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Trovarelli G, Pala E, Angelini A, Ruggieri P. A systematic review of multicentric giant cell tumour with the presentation of three cases at long-term follow-up. Bone Joint J 2022; 104-B:1352-1361. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.104b12.bjj-2022-0401.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Aims We performed a systematic literature review to define features of patients, treatment, and biological behaviour of multicentric giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone. Methods The search terms used in combination were “multicentric”, “giant cell tumour”, and “bone”. Exclusion criteria were: reports lacking data, with only an abstract; papers not reporting data on multicentric GCT; and papers on multicentric GCT associated with other diseases. Additionally, we report three patients treated under our care. Results A total of 52 papers reporting on 104 patients were included in the analysis, with our addition of three patients. Multicentric GCT affected predominantly young people at a mean age of 22 years (10 to 62), manifesting commonly as metachronous tumours. The mean interval between the first and subsequent lesions was seven years (six months to 27 years). Synchronous lesions were observed in one-third of the patients. Surgery was curettage in 63% of cases (163 lesions); resections or amputation were less frequent. Systemic treatments were used in 10% (n = 14) of patients. Local recurrence and distant metastases were common. Conclusion Multicentric GCT is rare, biologically aggressive, and its course is unpredictable. Patients with GCT should be followed indefinitely, and referred promptly if new symptoms, particularly pain, emerge. Denosumab can have an important role in the treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(12):1352–1361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trovarelli
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Pala
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Angelini
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Jogani A, Rathod T, Sujith BS, Mohanty SS, Panchal S, Rathod R. Bicentric Synchronous Giant cell tumor: A Rare Managed Case Report of Bilateral Fibula Neck Tumor. J Orthop Case Rep 2021; 10:22-24. [PMID: 33585310 PMCID: PMC7857652 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2020.v10.i07.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Multicentric giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is an uncommon variant of the typical solitary lesion, with numerous large series reporting an incidence of 0–1.4%. Multifocal lesions also appear to be more locally aggressive than their solitary counterparts and have higher rates of recurrence. Solitary GCT of proximal fibula usually involves fibular head, bicentric synchronous bilateral fibular neck involvement is a rare presentation. Case Presentation: An otherwise healthy 24-year-old boy presented with a palpable mass in the region of his left proximal fibula and B/L knee pain. He reported pain with activity but no peroneal nerve symptoms. Radiographs of his left knee revealed an expansile lytic lesion at the proximal fibula epimetaphyseal level while the right knee X-ray showed a similar smaller lesion. MRI was done to delineate the accurate extent of the tumor. On the left side, the patient underwent partial fibulectomy (en bloc resection) and chemical cauterization of the edges with 5% phenol. The other side GCT was smaller and the patient was largely asymptomatic, hence was planned for conservative management. Conclusion: Multicentric GCT is a known entity and diagnosis should be considered after thorough metabolic workup and after ruling out more common polyostotic skeletal lesions. Selected patients with aggressive (benign) and malignant tumors of the proximal fibula can be treated successfully by resection and with supplementary soft-tissue reconstruction, a good functional outcome can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Jogani
- Department of Orthopaedics, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tushar Rathod
- Department of Orthopaedics, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - B S Sujith
- Department of Orthopaedics, TNMC and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubhranshu S Mohanty
- Department of Orthopaedics, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer Panchal
- Department of Orthopaedics, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajkumar Rathod
- Department of Orthopaedics, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Jones NF, Graham DJ. Radical Resection of a Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Ulna and Immediate Reconstruction With a Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Implant Arthroplasty. Hand (N Y) 2020; 15:727-731. [PMID: 31965863 PMCID: PMC7543204 DOI: 10.1177/1558944719895779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the distal ulna are rare. Despite being benign, they can be locally aggressive and may recur following conventional treatment by curettage and bone grafting. Salvage reconstructive options after failed conventional treatment include Darrach resection, Suave-Kapandji procedure, hemi-arthroplasty, or total joint arthroplasty. Methods: We discuss reconstruction options for the distal radio-ulnar joint following tumor resection, and present the outcomes of a constrained distal radio-ulnar prosthesis in a 29-year-old male following resection of a distal ulna GCT. Results: Reconstruction of the distal radio-ulnar joint by a constrained prothesis yielded excellent functional outcomes following resection of a GCT of the distal ulna. Conclusions: This case demonstrates that successful oncologic and functional outcomes can be achieved by radical resection of a recurrent GCT of the distal ulna and reconstruction with a constrained total joint arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F. Jones
