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Suresh S, Freedman A, Adams M, Hirsch E, Ernst LM. Placental histology for targeted risk assessment of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:452.e1-452.e11. [PMID: 37751829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous preterm birth significantly increases the risk for a recurrent preterm birth. Only a few identifiable clinical risk factors can be referenced in counseling for recurrent preterm birth. Furthermore, treatment using progesterone supplementation has not consistently prevented preterm birth among high-risk patients, but it may be effective in a subset of those patients. Placental pathology from a previous pregnancy may be used to predict which patients will experience a recurrent preterm birth or to identify a subset of patients more likely to respond to treatment with antenatal progesterone. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if histologic patterns are associated with recurrent preterm birth among patients with an index spontaneous preterm birth. A secondary objective was to determine if placental histologic types and/or progesterone receptor density in the decidua are associated with the response to progesterone supplementation with intramuscular 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study at a single institution of women with singleton pregnancies with an index spontaneous preterm birth and a subsequent birth within the same hospital system between 2009 and 2019. Patients were included if placental pathology was available for the index spontaneous preterm birth. A logistic regression was used to determine if there were independent associations between 4 histologic types (acute inflammation, maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, chronic inflammation) and recurrent preterm birth. For the secondary endpoint, 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate response was defined as prolonging gestation by >3 weeks beyond the gestational age at delivery in the index pregnancy. Patients who delivered <3 weeks beyond the gestational age in the index pregnancy but at ≥39 weeks' gestation were excluded. A logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between placental histology and 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate response. Sensitivity analyses were completed using only patients with an index birth <36 weeks' gestation, and then excluding those with medically indicated preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy. A nested case-control immunohistochemical study was done among 20 patients with a subsequent term birth and 20 patients with a subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. The percentage of cells in the maternal decidua positive for progesterone receptors was correlated with the subsequent pregnancy outcome. RESULTS A total of 352 patients were included. Acute inflammation was the most common histologic type seen among patients with spontaneous preterm birth (44.1%), followed by chronic inflammation (40.9%) and maternal vascular malperfusion (31.3%). No histologic type was independently associated with recurrent preterm birth. A total of 155 patients received 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in a second pregnancy. Low-grade acute inflammation was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate response. Low-grade maternal vascular malperfusion among those with an index pregnancy delivered at <36 weeks' gestation was significantly associated with a more than 4 times increased likelihood of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate response when excluding those with a subsequent iatrogenic preterm birth. Progesterone receptor staining was not associated with recurrent preterm birth. CONCLUSION Although acute inflammation was prevalent among spontaneous preterm births, more than half of the spontaneous preterm births were not associated with acute inflammation. Low-grade acute inflammation was associated with a significantly decreased response to 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate supplementation. Low-grade maternal vascular malperfusion was associated with a 4-fold increased likelihood of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate response among those with index deliveries <36 weeks' gestation. Further work is needed to determine if placental pathologic examination can be used to target treatment in subsequent pregnancies to prevent recurrent preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Suresh
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL.
| | - Alexa Freedman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Marci Adams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda M Ernst
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Director of Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
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Suresh SC, Freedman AA, Hirsch E, Ernst LM. A comprehensive analysis of the association between placental pathology and recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:887.e1-887.e15. [PMID: 35764136 PMCID: PMC9729378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histologic examination of the placenta is often performed after preterm birth. Although placental examination cannot change the index pregnancy outcome, it may inform the risk of adverse outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy. Previous research has examined the association between individual histologic lesions and pregnancy outcomes without consistent results. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the independent contributions of the major placental pathology histologic types to recurrent preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of deliveries at a tertiary care center from January 2009 to March 2018. Individuals with ≥2 births, an index birth of <37 weeks of gestation, and a placental pathology report from the index pregnancy were included. The presence of maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, acute inflammation, and chronic inflammation was extracted from the pathology reports for each index placenta and classified as none, low grade, or high grade. A log-binomial model incorporating all 4 placental pathology histologic types, index gestational age, race, and maternal age was used to estimate the associations between each placental histologic type and risk of recurrent preterm birth. Moreover, 2-way interaction terms were studied among placental histologic types. In addition, 2 stratified analyses were completed on the basis of characteristics of the index preterm birth: (1) by late preterm (gestational age of 34-36 weeks) vs early-to-moderate preterm birth (<34 weeks) and (2) a subgroup analysis of those with spontaneous preterm birth. RESULTS A total of 924 pregnancy pairs met the inclusion criteria. Only high-grade chronic inflammation was independently associated with an increased risk of recurrent preterm birth (adjusted risk ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.81). Stratified analysis by gestational age group demonstrated maternal vascular malperfusion was associated with recurrent preterm birth only among those with early preterm birth (adjusted risk ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.93). Among participants with spontaneous preterm labor, no association was found between pathology histologic types and risk of preterm birth. CONCLUSION Among index preterm pregnancies, high-grade chronic placental inflammation was associated with recurrent preterm birth. Low-grade maternal vascular malperfusion was associated with recurrent preterm birth only among those with an early or moderate index preterm birth (<34 weeks of gestation). These findings may be useful in determining the risk profile for individual patients and may generate hypotheses as to the pathogenesis of recurrent preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha C Suresh
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Alexa A Freedman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda M Ernst
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Nicolaides KH. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in asymptomatic high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:42-65.e2. [PMID: 32027880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials that have assessed the efficacy of cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in asymptomatic high-risk women have reported conflicting results. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in asymptomatic high-risk women. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, CINAHL, and LILACS (from their inception to October 31, 2019), Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, bibliographies, and conference proceedings. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials that compared cervical pessary with standard care (no pessary) or alternative interventions in asymptomatic women at high risk for preterm birth. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook guidelines. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm birth <34 weeks of gestation. Secondary outcomes included adverse pregnancy, maternal, and perinatal outcomes. Pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS Twelve studies (4687 women and 7167 fetuses/infants) met the inclusion criteria: 8 evaluated pessary vs no pessary in women with a short cervix, 2 assessed pessary vs no pessary in unselected multiple gestations, and 2 compared pessary vs vaginal progesterone in women with a short cervix. There were no significant differences between the pessary and no pessary groups in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth <34 weeks of gestation among singleton gestations with a cervical length ≤25 mm (relative risk, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-1.49; 6 trials, 1982 women; low-quality evidence), unselected twin gestations (relative risk, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.41; 1 trial, 1177 women; moderate-quality evidence), twin gestations with a cervical length <38 mm (relative risk, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.36; 3 trials, 1128 women; low-quality evidence), and twin gestations with a cervical length ≤25 mm (relative risk; 0.72, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-2.06; 2 trials, 348 women; low-quality evidence). Overall, no significant differences were observed between the pessary and no pessary groups in preterm birth <37, <32, and <28 weeks of gestation, and most adverse pregnancy, maternal, and perinatal outcomes (low- to moderate-quality evidence for most outcomes). There were no significant differences in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth <34 weeks of gestation between pessary and vaginal progesterone in singleton gestations with a cervical length ≤25 mm (relative risk, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-1.83; 1 trial, 246 women; low-quality evidence) and twin gestations with a cervical length <38 mm (relative risk, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-1.18; 1 trial, 297 women; very low-quality evidence). Vaginal discharge was significantly more frequent in the pessary group than in the no pessary and vaginal progesterone groups (relative risks, ∼2.20; high-quality evidence). CONCLUSION Current evidence does not support the use of cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth or to improve perinatal outcomes in singleton or twin gestations with a short cervix and in unselected twin gestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
