille MR. Genetic susceptibility to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2002; 16:1008-14. [PMID: 12040432 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2001] [Accepted: 09/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is caused by an inherited predisposition. Here we review the evidence for an inherited predisposition, the characteristics of familial cases and evidence for the involvement of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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In vivo monitoring of therapy-induced apoptotic process in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. ARCHIVE OF ONCOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.2298/aoo0202055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The level of spontaneous apoptosis, the maximal response by apoptosis and the time when maximal apoptotic response is established are significant prognostic parameters that correlate with the therapeutic response of patients with malignant diseases. METHODS: Our study included 12 patients with B-CLL (I group of 7 patients) and ANLL (II group of 5 patients). Detection of apoptotic parameters on semifine section of peripheral blood was performed. Bcl 2 and mutated p53 expression were analyzed using the monoclonal antibodies by APAAP techniques. RESULTS: In our work, the established levels of spontaneous and therapy induced apoptosis correlate with clinical response of patients. All patients were bcl 2 strongly positive. Expression of p53 protein was not detected in these patients. The ultra structural analysis of the malignant cells has shown that a great number of cells react to antineoplastic agents? effect either by activating the cell response to stress or by apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The results of our pilot study have shown that the established levels of spontaneous and therapy induced apoptosis are in correlation with the clinical response of the patients to the applied therapy and that the measurable apoptotic parameters can represent prognostic parameters in treatment of hematologic neoplasms.
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Adams DJ, Levesque MC, Weinberg JB, Smith KL, Flowers JL, Moore J, Colvin OM, Silber R. Nitric oxide enhancement of fludarabine cytotoxicity for B-CLL lymphocytes. Leukemia 2001; 15:1852-9. [PMID: 11753605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2001] [Accepted: 07/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fludarabine is active but not curative in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Nitric oxide (NO) supplied from exogenous, NO-donating pro-drugs can also induce apoptosis and death of acute leukemia cells. This study investigated combinations of fludarabine with NO-donating pro-drugs for their cytotoxicity against freshly isolated B-CLL lymphocytes following a 72 h exposure in vitro. The median IC(50)for fludarabine was 2.2 microM (n = 85). The nitric oxide donors DETA-NO, PAPA-NO, and MAHMA-NO were also cytotoxic, and their effects were inversely related to rates of NO release. Neither DETA-NO depleted of NO nor DETA itself was effective, indicating that NO was required for cytotoxicity. Drug interactions were evaluated by a modified combination index method. Synergy was observed in combinations of fludarabine or nelarabine (506U78) with DETA-NO in 52% and 88% of samples, respectively. Interestingly, the combination of fludarabine and DETA-NO was more cytotoxic in B-CLL cells less sensitive to fludarabine. DETA-NO did not enhance the activity of other DNA anti-metabolites, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, or alkylating agents. Finally, the anti-leukemic activity of fludarabine alone or in combination with DETA-NO was found to correlate with inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. These results indicate that NO donors could enhance fludarabine therapy for B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Adams
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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