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Neil F. Jones, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - David J. Graham
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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The two faces of giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:1-8. [PMID: 32502498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a bone-destructive benign neoplasm characterized by distinctive multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells with osteolytic properties distributed among neoplastic stromal cells. GCT is locally aggressive with progressive invasion of adjacent tissues and occasionally displays malignant characteristics including lung metastasis. GCT is characterized genetically by highly recurrent somatic mutations at the G34 position of the H3F3A gene, encoding the histone variant H3.3, in stromal cells. This leads to deregulated gene expression and increased proliferation of mutation-bearing cells. However, when GCT complicates Paget disease of bone (GCT/PDB) it behaves differently, showing a more malignant phenotype with 5-year survival less than 50%. GCT/PDB is caused by a germline mutation in the ZNF687 gene, which encodes a transcription factor involved in the repression of genes surrounding DNA double-strand breaks to promote repair by homologous recombination. Identification of these driver mutations led to novel diagnostic tools for distinguishing between these two tumors and other osteoclast-rich neoplasms. Herein, we review the clinical, histological, and molecular features of GCT in different contexts focusing also on pharmacological treatments.
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Metachronous multicentric giant cell tumour of bone. Skeletal Radiol 2018; 47:1559-1566. [PMID: 29725711 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-018-2954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metachronous multicentric giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone is rare. We report a case of a 21-year-old man with metachronous multicentric GCTs, with five (including one recurrence) documented lesions reported over a span of 9 years involving various sites, which included the fifth metacarpal bone of the right hand, the intermediate cuneiform bone of the right foot, the left proximal humerus and the lateral malleolus of the right tibia. The radiological appearance of these lesions in these various sites with correlation among clinical history, histopathology and the treatment approach is described in this report. He is undergoing regular follow-up and has now once again presented with recurrence of the right tibial lesion. The case is reported for its rarity.
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Kito M, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Tanizawa T, Gokita T, Hayakawa K, Funauchi Y, Takazawa Y. Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone: Case series of 4 patients. J Orthop Sci 2017; 22:1107-1111. [PMID: 28869118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to retrospectively investigate patients with multicentric giant cell tumor (MCGCT) who were treated at our hospital and to clarify their clinical features, treatment policy, and follow-up method. METHODS Four patients with two or more giant cell tumor (GCT) that occurred in the same patient were treated at our institution between 1978 and 2015. These patients were evaluated for the following: frequency, age of onset, number and site of occurrence, time to occurrence of the next lesion, treatment, recurrence, malignant transformation, metastasis, and oncological outcome. RESULTS The rate of occurrence was 1.7%. The average age was 25.2 (17-44). The total number of lesions was three in two cases and two in two cases. All four cases had only one lesion during the initial visit. The most frequent site of occurrence was the proximal femur, followed by two lesions that occurred in the metaphysis. The interval between confirmation of the initial lesion and occurrence of the second lesion was in average 12.1 years (0.8-27.0). Initial presentations of lesions were treated by en bloc resection in one case and curettage in three cases. Local recurrences occurred in two cases that underwent curettage. The six lesions that occurred after the initial lesion were treated as follows: en bloc resection in four lesions, curettage and radiation therapy in one, and embolization and radiation therapy in one. Pathologically, no lesions presented malignancy. Pulmonary metastasis occurred in one case. The oncological outcome was NED in three cases and AWD in one case. CONCLUSIONS No lesions were malignant, and by providing the same treatment as solitary GCT, the oncological outcome was good. It is unnecessary to be concerned of its risks and postoperatively conduct long-term searches for focal lesions across the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Kito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tanizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tabu Gokita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Hayakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Funauchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takazawa
