Factors affecting the reproducibility and validity of colposcopy for product development

[Colposcopy in the diagnosis of early cervical cancer]

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early cervical cancer are characterized by colposcopic minor and major changes and vessel abnormalities. In minor changes check-ups in most cases are sufficient. To avoid R1-resection and conization associated premature birth, conization should be performed under colposcopic visualization. In the USA and UK evidence based colposcopic guidelines were issued based on cytologic and colposcopic classifications. The German Society of Colposcopy (AG-CPC) published recommendations for the daily practice for all findings. For screening purposes there is no evidence to recommend colposcopy. In these cases, cytology is at the forefront, whereas colposcopy is only indicated in cases of conspicuous or unclear cytological results.

Safety and distribution of cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP), a candidate anti-HIV microbicide in rhesus macaques

OBJECTIVES

To assess the safety and distribution of a cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate (CAP) gel formulation in rhesus macaques as part of the development process for its use as a vaginally administered product in humans.

DESIGN

The similarities between the reproductive physiology, anatomy and vaginal microflora of human and non-human primates makes non-human primates a relevant animal model to assess the safety and distribution of candidate anti-HIV microbicides.

METHODS

CAP gel was instilled once or once daily for 4 days into the vaginal vault of rhesus macaques. Colposcopy and magnetic resonance imaging were performed to detect adverse effects and spread of CAP, respectively. Additionally, vaginal pH and composition of the vaginal micorflora in macaques before, during and after CAP instillations were determined, and vaginal biopsies obtained following repeated CAP exposures were examined to further document its safety.

RESULTS

CAP is safe for repeated use and exhibits a favorable distribution profile, showing no evidence of penetration into cells that line the vaginal epithelium. Further, the presence of CAP has no adverse effect on vaginal pH or the composition of the vaginal microflora, and does not induce vaginal epithelial thinning or inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

CAP gel shows minimal toxicity in vivo, supporting its use as a candidate vaginal microbicide in humans.