| | - Kypros H Nicolaides
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Eke AC, Sheffield J, Graham EM. Adjuvant 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in women with history-indicated cerclage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2018; 98:139-153. [PMID: 30339274 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there are additional benefits of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) supplementation in preventing recurrent spontaneous preterm birth in women with a prophylactic cerclage. MATERIAL AND METHODS Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, PROSPERO, EMBASE, Scielo and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for studies published before June 2018. Keywords included "preterm birth", "prophylactic cerclage", "history-indicated cerclage", "pregnancy" and "17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate". Studies comparing history-indicated cerclage alone with cerclage+17-OHPC were included. The primary outcome measure was preterm birth at <24 weeks of gestation. Secondary outcome measures include preterm birth at <28 weeks, <32 weeks and <37 weeks of gestation, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, fetal birthweight, neonatal intensive care unit stay, mean gestational age at delivery, fetal/neonatal death, neurological morbidity (intraventricular hemorrhage plus periventricular leukomalacia), neonatal sepsis and a composite of severe neonatal morbidity. Severe neonatal morbidity was defined as a composite measure of periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV), necrotizing enterocolitis or respiratory distress syndrome. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. Risk of bias and quality assessment were performed using the ROBINS-I and GRADE tools, respectively. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42018094559. RESULTS Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Of the 546 women, 357 (75%) received history-indicated cerclage alone and 189 (35%) received adjuvant 17-OHPC. The composite endpoint, severe neonatal morbidity, was present in 84 of 1515 neonates. Though there was a trend toward a reduced risk of preterm birth, the summary estimate of effect was not statistically significant when comparing cerclage alone with cerclage+17-OHPC at <24 weeks (relative risk [RR] .86, 95% confidence interval [CI] .45-1.65). Similarly, we found no differences in preterm birth at <37 weeks (RR .90, 95% CI .70-1.17) and <28 weeks (RR .85, 95% CI .54-1.32) when comparing cerclage alone with cerclage+17-OHPC. There were no differences in fetal birthweight, respiratory distress syndrome or necrotizing enterocolitis comparing cerclage alone with cerclage+17-OHPC. CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular 17-OHPC in combination with prophylactic cerclage in women with prior preterm birth had no synergistic effect in reducing spontaneous recurrent preterm birth or improving perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahizechukwu C Eke
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Training Program in Clinical Investigation (GTPCI), Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanne Sheffield
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ernest M Graham
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zheng W, Yoo KH, Choi JM, Park DH, Kim SK, Kang YS, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Wang J, Shim JH, Shin HC. Residual detection of naproxen, methyltestosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in aquatic products by simple liquid-liquid extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4396. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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6
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Wahid B, Bashir H, Bilal M, Wahid K, Sumrin A. Developing a deeper insight into reproductive biomarkers. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2017; 44:159-170. [PMID: 29376011 PMCID: PMC5783911 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2017.44.4.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biomarkers of reproductive medicine is still in its infancy because many black boxes are still present in reproductive medicine. Novel approaches to human infertility diagnostics and treatment must be developed because reproductive medicine has lagged behind in the implementation of biomarkers in clinical medicine. Despite the dearth of the available literature, the current rapid pace of publications suggests that this gap will soon be filled therefore; this review is a précis of the research that has been done so far and will provide a basis for the development of biomarkers in reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Genome Centre for Molecular Based Diagnosis and Research, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khansa Wahid
- Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aleena Sumrin
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Pham JH, Will CM, Mack VL, Halbert M, Conner EA, Bucholtz KM, Thomas JL. Structure-function relationships for the selective inhibition of human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by a novel androgen analog. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:257-264. [PMID: 29031687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β-HSD1) is selectively expressed in human placenta, mammary glands and breast tumors in women. Human 3β-HSD2 is selectively expressed in adrenal glands and ovaries. Based on AutoDock 3 and 4 results, we have exploited key differences in the amino acid sequences of 3β-HSD1 (Ser194, Arg195) and 3β-HSD2 (Gly194, Pro195) by designing a selective inhibitor of 3β-HSD1. 2,16-Dicyano-4,5-epoxy-androstane-3,17-dione (16-cyano-17-keto-trilostane or DiCN-AND) was synthesized in a 4-step procedure from androstenedione. In purified 3β-HSD inhibition studies, DiCN-AND competitively inhibited 3β- HSD1 with Ki=4.7μM and noncompetitively inhibited 3β-HSD2 with a 6.5-fold higher Ki=30.7μM. We previously reported similar isoenzyme-specific inhibition profiles for trilostane. Based on our docking results, we created, expressed and purified the chimeric S194G-1 mutant of 3β-HSD1. Trilostane inhibited S194G-1 (Ki=0.67μM) with a noncompetitive mode compared to its 6.7-fold higher affinity, competitive inhibition of 3β-HSD1 (Ki=0.10μM). DiCN-AND inhibited S194G-1 with a 6.3-fold higher Ki (29.5μM) than measured for 3β-HSD1 (Ki=4.7μM) but with the same competitive mode for both enzyme species. Since DiCN-AND noncompetitively inhibits 3β-HSD2, which has the Gly194 and Pro195 of 3β-HSD2 in place of the Ser194 and Arg195 in 3β-HSD1, this suggests that Arg195 alone in 3β-HSD1 or S194G-1 is required to bind DiCN-AND in the substrate binding site (competitive inhibition). However, both Ser194 and Arg195 are required to bind trilostane in the 3β-HSD1 substrate site based on its noncompetitive inhibition of S194G-1 and 3β-HSD2. In support of this hypothesis, DiCN-AND inhibited our chimeric R195P-1 mutant noncompetitively with a Ki=41.3μM (similar to the 3β-HSD2 inhibition profile). Since DiCN-AND competitively inhibited S194G-1 that still contains R195 but noncompetitively inhibited R195P-1 that still contains S194, our data provides strong evidence that the Arg195 being mutated to Pro195 (as present in 3β-HSD2) shifts the inhibition mode from competitive to noncompetitive in 3β-HSD1. This supports the key role of Arg195 in 3β-HSD1 for the high affinity, competitive binding of the trilostane analogs. Our new structure/function information for the design of targeted 3β-HSD1 inhibitors may lead to important new treatments for the prevention of spontaneous premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny H Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Catherine M Will
- Department of Chemistry, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Vance L Mack
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Matthew Halbert
- Department of Chemistry, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Bucholtz
- Department of Chemistry, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - James L Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macon, GA, 31207, USA; Department of Ob-Gyn, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
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Comparison of intramuscular progesterone with oral nifedipine for treating threatened preterm labor: A randomized controlled trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:56. [PMID: 29445685 PMCID: PMC5804454 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Threatened preterm labor (TPL) is the leading cause of hospitalization during pregnancy. Tocolytic agents are the
primary therapeutic options for TPL. The aim of this study is to compare intramuscular progesterone with oral nifedipine as a tocolytic
agent.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was carried out in a teaching hospital (Shahid Akbarabadi) in Tehran, Iran, from December
2011 to November 2012. Three hundred and fifteen singleton pregnant women aged >18 yrs at 26-34 weeks’ gestation with the diagnosis
of threatened preterm labor (TPL) were randomly received either intramuscular progesterone or oral nifedipine for tocolysis. Maternal
and neonatal outcomes were then compared between the two interventions. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
IRCT registration number of this study is IRCT201112198469N1
Results: The success rate of progesterone and nifedipine in treating TPL were 83% and 82.7%, respectively. There was no significant
difference between the two interventions with regard to gestational age at delivery, type of delivery, the time interval until the delivery,
birth weight, NICU admission rate and hospital stays. Progesterone administration was associated with lower duration of NICU stay as
compared with nifedipine (0.33±0.77 days vs.1.5±3.2 days, p<0.05). None of the two drugs caused any major side effects.
Conclusion: Single dose intramuscular progesterone is as effective as oral nifedipine in treating TPL. It also significantly reduces the
NICU stay.
