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Balestra C, Lambrechts K, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Levenez M, Germonpré P, Virgili F, Bosco G, Lafère P. Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Breathing as a Complement to Low-Intensity Physical Exercise Programs: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179600. [PMID: 34502508 PMCID: PMC8431767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response to both external and internal stimuli including infection, trauma, surgery, ischemia-reperfusion, or malignancy. A number of studies indicate that physical activity is an effective means of reducing acute systemic and low-level inflammation occurring in different pathological conditions and in the recovery phase after disease. As a proof-of-principle, we hypothesized that low-intensity workout performed under modified oxygen supply would elicit a "metabolic exercise" inducing a hormetic response, increasing the metabolic load and oxidative stress with the same overall effect expected after a higher intensity or charge exercise. Herein, we report the effect of a 5-week low-intensity, non-training, exercise program in a group of young healthy subjects in combination with the exposure to hyperoxia (30% and 100% pO2, respectively) or light hypoxia (15% pO2) during workout sessions on several inflammation and oxidative stress parameters, namely hemoglobin (Hb), redox state, nitric oxide metabolite (NOx), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10), and renal functional biomarkers (creatinine, neopterin, and urates). We confirmed our previous reports demonstrating that intermittent hyperoxia induces the normobaric oxygen paradox (NOP), a response overlapping the exposure to hypoxia. Our data also suggest that the administration of modified air composition is an expedient complement to a light physical exercise program to achieve a significant modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters, including cytokines expression, iNOS activity, and oxidative stress parameters. This strategy can be of pivotal interest in all those conditions characterized by the inability to achieve a sufficient workload intensity, such as severe cardiovascular alterations and articular injuries failing to effectively gain a significant improvement of physical capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Kate Lambrechts
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (S.M.-S.); (A.V.)
| | - Morgan Levenez
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Germonpré
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.E.A.-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology & Medicine Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (F.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Pierre Lafère
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (K.L.); (M.L.); (P.G.); (P.L.)
- DAN Europe Research Division, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
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COŞKUNER İ, YILMAZ TE. Awareness among patients taking oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as analgesics: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.832178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Saougou IG, Markatseli TE, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Current Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 17:41-57. [PMID: 32942977 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x16999200917151805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease and an exclusion diagnosis that includes all forms of arthritis that persists for more than 6 weeks under the age of 16. Although there is not yet a cure for JIA, and recent advances in the therapeutic field have created a more hopeful present and future for the patients. In the past, therapies for JIA have depended on non-steroidal medication, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. However, over the last decades, the advent of biologic therapies in JIA contributed to the preservation of functional activity, control of pain, avoidance of joint damage, and extra-articular manifestations. Furthermore, over the last years, international institutions, such as the American College of Rheumatology, have released recommendations and guidelines for rheumatologists for optimal JIA management. All the above have revolutionized the treatment of JIA with promising outcomes. To this end, the relevant literature is reviewed and discussed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna G Saougou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodora E Markatseli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros A Drosos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Saxena P, Sharma PK, Purohit P. A journey of celecoxib from pain to cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106379. [PMID: 31726219 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most enthralling and versatile class of drugs called the Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) showed its therapeutic utility in inflammation, beginning from the era of classic drug 'Aspirin'. NSAIDs and their well-established action based on inhibiting the COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme leads to blockage of prostaglandin pathway. They further categorized into first generation (non-selective inhibitor) and second generation (selective COX-2 inhibitors). Selective COX-2 inhibitors has advantage over non-selective in terms of their improved safety profile of gastro-intestinal tract. Rejuvenating and recent avenues for COXIBS (selective COX-2 inhibitors) explains its integrated role in identification of biochemical pain signaling as well as its pivotal key role in cancer chemotherapy. A key role player in this class is the Celecoxib (only FDA approved COXIB) a member of Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) II. Low solubility and bioavailability issues related with celecoxib lead to the development and advancement in the discovery and research of some possible formulation administered either orally, topically or via transdermal route. This review article intent to draw the bead on Celecoxib and it clearly explain extensive knowledge of its disposition profile, its dynamic role in cancer at cellular level and cardiovascular risk assessment. Some of the possible formulations approaches with celecoxib and its improvement aspects are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Saxena
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
| | - Pramod K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Priyank Purohit
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
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Karadurmus L, Sahin IF, Kurbanoglu S, Ozkan SA. Electrochemical Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180917113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAID) just as used in the determination of various drugs. Among voltammetric
methods; differential pulse voltammetric method, square wave voltammetric method and linear
sweep voltammetric method are the most commonly used ones. NSAIDs are widely used in the
treatment of inflammatory conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
acute gouty arthritis) and dental pain, menstrual pain, postoperative pain and migraine. In
this review, some selected recent electrochemical studies were selected related to the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drug analyzes. The aim of this review is to evaluate and discuss the advantages, details