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
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Mavrogenis AF, Igoumenou VG, Megaloikonomos PD, Panagopoulos GN, Papagelopoulos PJ, Soucacos PN. Giant cell tumor of bone revisited. SICOT J 2017; 3:54. [PMID: 28905737 PMCID: PMC5598212 DOI: 10.1051/sicotj/2017041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a locally aggressive benign neoplasm that is associated with a large biological spectrum ranging from latent benign to highly recurrent and occasionally metastatic malignant bone tumor. It accounts for 4–10% of all bone tumors and typically affects the meta-epiphyseal region of long bones of young adults. The most common site involved is the distal femur, followed by the distal radius, sacrum, and proximal humerus. Clinical symptoms are nonspecific and may include local pain, swelling, and limited range of motion of the adjacent joint. Radiographs and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the imaging modalities of choice for diagnosis. Surgical treatment with curettage is the optimal treatment for local tumor control. A favorable clinical outcome is expected when the tumor is excised to tumor-free margins, however, for periarticular lesions this is usually accompanied with a suboptimal functional outcome. Local adjuvants have been used for improved curettage, in addition to systematic agents such as denosumab, bisphosphonates, or interferon alpha. This article aims to discuss the clinicopathological features, diagnosis, and treatments for GCT of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios G Igoumenou
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis D Megaloikonomos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios N Panagopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis N Soucacos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece
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Eajazi A, Kheterpal A, Kattapuram S, Nielsen GP, Rosenthal DI. Multiple giant cell tumors of bone arising from multiple fatty tumors. Skeletal Radiol 2017; 46:117-121. [PMID: 27771752 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a patient with a history of giant cell tumor who over the course of 18 years developed multiple fat containing osseous lesions in the pelvis and spine. Two of these lesions subsequently evolved into biopsy proven giant cell tumor of bone. To our knowledge, this phenomenon of giant cell tumors evolving from fat containing lesions has not been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Eajazi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Arvin Kheterpal
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Susan Kattapuram
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Gunnlaugur Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Warren 2, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Ira Rosenthal
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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9
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Synchronous Multicentric Giant Cell Tumour of Distal Radius and Sacrum with Pulmonary Metastases. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:354158. [PMID: 26106496 PMCID: PMC4461722 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour (GCT) is an uncommon primary bone tumour, and its multicentric presentation is exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 45-year-old female who presented to us with GCT of left distal radius. On the skeletal survey, osteolytic lesion was noted in her right sacral ala. Biopsy confirmed both lesions as GCT. Pulmonary metastasis was also present. Resection-reconstruction arthroplasty for distal radius and thorough curettage and bone grafting of the sacral lesion were done. Multicentric GCT involving distal radius and sacrum with primary sacral involvement is not reported so far to our knowledge.
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Multifocal metachronous giant cell tumor: case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Med 2014; 2014:678035. [PMID: 24511316 PMCID: PMC3912820 DOI: 10.1155/2014/678035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Giant cell tumors (GCTs) of bone are known for their local aggressiveness and high recurrence rate. There are rare cases of multicentric GCT and most are synchronous. We herein review metachronous multicentric GCT reported in the literature. Material and Methods. A MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar search was done to collect all cases of multicentric metachronous GCT specifying the clinical, radiological, and histological characteristics of each location and its treatment. Results. A total of 37 multifocal giant cell tumors were found in the literature. 68% of cases of multicentric giant cell tumors occur in less than 4 years following treatment of the first lesion. Thirty-seven cases of multifocal metachronous GCT were identified in the literature until 2012. Patients with multicentric GCT tend to be younger averaging 23. There is a slight female predominance in metachronous GCT. The most common site of the primary GCT is around the knee followed by wrist and hand and feet. Recurrence rate of multicentric GCT is 28.5%. Conclusion. Multicentric giant cell tumor is rare. The correct diagnosis relies on correlation of clinical and radiographic findings with confirmation of the diagnosis by histopathologic examination.