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Noyola-Martínez N, Halhali A, Zaga-Clavellina V, Olmos-Ortiz A, Larrea F, Barrera D. A time-course regulatory and kinetic expression study of steroid metabolizing enzymes by calcitriol in primary cultured human placental cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:98-105. [PMID: 27871977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol), is a secoesteroid involved in several placental functions. In particular, we and others showed that calcitriol regulates peptides, proteins, cytokines and hormones production in human trophoblastic cells. On the other hand, calcitriol modifies the activity and expression of some steroidogenic enzymes, a process that is considered tissue-specific. However, the effects of calcitriol on the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids in placental tissue have not yet been entirely studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of calcitriol upon gene expression of several steroid enzymes such as cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3β-HSDI), 17β-HSD3, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) and aromatase (CYP19A1) in primary cultures of human placental cells. Cell cultures were performed using placentas obtained immediately after delivery by caesarean section from normotensive healthy women and calcitriol effects were evaluated, at level of transcription, by qPCR. The results showed that: 1) from basal expression values of the five genes studied, 3β-HSDI was the most expressed gene (P<0.05); 2) basal expression of all enzymes was significantly higher in cultured syncytiotrophoblast than in cytotrophoblasts (P<0.05); 3) the presence of calcitriol in cultured trophoblast cells generally resulted in a stimulatory effect of CYP11A1, CYP19A1 and 17β-HSD3 gene expression at 3h of treatment whereas 3β-HSDI was induced at 6h (P<0.05). However, a time-dependent variable was also observed; 4) protein expression of CYP11A1 and 3β-HSDI were not modified significantly by calcitriol, however that of CYP19A1 was regulated in similar fashion as gene expression. In conclusion, calcitriol affected in a time-dependent manner the expression of steroids metabolizing enzymes in human placental cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales No. 800, Miguel Hidalgo 11000, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico.
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Abstract
The role of the cerclage procedure has expanded from its initial application as treatment or prevention of cervical insufficiency to prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. Although recent prospective studies have clarified the indications for cerclage, additional prospective studies are needed to help define optimal perioperative management. Herein, we review the current data to provide the clinician with the most evidence-based approach to managing patients who require cerclage.
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Khoury K, Barbar E, Ainmelk Y, Ouellet A, Lavigne P, LeHoux JG. Thirty-Eight-Year Follow-Up of Two Sibling Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Patients Due to Homozygous Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (STARD1) Protein Mutation. Molecular Structure and Modeling of the STARD1 L275P Mutation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:527. [PMID: 27917104 PMCID: PMC5116571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Review the impact of StAR (STARD1) mutations on steroidogenesis and fertility in LCAH patients. Examine the endocrine mechanisms underlying the pathology of the disorder and the appropriate therapy for promoting fertility and pregnancies. Design: Published data in the literature and a detailed 38-year follow-up of two sibling LCAH patients. Molecular structure and modeling of the STARD1 L275P mutation. Setting: University hospital. Patients: Patient A (46,XY female phenotype) and patient B (46,XX female) with LCAH bearing the L275P mutation in STARD1. Interventions: Since early-age diagnosis, both patients underwent corticoid replacement therapy. Patient A received estrogen therapy at pubertal age. Clomiphene therapy was given to Patient B to induce ovulation. Pregnancies were protected with progesterone administration. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical and molecular assessment of adrenal and gonadal functions. Results: Both patients have classic manifestations of corticosteroid deficiency observed in LCAH. Time of onset and severity were different. Patient A developed into a female phenotype due to early and severe damage of Leydig cells. Patient B started a progressive pubertal development, menarche and regular non-ovulatory cycle. She was able to have successful pregnancies. Conclusions: Understanding the molecular structure and function of STARD1 in all steroidogenic tissues is the key for comprehending the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of LCAH, and the development of an appropriate strategy for the induction of ovulation and protecting pregnancies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Barbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Youssef Ainmelk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Ouellet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Guy LeHoux
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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12
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Kirby MA, Heuerman AC, Custer M, Dobyns AE, Strilaeff R, Stutz KN, Cooperrider J, Elsissy JG, Yellon SM. Progesterone Receptor-Mediated Actions Regulate Remodeling of the Cervix in Preparation for Preterm Parturition. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1473-1483. [PMID: 27233754 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116650756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study determined whether a progesterone (P) receptor (PR)-mediated mechanism regulates morphological characteristics associated with prepartum cervix remodeling at term and with preterm birth. With focus on the transition from a soft to ripe cervix, the cervix stroma of untreated controls had reduced cell nuclei density/area and less organized extracellular collagen, while the density of macrophages/area, but not neutrophils, increased just 2 days before birth (day 17 vs day 15 or 16.5 postbreeding). Preterm birth was induced within 24 hours of treatment on day 16 postbreeding with PR antagonist or ovariectomy (Ovx). Pure or mixed PR antagonists increased the density of macrophages in the cervix within 8 hours (day 16.5 postbreeding), in advance of preterm birth. However, neither PR antagonists nor P withdrawal after Ovx affected the densities of cell nuclei and neutrophils or extracellular collagen compared to the same day controls-an indication that the cervix was sufficiently remodeled for birth to occur. To block the effect of systemic P withdrawal, Ovx pregnant mice were given a PR agonist, either pure or mixed. These treatments forestalled preterm birth and prevented further morphological remodeling of the cervix. The resulting increase in macrophage density in cervix stroma following Ovx was only blocked by a pure PR agonist. These findings support the hypothesis that inflammatory processes in the prepartum cervix that include residency of macrophages, cellular hypertrophy, and extracellular collagen structure are regulated by genomic actions of PR in a final common mechanism both at term and with induced preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kirby
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Departments of Pathology and Human anatomy, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Anne C Heuerman
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Melisa Custer
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Abigail E Dobyns
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Strilaeff
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen N Stutz
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Cooperrider
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Elsissy
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Yellon
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Departments of Pathology and Human anatomy, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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13
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Turitz AL, Bastek JA, Purisch SE, Elovitz MA, Levine LD. Patient characteristics associated with 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate use among a high-risk cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:536.e1-536.e5. [PMID: 26519784 PMCID: PMC4808591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth (PTB) remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Women with a prior PTB are at risk for recurrent PTB. Treatment with 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHP-C) has become standard of care for women with prior PTB to help reduce this risk. Factors that affect a woman's decision to use this medication are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to investigate patient-level barriers to 17OHP-C. We studied a cohort of women eligible for 17OHP-C with the hypothesis that 17OHP-C is underutilized and certain patient characteristics, such as obstetrical history, influence its use. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study of all women seen at a specialty prematurity clinic from 2009 through 2013 was performed. Women with a singleton pregnancy were included if they had a prior spontaneous PTB (sPTB). The χ(2) tests were performed for univariate analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounders. RESULTS In all, 243 women had 17OHP-C recommended to them based on obstetrical history. There were 218 women with a pregnancy during our study period that were included in our analysis. A total of 163 (74.7%) had documented 17OHP-C use. Women were more likely to accept 17OHP-C if they had a history of a second-trimester loss only (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-4.58) or received recommendation for cerclage due to a short cervical length (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.55-10.99). Women with a prior full-term birth were less likely to accept 17OHP-C (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.89), especially when the prior full-term birth was subsequent rather than prior to the PTB (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08-0.47). Race, obesity, and insurance status did not impact 17OHP-C use. There was no difference in the rate of sPTB between those who used and did not use 17OHP-C (37.2 vs 34.0%, P = .7). CONCLUSION Obstetric history impacted 17OHP-C use. This study identifies biases regarding 17OHP-C at the patient level and can be used to develop strategies to increase its use. However, the similarity in the sPTB rate between users and nonusers highlights the importance of identifying specific populations where 17OHP-C is and is not effective in preventing PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Turitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jamie A Bastek
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie E Purisch
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa D Levine
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Furcron AE, Romero R, Plazyo O, Unkel R, Xu Y, Hassan SS, Chaemsaithong P, Mahajan A, Gomez-Lopez N. Vaginal progesterone, but not 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, has antiinflammatory effects at the murine maternal-fetal interface. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:846.e1-846.e19. [PMID: 26264823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progestogen (vaginal progesterone or 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate [17OHP-C]) administration to patients at risk for preterm delivery is widely used for the prevention of preterm birth (PTB). The mechanisms by which these agents prevent PTB are poorly understood. Progestogens have immunomodulatory functions; therefore, we investigated the local effects of vaginal progesterone and 17OHP-C on adaptive and innate immune cells implicated in the process of parturition. STUDY DESIGN Pregnant C57BL/6 mice received vaginal progesterone (1 mg per 200 μL, n = 10) or Replens (control, 200 μL, n = 10) from 13 to 17 days postcoitum (dpc) or were subcutaneously injected with 17OHP-C (2 mg per 100 μL, n = 10) or castor oil (control, 100 μL, n = 10) on 13, 15, and 17 dpc. Decidual and myometrial leukocytes were isolated prior to term delivery (18.5 dpc) for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Cervical tissue samples were collected to determine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity by in situ zymography and visualization of collagen content by Masson's trichrome staining. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, keratinocyte-activated chemokine/growth-related oncogene, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pregnant mice pretreated with vaginal progesterone or Replens were injected with 10 μg of an endotoxin on 16.5 dpc (n = 10 each) and monitored via infrared camera until delivery to determine the effect of vaginal progesterone on the rate of PTB. RESULTS The following results were found: (1) vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, increased the proportion of decidual CD4+ regulatory T cells; (2) vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, decreased the proportion of decidual CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and macrophages; (3) vaginal progesterone did not result in M1→M2 macrophage polarization but reduced the proportion of myometrial IFNγ+ neutrophils and cervical active MMP-9-positive neutrophils and monocytes; (4) 17OHP-C did not reduce the proportion of myometrial IFNγ+ neutrophils; however, it increased the abundance of cervical active MMP-9-positive neutrophils and monocytes; (5) vaginal progesterone immune effects were associated with reduced systemic concentrations of IL-1β but not with alterations in progesterone or estradiol concentrations; and (6) vaginal progesterone pretreatment protected against endotoxin-induced PTB (effect size 50%, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION Vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, has local antiinflammatory effects at the maternal-fetal interface and the cervix and protects against endotoxin-induced PTB.
