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Weygandt J, Robling K, Whitaker LA, McPherson K, Hartwell M, Greiner B. Cancer Screening Among Current and Former U.S. Military Personnel Compared to Civilians: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Mil Med 2021; 188:usab439. [PMID: 34865108 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 3% of invasive U.S. cancer diagnoses are made among veterans in a Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic each year, while VA patients only comprise about 1.9% of the U.S. population. Although some research has shown that veterans have higher incidence rates of cancer compared to civilians, evidence is sparse regarding possible disparities in rates of cancer screening between these populations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare differences in rates of screening for colorectal, lung, breast, and cervical cancers between current and former U.S. Military service members and civilians. METHODS Using the data extracted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we assessed the rates of cancer screening among current and former U.S. Military service members compared to civilians from self-reported surveys assessing when individuals had been screened for colorectal or lung cancer among all participants and breast and cervical cancer among women participants. Persons greater than 25 years of age were included in the cervical cancer screening, 50 years of age for colon cancer screening, and 40 years of age for the breast cancer screening-the latter based on recommendations from the American Cancer Society. We used multivariate logistic regression models to determine the adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) of current and former U.S. Military service members receiving screening compared to civilians, adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and health care coverage. RESULTS Current and former U.S. Military service members accounted for 2.6% of individuals included for the cervical cancer screening analysis, 2.2% for the breast cancer screening analyses, nearly 10% of the lung cancer screening, and 15% of the colorectal cancer (CRC) screening analyses. Prevalence of screening was higher for current and former U.S. Military service members among lung cancer and CRC. When controlling for age, race, education, and health care coverage, current and former U.S. Military service members were statistically more likely to be screened for CRC (ARR: 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.07) and lung cancer (ARR: 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.15-1.52). The odds of having completed a cervical or breast cancer screening were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Our study showed that current and former U.S. Military service members were more likely to complete CRC and lung cancer screenings, while no significant difference existed between each population with regard to cervical and breast cancer screenings. This is one of the few studies that have directly compared cancer screening usage among civilians and current and former U.S. Military service members. Although current and former U.S. Military service members were more likely to receive several cancer screenings, improvements can still be made to remove barriers and increase screening usage due to the disproportionate rates of cancer mortality in this population. These solutions should be comprehensive-addressing personal, organizational, and societal barriers-to improve prognosis and survival rates among current and former U.S. Military service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weygandt
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA
| | - Kristyn Robling
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA
| | - Liza-Ann Whitaker
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA
| | - Kristen McPherson
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Benjamin Greiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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A Scoping Review of Cervical Cancer Risk Factors, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment in U.S. Active Duty Military Women. Womens Health Issues 2021; 31 Suppl 1:S53-S65. [PMID: 34454704 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintaining military readiness requires integration and delivery of appropriate sex-specific health care services for active duty servicewomen (ADSW). Cervical cancer screening (CCS) provides early detection, intervention, and treatment, allowing for reductions in human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer cases. This scoping review examines existing cervical cancer evidence related to ADSW and identifies research gaps, leverage points, and policy recommendations within the context of the social ecological model for military women's health. METHODS We conducted a scoping literature search using both indexed databases and nonindexed sources. We managed retrieved records from 2000 to 2018 with Endnote reference and DistillerSR systematic review software. RESULTS Of 1,006 records from indexed databases and 208 records from nonindexed resources retrieved, 40 publications met the inclusion criteria. Cervical cancer research addressing ADSW is limited. Servicewomen have high rates of known cancer risk factors and face challenges related to deployments and change of duty station that affect continuity of health care and timely follow-up for abnormal CCS. Multimodal interventions with stakeholder support can encourage CCS adherence and increase HPV vaccination rates. CONCLUSION Maintaining military readiness among ADSW requires robust evidence-based prevention efforts to address risk factors that are reportedly higher among servicewomen, as well as challenges to continuity in health care delivery that may increase the likelihood of cervical cancer incidence. Recognizing the role of HPV vaccination as cancer prevention, collaborations and partnerships, research, best practices, and creative solutions to close ADSW's sex-specific health gaps will help to ensure a fit and ready force.
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Braun LA, Kennedy HP, Sadler LS, Dixon J, Womack J, Wilson C. US Navy Women's Experience of an Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening. J Midwifery Womens Health 2016; 61:249-56. [PMID: 26849103 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent policy revisions allow greater inclusion of military women in operational and/or deployable positions (ie, shipboard, overseas, and war zone duty assignments), but these positions can create unique health care challenges. Military members are often transient due to deployments and change of duty stations, impacting timely follow-up care for treatable health conditions. There has been minimal research on challenges or strategies in preventive health screening and follow-up for US military women. METHODS The purpose of this qualitative research study was to describe US Navy women's experiences with abnormal cervical cancer screenings requiring colposcopic follow-up care. Ship- and shored-based women receiving care at a military colposcopy clinic completed interviews about their experience. Two forms of narrative analysis, Labov's sociolinguistic structural analysis and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis, were employed to gain a more robust understanding of the women's experiences. RESULTS The sample was comprised of 26 women (16 ship-based, 10 shore-based). Five themes were identified: 1) It's like this bombshell (initial abnormal results notification); 2) I didn't understand (self-discovery process); 3) Freaked (emotional toll); 4) It's kind of like this back and forth (scheduling and navigating care); and 5) It really opened my eyes (lessons learned). DISCUSSION The women's stories highlighted some issues unique to military health care, such as operational demands and follow-up care; other issues are likely common for most women learning about an abnormal cervical cancer screening result. Areas important for practice and future research include improving notification practices, providing information, understanding women's fear, and continuity of care. Research exploring educational initiatives and self-management practices are critical within military populations.