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Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone: synchronous and metachronous presentation. Case Rep Orthop 2013; 2013:756723. [PMID: 24106628 PMCID: PMC3784266 DOI: 10.1155/2013/756723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old man treated 2.5 years ago for synchronous multicentric giant cell tumor of bone located at the right proximal humerus and the right 5th finger presented now with complaints of pain in his right hip and wrist of two-month duration. Radiology and magnetic resonance revealed multicentric giant cell tumor lesions of the right proximal femur, the left ileum, the right distal radius, and the left distal tibia. The patient has an eighteen-year history of a healed osteosarcoma of the right tibia that was treated with chemotherapy, resection, and allograft reconstruction. A literature review establishes this as the first reported case of a patient with synchronous and metachronous multicentric giant cell tumor who also has a history of osteosarcoma.
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Giant cell tumor of the lumbar spine with intraperitoneal growth: case report and review of literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:1223-8. [PMID: 23615800 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumors of the spine are uncommon. Usually they are benign and solitary, but locally very aggressive. Most of them occur at the sacral spine. There are only 26 reported cases in the literature involving this type of tumor in the lumbar spine, in particular exhibiting an intraperitoneal growth. We present the case of a woman with a primary tumor of the lumbar spine (giant cell tumor) with intraperitoneal growth, the outcome as well as a review of the literature. Furthermore, after reviewing all spinal cases in the literature above the sacral spine, we carefully suggest a management algorithm.
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Multifocal metachronous giant cell tumour in bilateral upper limb: a rare case presentation. Musculoskelet Surg 2012; 98:165-9. [PMID: 22990983 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-012-0223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone is a benign but locally aggressive tumour and accounts for 20 % of all benign bone tumours and 5 % of all bone tumours. Multicentric GCT of bone is a rare entity and has increased prevalence of involvement of the small bones of hands and feet in multicentric GCT. The clinical behaviour in multicentric GCTs tends to be aggressive as in recurrent GCTs. En-bloc resection remains the most successful surgical technique for treating both multicentric and solitary lesions. We report a 14-year-old female patient presenting with metachronous benign GCT located at the right proximal humerus and subsequent lesions in left hand and left proximal humerus. The case was treated with multimodality therapy including en-bloc resection along with bisphosphonate therapy over a period of 5 years.
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14
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Niu X, Zhang Q, Hao L, Ding Y, Li Y, Xu H, Liu W. Giant cell tumor of the extremity: retrospective analysis of 621 Chinese patients from one institution. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94:461-7. [PMID: 22398741 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no recent reports of giant cell tumors of bone in a large series of Chinese people. The present study was designed to review the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of surgical management in a large series of Chinese patients with giant cell tumor of an extremity, treated at a single institution. METHODS The records and images of 621 patients in whom a benign giant cell tumor in an extremity was treated between 1989 and 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 359 male and 262 female patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 31.4 years (range, eleven to seventy-one years). Sixty-six percent of the giant cell tumors were localized around the knee. Surgical treatments primarily included curettage, extensive curettage, and resection. The median duration of follow-up was forty-nine months (range, eighteen to 256 months). RESULTS Giant cell tumor accounted for 13.7% of all primary bone tumors treated at our institution. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the only variable that contributed to recurrence-free survival was the type of surgical treatment. The local recurrence rate after extensive curettage was 8.6%, which was significantly lower than the 56.1% recurrence rate after curettage alone. Bone-grafting did not affect local tumor control after extensive curettage; the local recurrence rate was 11.1% if bone graft was used. Recurrent giant cell tumor can be treated by further curettage or resection, with acceptable re-recurrence rates of 6.7% and 9.3% respectively. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score for patients treated with extensive curettage was 92.6%, which was significantly higher than that for patients treated with resection. Twenty-one (3.4%) of the 621 patients developed benign pulmonary metastasis, with a favorable outcome, and three patients presented with multifocal giant cell tumors. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of giant cell tumor in the Chinese population may be higher than that in Western countries, and it has a male predilection. The results of the present study suggest that extensive curettage provides favorable local control and satisfactory functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China.