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15
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Rouholamin S, Zarean E, Sadeghi L. Evaluation the effect of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women at risk for preterm birth. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:242. [PMID: 26682208 PMCID: PMC4673703 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.168609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mellitus exact role of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate in increasing the rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the association of treatment with 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate with GDM in pregnant women who are at risk for preterm birth (PTB). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this clinical trial, 200 singleton pregnant women included 100 pregnant women at risk for PTB or with history of PTB as case group (received weekly injections of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate) and 100 healthy pregnant women without history of PTB as control group (did not receive any drug) were evaluated. All women followed until detect or reject of GDM, and abnormal glucose challenge test (GCT) and GDM were calculated in all of them. RESULTS During study follow-up, 36 women in both groups were excluded and 81 cases 83 controls completed the study and analyzed. Mean of GCT in all studied pregnant women was 128.2 ± 18.1, whereas, in cases was higher than controls but no significant difference was noted between groups (P = 0.56). Abnormality in GCT was observed in 32 (19.5%) of 164 studied women, (18 of cases and 14 of controls), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.34). The frequency of GDM among all studied women was 7.9% (13 of 164), 7 of cases and 6 of controls, which was not significant (P = 0.74). CONCLUSION In summary, results demonstrated that weekly administration of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not associated with higher rates of GDM in pregnant women at risk for PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Rouholamin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elahe Zarean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Sadeghi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Abstract
The nurse practitioner may play a pivotal role in diagnosing preterm labor through risk assessment and physical exam. While treatment and management of preterm labor are usually beyond the nurse practitioner's scope of practice, they can play an important role in preventing preterm birth through assessment, action, or advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Doyle
- Jennifer Doyle is an outreach education coordinator and advanced practice nurse and Angela Silber is chief of maternal-fetal medicine at Summa Health System, Akron City Hospital, Akron, Ohio
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17
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Clark EAS, Esplin S, Torres L, Turok D, Yoder BA, Varner MW, Winter S. Prevention of recurrent preterm birth: role of the neonatal follow-up program. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:858-63. [PMID: 23817726 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a public health crisis in need of effective preventative strategies. Multi-disciplinary Neonatal Follow-up Programs (NFPs) provide health services to preterm infants at high risk for developmental problems after discharge from US newborn intensive care units. We aimed to determine whether NFPs are a potentially effective venue for specialized maternal counseling and intervention aimed at reducing the high rate of recurrent PTB in this population. This prospective case series enrolled women with preterm children evaluated in the Utah Department of Health NFP, 2010-2012. Women were interviewed, received Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) counseling services, and maternal and neonatal records were abstracted. We assessed maternal demographics, medical history, and characteristics of the index pregnancy. We calculated the proportion of women with knowledge of PTB recurrence risk and available prevention strategies, and assessed current contraceptive use and reproductive plans. Ninety-six women with a history of early PTB (≤26 weeks and/or birth weight < 1,250 g) were evaluated. Nearly 1 in 5 women (19.8 %) evaluated reported sexual activity, desire to avoid pregnancy, and no current contraceptive use, and were therefore at imminent risk of unintended pregnancy. Of women without permanent contraception, only 24.3 % were aware of their individual PTB recurrence risk. Of women with a history of spontaneous PTB, only 4 % were aware of effective pharmacologic preventative strategies. Introduction of MFM consultation as part NFP multi-disciplinary services is a novel approach with the potential to reduce recurrent PTB in an exceptionally high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A S Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Suite 2B200, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,
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Romero R, Yeo L, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS. Progesterone to prevent spontaneous preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 19:15-26. [PMID: 24315687 PMCID: PMC3934502 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its prevention is an important healthcare priority. Preterm parturition is one of the 'great obstetrical syndromes' and is caused by multiple etiologies. One of the mechanisms of disease is the untimely decline in progesterone action, which can present as a clinically silent sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester. The detection of a short cervix in the midtrimester is a powerful risk factor for preterm delivery. Vaginal progesterone can reduce the rate of preterm delivery by 45% and the rate of neonatal morbidity (admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory distress syndrome, need for mechanical ventilation, etc.). To prevent one case of spontaneous preterm birth <33 weeks of gestation, 11 patients with a short cervix would need to be treated (based on an individual patient meta-analysis). Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of spontaneous preterm birth in women with a short cervix, both with and without a prior history of preterm birth. In patients with a prior history of preterm birth, vaginal progesterone is as effective as cervical cerclage to prevent preterm delivery. 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has not been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of spontaneous preterm birth in women with a short cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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20
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Lotfalizadeh M, Ghomian N, Reyhani A. The Effects of Progesterone Therapy on the Gestation Length and Reduction of Neonatal Complications in Patients who had Received Tocolytic Therapy for Acute Phase of Preterm Labor. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:e7947. [PMID: 24693371 PMCID: PMC3950783 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background While tocolytic therapy can halt the process of delivery, some patients return before the 37th week of pregnancy with recurrence of preterm labor signs. Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of progesterone in the prolonging of gestation and reduction of neonatal complications. Material and Methods In a clinical trial in 2010, 110 singleton pregnant women admitted at Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, with the diagnosis of preterm labor were divided into three groups: 400 mg/d vaginal progesterone suppositories; 250 mg/w 17-alpha-hydroxyl-progestrone-caproate; and a control group with no additional treatment. After delivery, we assessed the duration between the first phases of labor to the recurrence of preterm labor. The neonatal complications, apgar score, birth weight, need for admission to NICU, and congenital malformations were compared between groups. Results The mean gestational age was 34± 3 weeks in the first, 33.5 ± 3 weeks in the second and 32.5 ± 2 weeks in the control group. The duration of first phase of labor was 31 ± 17 days in the first, 36 ± 14 days in the second and 26 ± 22 days in the control group. The difference between study groups and the control group was significant (P < 0.005). The complications were lower in progesterone-receiving group in comparison to the control group. Discussion This study reveals that progesterone can significant reduce the rate of recurrent preterm labor and the several possible neonatal complications among women who had treated with tocolytics to suppress the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Lotfalizadeh
- Women Health Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Marzie Lotfalizadeh, Women Health Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-511-8022608, Fax: +98-511-8525305, E-mail:
| | - Nayereh Ghomian
- Women Health Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Amirreza Reyhani
