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Diao W, Yin M, Qi Y, Fu Y, Gu L, Lin J, Zhang L, Jiang N, Wang Q, Wang Y, Yi W, Chi M, Li C, Zhao G. Resveratrol has neuroprotective effects and plays an anti-inflammatory role through Dectin-1/p38 pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Cytokine 2024; 179:156626. [PMID: 38678810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the antifungal, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of resveratrol (RES) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Cytotoxicity assay and Draize eye assay were performed to assess the toxicity of RES. The antifungal effect of RES was assessed by minimal inhibitory concentration, scanning or transmission electron microscopy, propidium iodide uptake assay, and Calcofluor white staining. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, mRNA and protein levels of Dectin-1 and related inflammatory factors were measured by qRT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot in vitro and in vivo. Clinical score, HE staining, plate count, and myeloperoxidase test were used to observe the progress of fungal keratitis. IF staining, qRT-PCR, and the Von Frey test were selected to assess the neuroprotective effects of RES. RESULTS RES suppressed A. fumigatus hyphae growth and altered hyphae morphology in vitro. RES decreased the expression of Dectin-1, IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as p38 MAPK phosphorylation expression, and also decreased clinical scores, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and neutrophil activity, and decreased fungal load. RES also protected corneal basal nerve fibers, down-regulated mechanosensitivity thresholds, and increased the mRNA levels of CGRP and TRPV-1.. CONCLUSION These evidences revealed that RES could exert antifungal effects on A. fumigatus and ameliorate FK through suppressing the Dectin-1/p38 MAPK pathway to down-regulate IL-1β, IL-6, etc. expression and play protective effect on corneal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yinghe Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yudong Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wendan Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Menghui Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Luan J, Zhu Y, Lin J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zhan L, Tian X, Zhao G, Peng X. Quercetin protects against Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load and inhibiting TLR-4 induced inflammatory response. Cytokine 2023; 171:156356. [PMID: 37677994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Draize eye test was performed in mice to evaluate the toxicity of quercetin, and the antifungal effects on A. fumigatus were assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), propidium iodide uptake, and adherence assay. In fungal keratitis (FK) mouse models, immunostaining was performed for investigating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) expression and macrophage infiltration. Real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in infected RAW264.7 cells. Cells were also treated with TLR-4 siRNA or agonist CRX-527 to investigate mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin. RESULTS Quercetin at 32 μM was non-toxic to corneal epithelial and significantly inhibited A. fumigatus growth and adhesion, and also altered the structure and reduced the number of mycelia. Quercetin significantly reduced macrophage infiltration in the mouse cornea, and attenuated the expression of TLR-4 in the corneal epithelium and stroma of mice with keratitis caused by A. fumigatus. In RAW264.7 cells infected by A. fumigatus, quercetin downregulated TLR-4 along with pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. RAW cells with TLR-4 knockdown had reduced expression of factors after A. fumigatus infection, which was decreased even further with quercetin treatment. In contrast, cells with CRX-527 had elevated inflammatory factors compared to control, which was significantly attenuated in the presence of quercetin. CONCLUSION Quercetin plays a protective role in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by inhibiting fungal load, disrupting hyphae structure, macrophage infiltration, and suppressing inflammation response in macrophages via TLR-4 mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yunan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Fu Y, Luo Y, Chen X, Tong Y, Zhu Y, Yang L. Atropine-eluting silicone contact lenses for myopia control. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1724-1735. [PMID: 37083186 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231166858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is one of the prime reasons for vision impairment worldwide. Atropine in topical ophthalmic solutions (e.g., 0.01% atropine sulfate eye drops) is the primary medical treatment for controlling myopia, especially for pseudomyopia or true myopia in rapid progress. However, aqueous atropine solution is unstable and easily breaks down to tropic acid, which will result in vision blur. Drug-eluting contact lenses (CLs) have been explored as a potentially superior alternative to effectively control the drug release and improve the drug efficacy. In this work, an atropine-eluting contact lens was developed by encapsulating an atropine implant in a silicon-based contact lens, towards functioning in vision correction and controlling myopia. The safety and effectiveness of this atropine-eluting contact lens were verified with rabbit and guinea pig models. The results showed that the lenses reduced the side effects like mydriasis and no other adverse events were