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15
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Resnick CM, Margolis J, Susarla SM, Schwab JH, Hornicek FJ, Dodson TB, Kaban LB. Maxillofacial and axial/appendicular giant cell lesions: unique tumors or variants of the same disease?--A comparison of phenotypic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68:130-7. [PMID: 20006167 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between giant cell lesions (GCLs) of the maxillofacial (MF) skeleton and those of the axial/appendicular (AA) skeleton has been long debated. The present study compared the clinical and radiographic characteristics of subjects with MF and AA GCLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of patients treated for GCLs at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1993 to 2008. The predictor variables included tumor location (MF or AA) and clinical behavior (aggressive or nonaggressive). The outcome variables included demographic, clinical, and radiographic parameters, treatments, and outcomes. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and P <or= .05 was considered significant. RESULTS The sample included 93 subjects: 45 with MF (38 with aggressive and 7 with nonaggressive) and 48 with AA (30 with aggressive and 18 with nonaggressive). Comparing the patients with MF and AA GCLs, those with MF lesions presented younger (P < .001), and the lesions were more commonly asymptomatic (P < .001), smaller (P < .001), and managed differently (P < .001) than AA lesions. When stratified by clinical behavior, aggressive tumors were diagnosed earlier than nonaggressive tumors (P < .001). Controlling for location and clinical behavior, patients with MF aggressive lesions were younger (P < .001) than those with AA aggressive lesions. MF nonaggressive lesions were more commonly asymptomatic (P = .04), smaller (P = .05), and less commonly locally destructive (P = .05) than AA nonaggressive lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MF and AA GCLs represent a similar, if not the same, disease. Comparing the aggressive and nonaggressive subgroups, more similarities were found than when evaluating without stratification by clinical behavior. The remaining differences could be explained by the likelihood that MF tumors are diagnosed earlier than AA tumors because of facial exposure and dental screening examinations and radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Resnick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Rousseau MA, Ilharreborde B, Larousserie F, Babinet A, Tomeno B, Anract P. [Multicentric giant-cell tumor]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 93:848-53. [PMID: 18166958 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-1040(07)78469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all (99) giant-cell tumors are solitary. The multicentric presentation is exceptional and not well elucidated. We report the case of a patient presenting five foci identified over an eleven-year period (right tibia, left 4th metacarpal, sacrum, right femur, left femur). The proliferation index was identified for each focus. A review of the literature shows that the development of a new center after treatment for giant-cell tumor is a well-known event, with a wide variability in localizations, number and time to development. The most recent data suggest that each center would be independent progressing according to an individual course. Since histological transformation is not observed and multicenter forms are very exceptional, we suggest that it would not be necessary to propose specific screening for patients with a giant-cell tumor but that it would be good to inform the patient of the possibility of multicentric presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Rousseau
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Hôpital Cochin, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris.