- Women Health Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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Nigar A, Hakim S, Mohsin Z. Role of 17 α Hydroxy Progesterone Caproate (17OHPC) in the Prevention of Preterm Labor. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2013; 62:398-400. [PMID: 23904697 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-012-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of 17 α hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHPC) in the prevention of preterm labor in high risk asymptomatic patients with a history of preterm delivery. METHODS The study included 96 patients with a singleton pregnancy and having a prior preterm birth. They were divided in 2 groups, group I (treatment group) included 46 asymptomatic patients who were given 17OHPC injections starting from 16-20 weeks till 36 weeks and group II (control group) included 50 patients who did not receive any treatment. RESULTS The incidence of preterm delivery was found to be 6.9 %. The median gestational age at delivery was 36 weeks in group I and 33 W5D in controls. 50 % cases in group I and 80 % of controls delivered prematurely in the group with a prior preterm birth between 20-28 weeks. CONCLUSION In patients who had a prior history of a preterm delivery the recurrence of a preterm birth was less in the treated group as compared to controls. The median gestational age at delivery was significantly higher in 17OHPC treated patients with history of earliest prior preterm delivery at 20-28 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nigar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, J N Medical College Aligarh, 4/1049G Medical Road, Dodhpur, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Schmouder VM, Prescott GM, Franco A, Fan-Havard P. The rebirth of progesterone in the prevention of preterm labor. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47:527-36. [PMID: 23535817 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1r281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate data since 2003 on the efficacy and safety of progesterone supplementation in the prevention of preterm labor. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE and Ovid database search (January 2003-September 2012) was performed using the search terms preterm, progesterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. All relevant abstracts were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION For efficacy and safety data, the search was limited to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with the primary outcome of preterm delivery, fetal loss, or neonatal morbidity or mortality. Quality of the studies was assessed using the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines for reporting parallel-group randomized trials. Eleven articles were selected for review. DATA SYNTHESIS Preterm birth, prior to 37 weeks' gestation, remains the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the US due to lack of treatment options. Recently, the use of progesterone to prevent preterm labor, deemed decades ago to be ineffective, has been reexamined. Progesterone formulations and dosage regimens varied greatly between studies. In patients with prior preterm birth or shortened cervix shown on transvaginal ultrasound, progesterone appears efficacious in reducing the rate of preterm birth. However, this benefit was not demonstrated in multiple-gestation pregnancies. Overall, progesterone was well tolerated and appeared safe for mother and fetus. More studies are needed to confirm the dosage regimen and population that will benefit most from progesterone. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone appears to be safe and efficacious in reducing the risk of preterm birth in a select group of high-risk women with prior spontaneous preterm births and those with an ultrasound-confirmed short cervix. Women with multiple gestations do not benefit from progesterone supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Schmouder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY, USA
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Senat MV, Porcher R, Winer N, Vayssière C, Deruelle P, Capelle M, Bretelle F, Perrotin F, Laurent Y, Connan L, Langer B, Mantel A, Azimi S, Rozenberg P. Prevention of preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in asymptomatic twin pregnancies with a short cervix: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:194.e1-8. [PMID: 23433324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) to reduce preterm delivery in women with a twin pregnancy and short cervix. STUDY DESIGN This open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial included women with a twin pregnancy between 24(+0) and 31(+6) weeks of gestation who were asymptomatic and had a cervical length of 25 mm or less measured by routine transvaginal ultrasound. Women were randomized to receive (or not) 500 mg of intramuscular 17P, repeated twice weekly until 36 weeks or preterm delivery. The primary outcome was time from randomization to delivery. Analysis was performed according to the intent-to-treat principle. RESULTS The 17P and control groups did not differ significantly for median [interquartile range] time to delivery: 45 (26-62) and 51 (36-66) days, respectively. However, treatment with 17P was associated with a significant increase in the rate of preterm delivery before 32 weeks. CONCLUSION Twice-weekly injections of 17P did not prolong pregnancy significantly in asymptomatic women with a twin pregnancy and short cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Senat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hopital Bicêtre, Hopital Antoine Béclère, Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Medecine, Paris, France.
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Williams KC, Renthal NE, Gerard RD, Mendelson CR. The microRNA (miR)-199a/214 cluster mediates opposing effects of progesterone and estrogen on uterine contractility during pregnancy and labor. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1857-67. [PMID: 22973051 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P(4)) and estradiol-17β (E(2)) play critical and opposing roles in regulating myometrial quiescence and contractility during pregnancy and labor. Although these contrasting hormonal effects are likely mediated via differential regulation of inflammatory and contractile genes, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recently we discovered that targets of the microRNA (miR)-200 family, transcription factors zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB)-1 and ZEB2, serve as P(4)/progesterone receptor-mediated regulators of uterine quiescence during pregnancy. In the present study, we found that levels of the clustered miRNAs, miR-199a-3p and miR-214, were significantly decreased in laboring myometrium of pregnant mice and humans and in an inflammatory mouse model of preterm labor, whereas the miR-199a-3p/miR-214 target, cyclooxygenase-2, a critical enzyme in synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins, was coordinately increased. Overexpression of miR-199a-3p and miR-214 in cultured human myometrial cells inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 protein and blocked TNF-α-induced myometrial cell contractility, suggesting their physiological relevance. Notably, E(2) treatment of ovariectomized mice suppressed, whereas P(4) enhanced uterine miR-199a-3p/214 expression. Intriguingly, these opposing hormonal effects were mediated by ZEB1, which is induced by P(4), inhibited by E(2) and activates miR199a/214 transcription. Together, these findings identify miR-199a-3p/miR-214 as important regulators of myometrial contractility and provide new insight into strategies to prevent preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koriand'r C Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Fukuyama A, Tanaka K, Kakizaki I, Kasai K, Chiba M, Nakamura T, Mizunuma H. Anti-inflammatory effect of proteoglycan and progesterone on human uterine cervical fibroblasts. Life Sci 2012; 90:484-8. [PMID: 22314502 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of proteoglycan (PG) with that of progesterone (P) in the cultured fibroblasts from human uterine cervix. MAIN METHODS After obtaining informed consent, the cervix was collected from normal women undergoing total hysterectomy. The cervix was cultured until fibroblasts proliferated and had grown to confluence, then, the fibroblasts were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without PG, P and a combination of both; they were cultured for 24-48 h. The anti-inflammatory effects of PG and P were evaluated by the suppression of IL-6 or IL-8 secretion. The expression of the IL-6 or IL-8 gene and the expression of their protein were determined by real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 was evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS LPS markedly enhanced gene and protein expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human uterine cervical fibroblasts. The up-regulation of the IL-6 or IL-8 gene and protein expression by LPS was significantly suppressed with PG, P and a combination of both. Western blotting revealed that combination of PG and P showed more potent inhibition on LPS-stimulated TLR4 induction than that seen by each. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that both PG and P have an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced inflammation. This anti-inflammatory effect of PG and P was augmented by co-administration of both, suggesting for the first time that PG has an anti-inflammatory effect on human uterine cervical fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Fukuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Merlob P, Stahl B, Klinger G. 17α Hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:15-9. [PMID: 22120850 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rebarber A, Fox NS, Klauser CK, Istwan NB, Rhea DJ, Stanziano GJ, Saltzman DH. Using 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to impact rates of recurrent preterm delivery in clinical practice. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 23:1139-42. [PMID: 20170407 DOI: 10.3109/14767051003615418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of an outpatient 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) administration programme. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data collected from patients with a history of preterm birth (PTB) and current singleton gestation enrolled between 16.0 and 20.9 weeks' gestational age (GA) for weekly outpatient 17P administration and nursing assessment between 7/2004 and 12/2007 was conducted (n=3139). RESULTS The population was mostly white (50.3%), 18-35 years old (77.7%), and married (67.0%). Median GA at 17P initiation and stop was 17.4 (16.0, 20.9) weeks and 35.1 (18.6, 37.4) weeks. Mean injections per patient were 16.5±4.9, at an interval of 7.2 days. Median GA at delivery was 37.3 (18.6, 44.0) weeks. Rate of recurrent spontaneous PTB was 29.8%, with 15.5% and 7.0% with PTB at <35 and <32 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This represents the largest cohort reported to date of patients prescribed 17P therapy in clinical practice to prevent recurrent spontaneous PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Rebarber