observed in rabbit eyes. More importantly, atropine-loaded lenses could effectively delay the progress of form-deprivation myopia with guinea pig eyes as the model. Thus, we concluded that atropine-eluting CLs prepared by implantation technology may be an option for the treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Chi M, Gu L, Zhang L, Lin J, Xu Q, Jiang N, Wang Y, Qi Y, Diao W, Yi W, Zhao G, Li C. Pentoxifylline treats Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal burden and suppressing corneal inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175607. [PMID: 36822458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a blinding ocular disease, which mainly results from fungal damage and excessive inflammation. Pentoxifylline, a kind of methylxanthine, has been discovered to have anti-inflammatory properties in various infectious diseases, hinting a potential therapeutic effect on treating corneal fungal infection. Whereas, the therapeutic impact of pentoxifylline on fungal keratitis is still uncertain. This study investigated the antifungal capability against Aspergillus fumigatus and the anti-inflammatory role of pentoxifylline by activating nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase1 (HO1) pathway in the process of FK. In our research, we demonstrated that pentoxifylline could effectively inhibit fungal growth and inflammatory reaction. Pentoxifylline reduced the production of pro-inflammatory factors by stimulating the Nrf2/HO1 pathway. Although there was no statistical difference between the curative efficacy of pentoxifylline and natamycin application to FK, pentoxifylline could promote corneal epithelial repair and was less toxicity to the ocular surface than natamycin. In conclusion, pentoxifylline performs antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects by lessening the fungus burden and activating the Nrf2/HO1 pathway, hinting that it has the potential to be a new therapeutic medication for Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Yinghe Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Weilin Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Wendan Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
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Bommakanti V, Banerjee M, Shah D, Manisha K, Sri K, Banerjee S. An overview of synthesis, characterization, applications and associated adverse effects of bioactive nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113919. [PMID: 35863448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A particle with a diameter ranging from 1 to 100 nm is considered a nanoparticle (NP). Owing to their small size and high surface area, NPs possess unique physical, chemical and biological properties as compared to their bulkier counterparts. This paper describes various physico-chemical as well as green methods that can be used to synthesize different types of NPs including carbon-based, ceramic, metal, semiconductor, polymeric and lipid-based NPs. These methods can be categorized into either top-down or bottom-up approaches. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, zeta-potential instrument, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis are the techniques discussed in the characterization of NPs. This review provides an insight into the extraordinary properties of NPs that have opened the doors for endless biomedical applications like drug delivery, photo-ablation therapy, biosensors, bio-imaging and hyperthermia. In addition, NPs are also involved in improving crop growth, making protective clothing, cosmetics and energy reserves. This review also specifies adverse health effects associated with NPs such as hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc., and inhibitory effects on plant growth and aquatic life. Further, in-vitro toxicity assessment assays for cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress, as well as in-vivo toxicity assessment like biodistribution, clearance, hematological, serological and histological studies, are discussed here. Lastly, the authors have mentioned various measures that can be adopted to minimize the toxicity associated with NPs such as green synthesis, use of stabilizers, gene gun, polymer shell, microneedle capsule, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Bommakanti
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhura Banerjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divik Shah
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kowdi Manisha
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavya Sri
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tian X, Peng X, Long X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Zhao G. Oxidized chondroitin sulfate eye drops ameliorate the prognosis of fungal keratitis with anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7847-7861. [PMID: 36070420 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory ophthalmic disease that can result in vision impairment and even blindness due to the severe fungal invasiveness and excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, antifungal treatment combined with local immunosuppressive therapy is regarded as the most effective strategy to improve the clinical outcome of FK. Oxidized polysaccharides with aldehyde groups possess obvious inhibitory activity towards microorganisms. Herein, we use chondroitin sulfate (CS), a recognized anti-inflammatory biopolysaccharide, to prepare oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) via sodium periodate (NaIO4) oxidation for the treatment of FK. The chemical structure of OCS was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and XPS, revealing