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Balke M, Schremper L, Gebert C, Ahrens H, Streitbuerger A, Koehler G, Hardes J, Gosheger G. Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:969-78. [PMID: 18322700 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two hundred and fourteen patients with benign giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), treated from 1980 to 2007 at the Department of Orthopedics of the University of Muenster (Germany), were analyzed in a retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS The mean age was 33.3 years with a female-to-male ratio of 1.2 : 1. The mean follow up was 59.8 months. The recurrence rate of patients who received first treatment at our institution was 16.6%. The most common primary treatment was curettage (188 patients) usually followed by adjuvant local therapy. The effects of bone cement (PMMA), burring and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were statistically analyzed and the influence of a subchondral bone graft on the recurrence rate was evaluated. RESULTS PMMA alone (n = 52) reduces the likelihood of recurrence by the factor 8.2, additional high-speed burring (n = 39) by the factor 3.9 (compared to PMMA only). H(2)O(2) (n = 42) seems to have an additional effect comparable to that of phenol although it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION The combination of all adjuncts (PMMA, burring, H(2)O(2) - n = 42) reduces the likelihood of recurrence by the factor 28.2 compared to curettage only and therefore should be recommended as a standard treatment. If the tumor reaches close to the articulating surface a subchondral bone graft (n = 42) can be performed without risking a higher recurrence rate. We add seven cases of pulmonary metastases and two cases of multicentricity to the literature. Bisphosphonates and interferon alpha may have a beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Balke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Multicentric metachronous giant cell tumour of vertebrae and tibia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-008-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kivioja AH, Blomqvist C, Hietaniemi K, Trovik C, Walloe A, Bauer HCF, Jorgensen PH, Bergh P, Follerås G. Cement is recommended in intralesional surgery of giant cell tumors: a Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study of 294 patients followed for a median time of 5 years. Acta Orthop 2008; 79:86-93. [PMID: 18283578 DOI: 10.1080/17453670710014815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant cell tumors of bone rarely metastasize but often recur locally after surgery. There is limited knowledge about the risk of recurrence related to different types of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed factors affecting the local recurrence rate in 294 patients with giant cell tumors of the extremities using prospectively collected material from 13 centers. The median follow-up time was 5 (0.2-18) years. RESULTS A local recurrence was diagnosed in 57 of 294 patients (19%). The overall 5-year local recurrence rate was 0.22. Univariate analysis identified young age and intralesional surgery to be associated with a higher risk of recurrence. Based on multivariate analysis, the relative risk was 2.4-fold for intralesional surgery compared to more extensive operative methods. There was no correlation between tumor size, tumor extension, sex of the patient, tumor location, or fracture at diagnosis and outcome. In the subgroup of 200 patients treated with intralesional surgery, the method of filling (cement or bone) was known for 194 patients and was statistically highly significant in favor of the use of cement. INTERPRETATION Intralesional surgery should be the first choice in most giant cell tumors, even in the presence of a pathological fracture. After thorough evacuation, the cavity should be filled with cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarne H Kivioja
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Iatrogenic transplantation of tumor is a rare but avoidable complication, often resulting in additional morbidity or even mortality. We present a case of a 22-year-old woman with a giant cell tumor of the patella initially treated by curettage and bone grafting from the ipsilateral proximal tibia. Local recurrence and tumor growth in the proximal tibia required extensive surgeries. We will discuss the risk of iatrogenic metastasis by direct implantation, often attributable to inadequate surgical planning or poor surgical techniques. The cause and prevention of implantation metastasis are discussed and the basic principles of musculoskeletal tumor management emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Ofluoglu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lutfi Kirdar Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dhillon MS, Prabhudev Prasad AP, Virk MS, Aggarwal S. Multicentric giant cell tumor involving the same foot: A case report and review of literature. Indian J Orthop 2007; 41:154-7. [PMID: 21139770 PMCID: PMC2989141 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multicentric giant cell tumour (GCT) is extremely rare; no case has been previously reported where two lesions occurred in the same foot at different sites. We report a case involving the calcaneus and subsequently the 3(rd) toe of the same foot and review the reported literature. In established cases of multicentricity, the histopathology has to be properly reviewed and the patient has to be followed up for a longer time with serial whole body assessment to pick up any subsquent lesions. The treatment of the local disease does not differ from a standard GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Dhillon
- Department of Orthopedics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India,Correspondence: Dr. M. S. Dhillon, 1090/2, Sector 39 - B, Chandigarh, India. E-mail:
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