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Associates, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Bruner-Tran KL, Osteen KG. Developmental exposure to TCDD reduces fertility and negatively affects pregnancy outcomes across multiple generations. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:344-50. [PMID: 20955784 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and known endocrine disruptor. Since humans and animals are most sensitive to toxicant exposure during development, we previously developed a mouse model of in utero TCDD exposure in order to examine the impact of this toxicant on adult reproductive function. Our initial in utero toxicant-exposure study revealed a dose-dependent reduction in uterine sensitivity to progesterone; however, we did not previously explore establishment or maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, in the current study, we examined pregnancy outcomes in adult C57BL/6 mice with a history of developmental TCDD exposure. Herein we demonstrate reduced fertility and an increased incidence of premature birth (PTB) in F1 mice exposed in utero to TCDD as well as in three subsequent generations. Finally, our studies revealed that mice with a history of developmental TCDD exposure exhibit an increased sensitivity to inflammation which further negatively impacted gestation length in all generations examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L Bruner-Tran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Iams JD, Berghella V. Care for women with prior preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:89-100. [PMID: 20417491 PMCID: PMC3648852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Women who have delivered an infant between 16 and 36 weeks' gestation have an increased risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies. The risk increases with more than 1 preterm birth and is inversely proportional to the gestational age of the previous preterm birth. African American women have rates of recurrent preterm birth that are nearly twice that of women of other backgrounds. An approximate risk of recurrent preterm birth can be estimated by a comprehensive reproductive history, with emphasis on maternal race, the number and gestational age of prior births, and the sequence of events preceding the index preterm birth. Interventions including smoking cessation, eradication of asymptomatic bacteriuria, progestational agents, and cervical cerclage can reduce the risk of recurrent preterm birth when employed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay D Iams
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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Feltovich H, Nam K, Hall TJ. Quantitative ultrasound assessment of cervical microstructure. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2010; 32:131-142. [PMID: 20718243 DOI: 10.1177/016173461003200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this preliminary study was to determine whether quantitative ultrasound (QUS) can provide insight into, and characterization of, uterine cervical microstructure. Throughout pregnancy, cervical collagen reorganizes (from aligned and anisotropic to disorganized and isotropic) as the cervix changes in preparation for delivery. Premature changes in collagen are associated with premature birth in mammals. Because QUS is able to detect structural anisotropy/isotropy, we hypothesized that it may provide a means of noninvasively assessing cervical microstructure. Thorough study of cervical microstructure has been limited by lack of technology to detect small changes in collagen organization, which has in turn limited our ability to detect abnormal and/or premature changes in collagen that may lead to preterm birth. In order to determine whether QUS may be useful for detection of cervical microstructure, radiofrequency (rf) echo data were acquired from the cervices of human hysterectomy specimens (n = 10). The angle between the acoustic beam and tissue was used to assess anisotropic acoustic propagation by control of transmit/receive angles from -20 degrees to +20 degrees. The power spectrum of the echo signals from within a region of interest was computed in order to investigate the microstructure of the tissue. An identical analysis was performed on a homogeneous phantom with spherical scatterers for system calibration. Power spectra of backscattered rf from the cervix were 6 dB higher for normal (0 degree) than steered (+/- 20 degrees) beams. The spectral power for steered beams decreased monotonically (0.4 dB at +5 degrees to 3.6 dB at +20 degrees). The excess difference (compared to similar analysis for the phantom) in normally-incident (0 degree) versus steered beams is consistent with scattering from an aligned component of the cervical microstructure. Therefore, QUS appears to reliably identify an aligned component of cervical microstructure; because collagen is ubiquitously and abundantly present in the cervix, this is the most likely candidate. Detection of changes in cervical collagen and microstructure may provide information about normal versus abnormal cervical change and thus guide development of earlier, more specific interventions for preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Feltovich
- Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703, USA.
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NAKAJIMA M, UKAI H, ISOJIMA Y, UEDA HR. Temperature-insensitive reaction in the mammalian circadian clock. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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FIELD TIFFANY, DIEGO MIGUEL, HERNANDEZ-REIF MARIA. PREMATURITY AND POTENTIAL PREDICTORS. Int J Neurosci 2009; 118:277-89. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450701239327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mitchell BF, Taggart MJ. Are animal models relevant to key aspects of human parturition? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R525-45. [PMID: 19515978 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth remains the most serious complication of pregnancy and is associated with increased rates of infant death or permanent neurodevelopmental disability. Our understanding of the regulation of parturition remains inadequate. The scientific literature, largely derived from rodent animal models, suggests two major mechanisms regulating the timing of parturition: the withdrawal of the steroid hormone progesterone and a proinflammatory response by the immune system. However, available evidence strongly suggests that parturition in the human has significantly different regulators and mediators from those in most of the animal models. Our objectives are to critically review the data and concepts that have arisen from use of animal models for parturition and to rationalize the use of a new model. Many animal models have contributed to advances in our understanding of the regulation of parturition. However, we suggest that those animals dependent on progesterone withdrawal to initiate parturition clearly have a limitation to their translation to the human. In such models, a linear sequence of events (e.g., luteolysis, progesterone withdrawal, uterine activation, parturition) gives rise to the concept of a "trigger" mechanism. Conversely, we propose that human parturition may arise from the concomitant maturation of several systems in parallel. We have termed this novel concept "modular accumulation of physiological systems" (MAPS). We also emphasize the urgency to determine the precise role of the immune system in the process of parturition in situations other than intrauterine infection. Finally, we accentuate the need to develop a nonprimate animal model whose physiology is more relevant to human parturition. We suggest that the guinea pig displays several key physiological characteristics of gestation that more closely resemble human pregnancy than do currently favored animal models. We conclude that the application of novel concepts and new models are required to advance translational research in parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan F Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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34