that the O-dihydroxy in the D-glucuronic acid unit of CS was selectively broken by NaIO4, forming active aldehyde groups. The introduction of aldehydes not only retains the anti-inflammatory activity but also confers OCS with antifungal property. In vitro antifungal experiments showed that OCS inhibits the growth, represses the biofilm formation and alters the membrane integrity of A. fumigatus. The toxicity of OCS was evaluated by cytotoxicity tests (CCK-8) and the Draize eye test in vitro and in vivo. qRT-PCR confirmed that OCS had similar anti-inflammatory activity as CS. In mice with A. fumigatus keratitis, OCS versus CS or PBS showed an excellent therapeutic effect, characterized by a lower corneal inflammation score, less fungal load, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Our findings demonstrate that OCS improves the prognosis of A. fumigatus keratitis in mice by inhibiting the growth of fungi, reducing the recruitment of neutrophils and inhibiting the inflammatory response. It provides innovative ideas for the development and application of OCS in medicine and biomaterials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Xiaojing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 40201, USA
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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7
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He M, Jia Y, Liu X, Peng X, Li C, Yang S, Xu Q, Lin J, Zhao G. Perillaldehyde protects against Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and LOX-1. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1366-1373. [PMID: 35759617 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2093382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of perillaldehyde (PAE) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A.fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS The biofilm formation, adherence assay, propidium iodide uptake test were used to determine the possible mechanism of PAE in terms of antifungal effects in vitro. The severity of corneal infection was evaluated by clinical scores. The immunofluorescence staining was adopt to detect the number of macrophages in infected corneas. Draize test was performed to assess the ocular toxicity of PAE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot reflected the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in mice corneas and RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS PAE was able to inhibit the formation of biofilm, reduce conidial adhesion, and damage the integrity of membranes to exert antifungal activity. In C57BL/6 mice models, PAE alleviated the severity of infected corneas, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and had low ocular toxicity. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, CCL-2 and LOX-1 could be significantly decreased by the application of PAE after A.fumigatus infection in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that PAE protected against A.fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load, accumulation of macrophages, and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - You Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Musial G, Kohlfaerber T, Ahrens M, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Steven P, Hüttmann G. Dynamic Contrast Microscopic Optical Coherence Tomography As a Novel Method for Assessing Corneal Epithelium During Exposure to Benzalkonium Chloride. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35622381 PMCID: PMC9145126 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) has an imaging resolution of 1 µm in all voxel dimensions, but individual epithelial cells are difficult to resolve due to lack of scattering contrast. Adding dynamic contrast processing to mOCT (dmOCT) results in color images that enable visualization of individual cells and possibly give information on cellular function via the calculation of a motility coefficient. We propose this technique as a novel method of evaluating the ocular surface after exposure to a toxic chemical, benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Methods Ex vivo cross-section images were acquired with a custom-built, frequency-domain mOCT system. Eyes were explanted from healthy adult C57BL/6 mice and imaged every 30 minutes with five sets of dmOCT scans at each imaging time. Total epithelium and stroma thicknesses were measured from a single mOCT B-scan, and measures of color changes (hue) and the motility coefficient were acquired from dmOCT scans. Results After 30-minute exposures to 0.005% BAK, local motility decreased and total epithelium thickness increased compared to controls. For basal epithelium cells, local motility decreased after 60-minute exposures, and the hue shifted red after 90-minute exposures. Stroma thickness did not significantly swell until 150-minute exposures to BAK. Conclusions dmOCT allows us to view the behavior of the cornea epithelium under toxic stress due to BAK, revealing parallel swelling of the extracellular matrix and changes in local subcellular motion. Translational Relevance The evaluation of the cornea epithelium using dmOCT is helpful to our understanding of the toxic effects of BAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Musial
- University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ahrens