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Factors affecting compliance in the first year of postcolposcopy surveillance among women with a high incidence of cervical cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 124:160-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sharp L, Cotton S, Thornton A, Gray N, Cruickshank M, Whynes D, Duncan I, Hammond R, Smart L, Little J. Who defaults from colposcopy? A multi-centre, population-based, prospective cohort study of predictors of non-attendance for follow-up among women with low-grade abnormal cervical cytology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 165:318-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fetzner MG, McMillan KA, Asmundson GJG. Similarities in specific physical health disorder prevalence among formerly deployed Canadian forces veterans with full and subsyndromal PTSD. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:958-65. [PMID: 22807208 DOI: 10.1002/da.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and deleterious physical health consequences among previously deployed military veterans has been well documented. Research has focused primarily on investigating prevalence rates of physical health disorders among individuals with PTSD. Far less research has compared prevalence rates of specific physical health disorders among individuals with full and subsyndromal PTSD. The current study investigated differences in the prevalence of seven specific categories of physical health disorders (i.e. musculoskeletal, circulatory, endocrine, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and other physical health disorders) among individuals with full PTSD, subsyndromal PTSD, and no PTSD (i.e. controls). METHODS Participants were from a sample of Canadian Forces Veteran's Affairs clients (n = 990; 96.7% men) who were previously deployed to an overseas combat theatre. RESULTS Logistic regressions indicated four categories of physical health conditions (musculoskeletal, neurological, gastrointestinal, and other physical health disorders) were more likely to be present among those with full PTSD compared to those in the control group. Further, five physical health disorder categories (musculoskeletal, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other physical health disorders) were more likely to be present among those with subsyndromal PTSD when compared to those in the control group. There were no observed significant differences between full and subsyndromal PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Current results suggest similar patterns of specific physical health disorder prevalence among those with full and subsyndromal PTSD, which differ consistently from patterns of specific physical health disorders among those in the control group. Comprehensive results, implications, and directions for future research will be discussed.
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Kietpeerakool C, Manopunya M, Phuprasertsak P, Jaijit T, Srisomboon J. An audit of colposcopy appointment processes in women with abnormal cervical cytology. Cytopathology 2010; 22:184-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Balasubramani L, Orbell S, Hagger M, Brown V, Tidy J. Can default rates in colposcopy really be reduced? BJOG 2008; 115:403-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Greenspan DL, Faubion M, Coonrod DV, Hart KW, Mathieson K. Compliance After Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure or Cold Knife Cone Biopsy. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110:675-80. [PMID: 17766617 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000278568.29660.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine rates and predictors of compliance with follow-up recommendations in low-income women from a county hospital clinic undergoing loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and cone knife cone biopsy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 135 patients who underwent LEEP or cold knife cone biopsy was performed. Demographic data, results of cytology, colposcopy biopsy, excision specimen pathology, and indication for the LEEP or cold knife cone biopsy were collected. Compliance was determined by whether the patient adhered to the recommended follow-up within 1 year from the date of the procedure. Multivariable analysis was performed by using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 135 patients were included for analysis (81 LEEP and 54 cold knife cone cases). Type of procedure was significant in predicting compliance: 74.1% of cold knife cone patients were compliant compared with 43.2% of LEEP patients (adjusted relative risk 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.30-1.87). There was a trend for older patients to be more compliant than younger patients in the univariable analyses but not in multivariable analysis. After adjusting for age, LEEP patients were still significantly less compliant than cold knife cone patients. Pathologic indication (severity of disease), race, payor source, and gravidity were not significant predictors of compliance and not included in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION Compared with LEEP, cold knife cone patients were significantly more compliant with follow-up. Because LEEP is a less invasive in-office procedure, it may convey to patients the idea that their condition is less severe. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Greenspan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Maricopa Integrated Health System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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Basen-Engquist K, Fouladi RT, Cantor SB, Shinn E, Sui D, Sharman M, Follen M. Patient assessment of tests to detect cervical cancer. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2007; 23:240-7. [PMID: 17493310 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462307070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to understand how women view characteristics of tests for cervical dysplasia, because these characteristics can affect patient decision-making about screening and follow-up. METHODS We recruited women who participated in a clinical trial of optical spectroscopy for the diagnosis of cervical dysplasia and used conjoint analysis to assess the women's preferences concerning test attributes. One group of women had a history of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear (diagnostic sample), while the other group did not (screening sample). Participants rated pairs of test scenarios that varied on characteristics such as test sensitivity and painfulness. Based on their responses, the relative importance of test sensitivity, specificity, timing of results feedback and treatment, and pain were calculated, and a cluster analysis was done to identify subgroups of participants with different preference patterns. RESULTS In the overall sample, sensitivity was the most important attribute, followed by timing, specificity, and pain. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups who placed varying importance on each characteristic. The participants in the cluster for which pain was the most important attribute were more likely to be diagnostic patients, non-white, and have low education levels. They also reported more anxiety and pain during the examination than participants in other clusters. CONCLUSIONS To continue to reduce morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer, developers of new testing procedures should take into account test attributes such as these, which may affect adherence to screening and diagnostic follow-up to further minimize morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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