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Lang CT, Iams JD. Goals and strategies for prevention of preterm birth: an obstetric perspective. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009; 56:537-63, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19501691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Complications of prematurity surpass congenital malformations as the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Since 1990, there has been a steady rise in preterm birth, alarming health professionals from all disciplines. This review from a prenatal perspective confirms those concerns and describes the risks and opportunities that may attend efforts to improve the health of fetuses, newborns, and infants. Fetal and live-born outcomes are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Khoury K, Barbar E, Ainmelk Y, Ouellet A, Lehoux JG. Gonadal function, first cases of pregnancy, and child delivery in a woman with lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1333-7. [PMID: 19158201 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene often cause lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH). In this disorder an impairment of steroid synthesis leads to adrenal and gonadal insufficiencies with a particular female genital phenotype in both human karyotypes. Pregnancy in LCAH has not been yet reported. OBJECTIVE We describe the first cases of pregnancy in a LCAH female patient bearing the L275P mutation in the StAR gene. DESIGN We studied the gonadal function, pubertal development, and apply the appropriate hormonal therapy to support pregnancies. PATIENT A 46,xx patient of French Canadian descent was diagnosed with LCAH at the age of 4.5 months. Substitution therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids led to normal growth and development. Progressive pubertal development started at the age of 11 7/12 yr. Menarche occurred at 14 2/12 yr with normal regular menstruations thereafter but without ovulation. RESULTS Clomiphene stimulation induced the first pregnancy at 25 4/12 yr of age. Spontaneous abortion occurred after 6 wk gestation. The second pregnancy (with clomiphene stimulation) was induced at the age of 26 yr. Progesterone (Prog) therapy was added at the 17th day of the cycle to protect pregnancy. Vaginal delivery of dichorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy occurred at 30 wk gestation (two normal weight male babies). Two years later, again under clomiphene stimulation, she underwent another successful singleton pregnancy and delivered a normal weight female baby at 36 wk. The pregnancies were almost uncomplicated. CONCLUSION Despite the dysfunctional StAR, pregnancy is possible under the proper therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khoury
- Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Jeyasuria P, Wetzel J, Bradley M, Subedi K, Condon JC. Progesterone-regulated caspase 3 action in the mouse may play a role in uterine quiescence during pregnancy through fragmentation of uterine myocyte contractile proteins. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:928-34. [PMID: 19144964 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The appropriate timing of the onset of labor is critical to a successful pregnancy, with potentially devastating consequences resulting to both the mother and child with the onset of preterm labor. In this study, we tested the central hypothesis that progesterone maintains uterine quiescence through regulation of active uterine caspase 3. Using the mouse as our model system, we examined, by Western blot analysis, levels of active caspase 3 and its association with the degradation of uterine contractile proteins during pregnancy. Our data demonstrate that caspase 3-specific cleavage fragments of uterine myocyte contractile proteins are elevated in late gestation. Prior to the onset of labor, active caspase 3 levels and fragmentation of the uterine myocyte contractile proteins decline. We postulate that uterine caspase 3 acts as an anticontractile agent maintaining uterine quiescence through degradation of uterine contractile proteins during late pregnancy. We propose that decreased progesterone action during the final days of pregnancy controls the timing of the onset of uterine contractions by removing the anticontractile action of the apoptotic protein caspase 3 locally in the pregnant myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancharatnam Jeyasuria
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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37
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Moulton K, Ryan P, Christiansen D, Hopper R, Klauser C, Bennett W, Rodts-Palenik S, Willard S. Hormonal profiles of late gestation ewes following intra-uterine inoculation with and without lux-modified Escherichia coli. J Reprod Dev 2008; 55:55-62. [PMID: 18997446 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of these investigations were to develop an ovine model for Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced preterm delivery, and monitor ewe hormonal response. EXP 1: Ewes (105 +/- 13 days of gestation) were allotted to the following intra-uterine inoculations: Saline-(CON; n=5); 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml (Low Treatment, LT; n=6); or 1 x 10(7) CFU/ml (High Treatment, HT; n=6) E. coli. Twenty-four h after inoculation, the HT ewes had increased (P<0.05) cortisol compared to LT and CON ewes, and HT and LT ewes had increased (P<0.05) progesterone compared to CON ewes. Preterm delivery was 33% for LT ewes and 0% for HT and CON ewes. EXP 2: Ewes (124 +/- 18 days of gestation) were allotted to the following intra-uterine inoculations using lux-modified E. coli: Trial-1: Luria Broth (LB; CT1; n=5); 4.0 x 10(6) CFU (n=5), 20.0 x 10(6) CFU (n=5); and Trial-2: LB (CT2; n=5), 1.2 x 10(6) CFU (n=5), and 5.6 x 10(6) CFU (n=5) E. coli-lux. Preterm delivery occurred between 48 and 120 h post-inoculation in 60, 25, 60 and 75% of ewes infected with 1.2, 4.0, 5.6, and 20 x 10(6) CFU, respectively. Serum cortisol and progesterone did not differ (P>0.05) between CT1 or CT2 and inoculated ewes. In summary, 25 to 75% of ewes inoculated preterm delivered. However, variable results in cortisol and progesterone profiles between Control and inoculated ewes were observed between the two studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesla Moulton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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38
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Zhang S, Mada SR, Sharma S, Torch M, Mattison D, Caritis S, Venkataramanan R. Simultaneous quantitation of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1174-80. [PMID: 18947956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific assay method for the simultaneous quantitation of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and progesterone (P) in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Plasma samples were processed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Oasis((R)) HLB extraction cartridge prior to chromatography. Medroxyprogestrone acetate (MPA) was used as the internal standard. The compounds were separated using Waters C18 Symmetry analytical column (3.5 microm, 2.1 mm x 50 mm) using a gradient elusion with a mobile phase consisting of 5% methanol in water [A] and methanol [B], with ammonium acetate (2mM) and formic acid (0.1%) being added to both [A] and [B], at a flow rate 0.3 ml/min. The retention times for 17-OHPC, 17-OHP, P and MPA were 4.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 2.2 min, respectively, with a total run time of 7 min. The analytes were detected by a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive electron spray ionization (ESI) mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The extracted ions monitored following MRM transitions were m/z 429.10-->313.10 for 17-OHPC, m/z 331.17-->97.00 for 17-OHP, m/z 315.15-->109.00 for P and m/z 387.15-->327.25 for MPA (IS). The assay was linear over the range 1-200 ng/ml for 17-OHPC and 17-OHP, and 2-400 ng/ml for P, when 0.4 ml of plasma was used in the extraction. The overall intra- and inter-day assay variation was <15%. No significant variation in the concentration of 17-OHPC, 17-OHP or P was observed with different sample processing and/or storage conditions. This method is simple, allows easy, accurate and reproducible measurement of 17-OHPC, 17-OHP and P simultaneously in human plasma, and is used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 17-OHPC in pregnant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Velez DR, Menon R, Simhan H, Fortunato S, Canter JA, Williams SM. Mitochondrial DNA variant A4917G, smoking and spontaneous preterm birth. Mitochondrion 2008; 8:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Ehn NL, Cooper ME, Orr K, Shi M, Johnson MK, Caprau D, Dagle J, Steffen K, Johnson K, Marazita ML, Merrill D, Murray JC. Evaluation of fetal and maternal genetic variation in the progesterone receptor gene for contributions to preterm birth. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:630-5. [PMID: 17805208 PMCID: PMC2734951 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181567bfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone plays a critical role in the maintenance of pregnancy and has been effectively used to prevent recurrences of preterm labor. We investigated the role of genetic variation in the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene in modulating risks for preterm labor by examining both maternal and fetal effects. Cases were infants delivered prematurely at the University of Iowa. DNA was collected from the mother, infant, and father. Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and an insertion deletion variant in PGR were studied in 415 families. Results were then analyzed using transmission disequilibrium tests and log-linear-model-based analysis. DNA sequencing of the PGR gene was also carried out in 92 mothers of preterm infants. We identified significant associations between SNP in the PGR for both mother and preterm infant. No etiologic sequence variants were found in the coding sequence of the PGR gene. This study suggests that genetic variation in the PGR gene of either the mother or the fetus may trigger preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Ehn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the tocolytic agents currently in use for the treatment of preterm labour and considers them in light of the evidence base. These agents are the beta2 sympathomimetic agonists, magnesium sulphate (MgSO(4)), indomethacin, nifedipine and atosiban. The available evidence for these agents shows that the beta2 agents are effective but have significant maternal side effects and no effect on perinatal outcome. MgSO(4) and glyceryl trinitrate are clearly ineffective. Nifedipine is effective with a low maternal side effect profile and is associated with improved perinatal outcomes. Meta-analyses of the several randomized controlled trials of atosiban show that it is no more effective than other tocolytic therapies. Possible directions for the future will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick Giles
- Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.