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedial Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kang Y, Jeong B, Lim DH, Lee D, Lim KM. In silico prediction of the full United Nations Globally Harmonized System eye irritation categories of liquid chemicals by IATA-like bottom-up approach of random forest method. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:960-972. [PMID: 34328061 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1956661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to in vivo Draize rabbit eye irritation test, this study aimed to construct an in silico model to predict the complete United Nations (UN) Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for classification and labeling of chemicals for eye irritation category [eye damage (Category 1), irritating to eye (Category 2) and nonirritating (No category)] of liquid chemicals with Integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA)-like two-stage random forest approach. Liquid chemicals (n = 219) with 34 physicochemical descriptors and quality in vivo data were collected with no missing values. Seven machine learning algorithms (Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, First Large Margin, Neural Net, Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Tree, and Support Vector Machine) were examined for the ternary categorization of eye irritation potential at a single run through 10-fold cross-validation. RF, which performed best, was further improved by applying the 'Bottom-up approach' concept of IATA, namely, separating No category first, and discriminating Category 1 from 2, thereafter. The best performing training dataset achieved an overall accuracy of 73% and the correct prediction for Category 1, 2, and No category was 80%, 50%, and 77%, respectively for the test dataset. This prediction model was further validated with an external dataset of 28 chemicals, for which an overall accuracy of 71% was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Jeong
- Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Donghwan Lee
- Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tavakoli M, Mahboobian MM, Nouri F, Mohammadi M. Studying the ophthalmic toxicity potential of developed ketoconazole loaded nanoemulsion in situ gel formulation for ophthalmic administration. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:572-580. [PMID: 34126859 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1941461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular fungal infections are one of the essential reasons for vision loss, especially in developing countries for tropical regions. Ketoconazole (KZ), a broad-spectrum antifungal drug, is a lipophilic compound and practically insoluble in water. Since topical ophthalmic drug delivery confronts low bioavailability, an in situ gel formulation is designed to improve the residence time and consequently the bioavailability. Safety of the developed formulation as a carrier for ophthalmic drug delivery was measured using three different methods: MTT assay for measuring cell viability in which the human retinal pigmentation epithelial cells (RPE) were used, HET-CAM as a borderline method between in vivo and in vitro techniques for investigating the irritation potential of the chosen formulation which was done by adding formulation directly on the CAM surface and visually monitoring the vessels in terms of irritation reactions, and finally the modified Draize test for evaluating tolerability of the selected formulation on eyes. According to our results from the MTT test, cell viability for KZ-NE in situ gel formulation at 0.1% concentration was acceptable. The results obtained from the HET-CAM investigation didn't show any sign of vessel injury on the CAM surface for prepared formulation. Additionally, during 24 hours, the developed formulation was tolerable by rabbit eyes. Regarding our results, KZ-NE in situ gel formulation was non-irritant and non-toxic and can be well-tolerated and presented as an applicable vehicle for ophthalmic delivery of the anti-fungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tavakoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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11
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Zhu Y, Peng X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhao G. Baicalein Protects Against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Reducing Fungal Load and Inhibiting TSLP-Induced Inflammatory Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:26. [PMID: 34038512 PMCID: PMC8164373 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of baicalein on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The noncytotoxic antifungal concentration of baicalein was determined using CCK8, cell scratch assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, biofilm formation, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide uptake test and adherence assay in vitro and Draize test in vivo. In fungal keratitis (FK) mouse models, clinical score and plate count were used to evaluate FK severity, and myeloperoxidase assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine neutrophil infiltration and activity. Real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blot were performed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of baicalein and the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Results Baicalein at 0.25 mM (noncytotoxic) significantly inhibited A. fumigatus growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion in vitro. In A. fumigatus keratitis mice, baicalein mitigated FK severity, reduced fungal load, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration and activity. Baicalein not only suppressed mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, but also inhibited the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and TSLP receptor (TSLPR) in vivo and in vitro. In HCECs, mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly lower in the TSLP siRNA–treated group, while higher in the rTSLP-treated group than in the corresponding control. Baicalein treatment significantly inhibited rTSLP induced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusions Baicalein plays a protective role in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by inhibiting fungal growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion, and suppressing inflammatory response via downregulation of the TSLP/TSLPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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12