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Cypher R. Gestiva for preventing prematurity: a new view of an old therapy. Nurs Womens Health 2007; 11:322-5. [PMID: 17883780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-486x.2007.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rebarber A, Istwan NB, Russo-Stieglitz K, Cleary-Goldman J, Rhea DJ, Stanziano GJ, Saltzman DH. Increased incidence of gestational diabetes in women receiving prophylactic 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm delivery. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2277-80. [PMID: 17563346 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progesterone has a known diabetogenic effect. We sought to determine whether the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is altered in women receiving weekly 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Singleton gestations in women having a history of preterm delivery were identified from a database containing prospectively collected information from women receiving outpatient nursing services related to a high-risk pregnancy. Included were patients enrolled for outpatient management at <27 weeks' gestation with documented pregnancy outcome and delivery at >28 weeks. Patients with preexisting diabetes were excluded. The incidence of GDM was compared between patients who received prophylactic intramuscular 17P (250-mg weekly injection initiated between 16.0 and 20.9 weeks' gestation) and those who did not. RESULTS Maternal BMI and age were similar. The incidence of GDM was 12.9% in the 17P group (n = 557) compared with 4.9% in control subjects (n = 1,524, P < 0.001; odds ratio 2.9 [95% CI 2.1-4.1]). CONCLUSIONS The use of 17P for the prevention of recurrent preterm delivery is associated with an increased risk of developing GDM. Early GDM screening is appropriate for women receiving 17P prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Rebarber
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Zhang S, Mada SR, Mattison D, Caritis S, Venkataramanan R. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric assay for the determination of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:141-7. [PMID: 17576102 PMCID: PMC4398913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method for the determination of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry has been developed and validated. Plasma samples were processed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Oasis HLB extraction cartridge prior to chromatography. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was used as the internal standard. Chromatography was performed using Waters C18 Symmetry analytical column, 3.5 microm, 2.1 mm x 10 mm, using a gradient elusion with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile [A] and 5% acetonitrile in water [B], with 0.1% formic acid being added to both [A] and [B], at a flow rate 0.2 ml/min. The retention times of 17-OHPC and MPA were 8.1 and 5.0 min, respectively, with a total run time of 15 min. Analysis was performed on Thermo Electron Finnigan TSQ Quantum Ultra mass spectrometer in a selected reaction-monitoring (SRM), positive mode using electron spray ionization (ESI) as an interface. Positive ions were measured using extracted ion chromatogram mode. The extracted ions following SRM transitions monitored were m/z 429.2-->313.13 and 429.2-->271.1, for 17-OHPC and m/z 385.1-->276 for MPA. The extraction recoveries at concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 ng/ml were 97.1, 92.6 and 88.7%, respectively. The assay was linear over the range 0.5-50 ng/ml for 17-OHPC. The analysis of standard samples for 17-OHPC 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 ng/ml demonstrated a relative standard deviation of 16.7, 12.4, 13.7, 1.4, 5.2, 3.7 and 5.3%, respectively (n=6). This method is simple, adaptable to routine application, and allows easy and accurate measurement of 17-OHPC in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review and report changes in genomic-based knowledge and care during the preconception and prenatal periods. DESIGN Integrative review of relevant medical and nursing literature. FINDINGS Client education and counseling are needed to understand genomic information and provide guidance in interpreting this information and making decisions. The factors that influence decision-making about testing and acting on test results constitute a complex process that has not been well studied. Family history is an important tool for obtaining genomic information and can assist women and families in understanding risk preconceptionally and prenatally. Genomic research has enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of birth defects such as neural tube defect and will likely provide research opportunities to better understand complex perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS Research, education, advocacy, and anticipatory guidance are needed as women and families obtain more genetic and genomic information before and during pregnancy. All nurses will be involved in helping patients use genetic and genomic information to understand risk and to develop strategies to modify risk, and in translating the expanding array of genomic information to improve birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Dolan
- Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Belfer 501, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Facchinetti F, Paganelli S, Comitini G, Dante G, Volpe A. Cervical length changes during preterm cervical ripening: effects of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:453.e1-4; discussion 421. [PMID: 17466698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) treatment affect changes in cervical length. STUDY DESIGN Women with singleton pregnancy, between 25 and 33 + 6 weeks of gestation, who were hospitalized for preterm labor were included. Patients with rupture of membranes and/or signs of chorioamnionitis were excluded. Sixty undelivered patients were allocated randomly to either observation or to receive 341 mg of 17P intramuscularly, twice each week until gestational week 36. Cervical length was measured by transvaginal ultrasound scanning at discharge and at day 7 and 21 after discharge. Statistical comparisons were done with analysis of variance and chi-square test. RESULTS Shortening of the cervix in the observation group (30 cases) was higher than in the 17P group (30 cases) both at day 7 (2.37 +/- 2.0 mm vs 0.83 +/- 1.74 mm; P = .002) and day 21 (4.60 +/- 2.73 mm vs 2.40 +/- 2.46 mm; P = .002). Treatment with 17P was associated with both a reduction in the risk of cervical shortening of > or = 4 mm (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.66) and in the risk of preterm delivery (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04-0.58). CONCLUSION Undelivered patients after preterm labor undergo progressive shortening of the cervix, which is attenuated by 17P treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchinetti
- Unit of Obstetrics, Mother-Infant Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Mueller-Heubach E. The pursuit of evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:366-72. [PMID: 17403425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Mueller-Heubach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Murtha AP, Feng L, Yonish B, Leppert PC, Schomberg DW. Progesterone protects fetal chorion and maternal decidua cells from calcium-induced death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:257.e1-5. [PMID: 17346545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether progesterone exerts a protective effect in chorion and decidua cells when exposed to calcimycin. STUDY DESIGN Fetal membrane samples were collected from term elective repeat cesarean deliveries and chorion and decidua cells that are separated and cultured. Cells were pretreated with progesterone and exposed to calcimycin. Cell viability was determined, and percent cell viability was calculated. RESULTS Exposure to calcimycin resulted in a reduction of cell viability in both chorion and decidua cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In chorion and decidua cells, progesterone pretreatment followed by calcimycin increased cell viability compared with calcimycin treatment alone (chorion, 67%, vs controls, 24%; P < .001; decidua, 58%, vs controls, 35%; P < .001). The progesterone receptor antagonist, RTI 6413-49a, blocked the protective effect of progesterone in both chorion and decidua cells. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that progesterone may provide a protective effect in fetal membrane cells and that this effect may be mediated through the progesterone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Murtha
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Chandiramani M, Shennan A. Preterm labour: update on prediction and prevention strategies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 18:618-24. [PMID: 17099332 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e3280106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The incidence of preterm birth is increasing and continues to be a significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Techniques now exist that can accurately predict early birth. Prevention can therefore be targeted, although effective measures that improve outcome are yet to be established. RECENT FINDINGS Obtaining an accurate history is the first step in identifying high-risk women. Clinicians then rely on other predictors such as fetal fibronectin, cervical length assessment and biochemical markers. Research should focus on the combination of noninvasive markers targeted at high-risk women as a screening tool, determining not only appropriate diagnostic levels for positive tests, but also sufficiently large studies should be performed to determine the predictive values of these tests. Interventions to prevent delivery and improve neonatal outcome remain unsatisfactory, mainly comprising tocolysis, cerclage, progesterone and, in some cases, antibiotics. Women who would most benefit from these interventions are difficult to identify and an appreciation of the pathophysiology in an individual woman, such as the relevance of the inflammatory status of the endocervix, may be important in tailoring intervention. SUMMARY An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathological process in preterm birth will allow screening and interventions to be appropriately targeted.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Women's health. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 18:666-74. [PMID: 17099340 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e328011ef42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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