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Samimi MS, Mahboobian MM, Mohammadi M. Ocular toxicity assessment of nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation of fluconazole. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:2039-2047. [PMID: 34036827 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211017314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluconazole is an effective anti-fungal drug. Due to the limitations of fluconazole, such as poor water solubility and consequently low ocular bioavailability, an optimized fluconazole nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation (temperature-sensitive) was developed. METHODS AND MATERIALS To verify formulation's safety for ophthalmic use, preparation was tested for potential ocular toxicity using a cell viability assay on retinal cells. The hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM), as a borderline test between in vivo and in vitro techniques, was chosen for investigating the irritation potential of the formulation. HET-CAM test was done by adding the formulation directly to the CAM surface and monitoring the vessels visually in terms of irritation reactions. Eye tolerance was determined using the modified Draize test. RESULTS Viability assay on retinal cells displayed that fluconazole nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation was non-toxic and can be safely used in the eye at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5%. HET-CAM and Draize tests revealed that optimized formulation of fluconazole did not result in any irritation and was considered non-irritant and well-tolerated for ocular use. CONCLUSION Regarding to the findings of the three mentioned methods, fluconazole nanoemulsion in-situ gel formulation is harmless and as a proper and safe alternative, can be considered for ocular delivery of fluconazole in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Samimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48430Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M M Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, 48430Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 48430Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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13
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Talaei S, Mahboobian MM, Mohammadi M. Investigating the ocular toxicity potential and therapeutic efficiency of in situ gel nanoemulsion formulations of brinzolamide. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:578-587. [PMID: 32905229 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an ocular disease i.e. more common in older adults with elevated intraocular pressure and a serious threat to vision if it is not controlled. Due to the limitations regarding the conventional form of brinzolamide (Azopt®), two optimum formulations of in situ gel nanoemulsion were developed. To ensure the safety and efficacy of developed formulations for ocular drug delivery, the current study was designed. MTT assay was carried out on the human retinal pigmentation epithelial cells. To investigate the irritation potential of the chosen formulations, hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane as a borderline test between in vivo and in vitro methods has been done. The modified Draize method was utilized to evaluate eye tolerance against the selected formulations. Intraocular pressure was measured by applying the prepared formulations to the eyes of normotensive albino rabbits in order to assess the therapeutic efficacy. Based on MTT test, cell viability for NE-2 at 0.1% and NE-1 at 0.1 and 0.5% concentrations was acceptable. The results of the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane test indicated no sign of vessel injury on the chorioallantoic membrane surface for both formulations. Also, during 24 h, both formulations were well-tolerated by rabbit eyes. The pharmacodynamics effects of formulations had no difference or were even higher than that of suspension in case of adding lower concentration (0.5%) of brinzolamide to the formulations. With regard to the results of the mentioned methods, our advanced formulations were effective, safe, and well-tolerated, thus can be introduced as an appropriate vehicle for ocular delivery of brinzolamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Talaei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Boulevard, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Boulevard, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Boulevard, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
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Bai JH, Su S, Huang L, Zhang YY, Wang YS, Guo MH, Yang HB, Cui H. In vitro extraction of intra-corneal iron using reverse iontophoresis and vitamin C. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1245-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Thomason H, Montagnes DJS. Developing a quick and inexpensive in vitro (non-animal) bioassay for mascara irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 36:134-9. [PMID: 24251684 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mascara is a mild irritant that causes a range of medical problems. Animal models to predict ocular irritation have, however, been questioned at a number of levels, and there is a continued need to develop in vitro testing methods. METHODS We assess changes in an easily quantifiable attribute, ciliated protozoan growth rate, as a sensitive, sublethal measure. Specifically, we test six, randomly chosen, commercial mascara products against a control (as treatments) and reveal through ANOVA (n = 6, α = 0.05) significant differences in the specific growth rate to treatments (for both protozoa). RESULTS We provide evidence that two easily cultured protozoa (Paramecium caudatum, Blepharisma japonicum) should be considered as models to assess ocular irritancy (and possibly cosmetics in general) and establish the groundwork for such studies to be applied at a more commercial level. We do this by developing a bioassay for mascara toxicity and indicate the low cost (after equipment is purchased, on the order of $100s) and the ease of performing such tests (able to be conducted by undergraduate students), as a consideration for their future commercial application. We first examined dose dependence of responses, revealing that there was a need to conduct preliminary work to determine appropriate levels for sublethal responses. We then show that some products resulted in mortality at high concentrations, others decreased growth rate by >50% (compared with the control), whereas others had no significant effect, compared with the control. CONCLUSION We have provided a novel, quick and inexpensive means to assess mascara; the next step is to validate these ciliate bioassays by comparison with animal testing and epidemiological studies, which is beyond the scope of this fundamental 'proof-of-concept' study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomason
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of topical taprenepag isopropyl on each layer of the cornea by confocal microscopy. METHODS Thirty-two ocular hypertensive or glaucoma patients were randomized into a 2-period, crossover study of 14 days of 0.1% taprenepag alone and in unfixed combination with 0.005% latanoprost (combination therapy). Baseline and sequential slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein staining, central ultrasonic pachymetry, and confocal microscopy were performed. Confocal images were analyzed for the density of the central superficial and basal epithelium, midstromal keratocytes, and endothelium, as well as endothelial coefficient of variation and percentage of hexagonal cells, and reflectivity of anterior stromal and midstromal layers. RESULTS Corneal staining increased from baseline, reaching a peak at day 13 (69% and 63% of subjects treated with monotherapy and combination therapy, respectively), which resolved by day 35. A statistically significant increase in mean corneal thickness for both eyes and both treatments occurred on days 7 and 13 (range, 20-27 μm; P < 0.001) but recovered (≤ 6 μm) by day 35. No statistically significant changes were observed in the basal epithelial, midstromal, or endothelial cells. Mean ratio of average reflectivity of anterior stroma to midstroma increased on days 13 and 35 in period 1 for each treatment (range, 1.2-1.9; P < 0.001), and this increase persisted during period 2. CONCLUSIONS Anterior stromal reflectivity may remain increased even when biomicroscopic and confocal images of corneal layers remain normal or have recovered after topical taprenepag. This subclinical measure may be useful to detect a persistent adverse effect of a topical agent on the cornea.
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Transport and interaction of cosmetic product material within the ocular surface: Beauty and the beastly symptoms of toxic tears. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2012; 35:247-59. [PMID: 22890123 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cosmetic Product Migration Onto the Ocular Surface: Exacerbation of Migration After Eyedrop Instillation. Cornea 2010; 29:400-3. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181bd4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Castro-Muñozledo F. Corneal epithelial cell cultures as a tool for research, drug screening and testing. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:459-69. [PMID: 18191836 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of visual system function and the development of new therapies for corneal diseases and damages depend upon comprehension of the biological roles of the tissue. The in vitro cultivation of corneal epithelial cells and cell lines derived from them has become a powerful tool to analyze and understand such issues. Currently, researchers have developed well-defined and precisely described culture protocols and a collection of corneal epithelial cell lines. These cell lines have been obtained through different experimental approaches: (1) the ectopic expression of oncogenes, (2) the inactivation of p16 and p53 pathways and hTERT expression, and (3) the spontaneous establishment after serial cultivation of cells. The advantages or disadvantages for these approaches are discussed. In conclusion, the availability of several culture protocols and immortalized cell lines that express corneal epithelial phenotype will be useful for investigating issues such as gene regulation and tissue development, or for validating alternative methods in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Castro-Muñozledo
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, Mexico.
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