and usages of electroanalytical methods in the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Karadurmus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I. Firat Sahin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Parlak AE, Cakmak H, Sandal S, Yılmaz B, Sekerci M, Karagöz Genc Z, Tuzcu M, Karatepe M. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of 1,2-bis (p-amino-phenoxy) ethane derivative Schiff bases and metal complexes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22247. [PMID: 30431697 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the two Schiff base derivatives and their metal complexes were tested for MDA concentration, which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C levels in cell culture. A comparison was performed among the groups and it was observed that MDA, vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C concentrations were statistically changed. According to the results, all compounds caused a significant oxidative stress without Zn complexes. Moreover, Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from a condensation of 1,2-bis (p-aminophenoxy) ethane with naphthaldehydes and 4-methoxy benzaldehyde were examined in terms of antitumor activity against MCF-7 human breast cancer and L1210 murine leukemia cells. Furthermore, the derivatives were tested for antioxidative and prooxidative effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The compounds which were tested revealed that there was an antitumor activity for MCF-7 and L 1210 cancer cells. Also, some of the compounds induced oxidative harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Evren Parlak
- Department of Environmental Technology, Firat University, Keban Vocational School of Higher Education, Programme of Environmental Protection and Control, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cakmak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Memet Sekerci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Karagöz Genc
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karatepe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Dilek E, Caglar S, Erdogan K, Caglar B, Sahin O. Synthesis and characterization of four novel palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine, diclofenac and mefenamic acid: In vitro effect of these complexes on human serum paraoxanase1 activity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22043. [PMID: 29512227 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of four novel mononuclear palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes on the activity of human serum paraoxanase1 were examined. First, four novel mononuclear palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes were synthesized with a nitrogen donor ligand 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, mefenamic acid. These complexes were characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and elemental analyses. The crystal structures of complex [Pd(2-amepyr)2 ](dicl)2 1 and [Pd(2-amepyr)2 ](mef)2 3 were determined by X-ray crystallography. Then, paraoxonase1 enzyme was purified from human serum. The effects of these complexes on enzyme were evaluated in vitro. The complexes consist of the cationic unit and the counterions. The diclofenac and mefenamic acid acted as a counterion in the complexes. It was observed that all the complexes were stable up to high temperatures. These complexes, even at low doses, inhibited the activity of the enzyme with different inhibition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Dilek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Sema Caglar
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kübra Erdogan
- Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Bülent Caglar
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Onur Sahin
- Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
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YAMAN S, AVNİOĞLU S, KÜÇÜK K, ALAKUŞ D, DEMİRCİ BN, MUSLU H, GÖLCÜ A, MERT T. İNFLAMATUAR AĞRI MODELİNDE PLATİN-MELOKSİKAM METAL KOMPLEKSİNİN ANTİ-HİPERNOSİSEPTİF ETKİLERİ. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.356437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Terzi M, Altun G, Şen S, Kocaman A, Kaplan AA, Yurt KK, Kaplan S. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in neurological diseases. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 87:12-24. [PMID: 28341179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been in use for many years and constitute a large part of prescriptions issued in daily practice. Although NSAIDs are used for many diseases in neurology, they have also been tested as a new therapeutic option for various other diseases. While their effects on headache and cerebrovascular diseases are well known, little is known about their impact on neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the use, effects and safety of NSAIDs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Terzi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sedat Şen
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Adem Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kıymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Estudo da automedicação para dor musculoesquelética entre estudantes dos cursos de enfermagem e medicina da Pontifícia Universidade Católica - São Paulo. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Although the pathophysiology behind this disease is poorly understood, there are effective treatments for JIA based on the subtype of disease. Treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular glucocorticoid injections, and traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs such as methotrexate. In the past decade, the use of biologic therapy in JIA, including tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, and interleukin-6 inhibitors, has dramatically increased with promising outcomes.
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Coulson EJ, Ng WF, Goff I, Foster HE. Cardiovascular risk in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1163-71. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
The accurate assessment and effective treatment of acute pain in children in the hospital setting is a high priority. During the past 2 to 3 decades, pediatric pain management has gained tremendous knowledge with respect to the understanding of developmental neurobiology, developmental pharmacology the use of analgesics in children, the use of regional techniques in children, and of the psychological needs of children in pain. A wide range of medications is available to treat a variety of pain types. This article provides an overview of the most common analgesic medications and techniques used to treat acute pain in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wickham Kraemer
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Antoniou K, Malamas M, Drosos AA. Clinical pharmacology of celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1719-32. [PMID: 17685888 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.11.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NSAIDs are extensively used worldwide; nonetheless, they are associated with adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects. COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) have been developed to reduce pain and inflammation without associated GI and bleeding risks. Celecoxib was the first COX-2 inhibitor introduced on the market, and it still remains so, whereas rofecoxib and valdecoxib were withdrawn due to excess cardiovascular (CV) risk. There is consequently a concern that CV toxicity reflects a class effect of all COX-2 inhibitors. Celecoxib possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and the evidence for CV risk is rather small and comparable to that of other traditional NSAIDs in short-term treatments (of < 4 weeks). It could be suggested that the use of low doses of celecoxib (100 mg b.i.d.) in short-treatment, especially in patients with previous experience of GI events and the recommendation of avoiding use of celecoxib in patients with CV history or risk, contribute in the decision-making process of prescribing COX-2 or NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Antoniou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Pharmacology, Medical school, Ioannina, Greece
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Kelman CW, Pearson SA, Day RO, Holman CDJ, Kliewer EV, Henry DA. Evaluating medicines: let's use all the evidence. Med J Aust 2007; 186:249-52. [PMID: 17391088 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current drug regulatory system is outdated and relies primarily on a process of premarketing evaluation, followed by periodic reviews of reported adverse events. While long-term medicine use for chronic conditions is now commonplace, current drug evaluation systems do not incorporate the comprehensive evidence accruing over time in clinical practice. Good quality, routinely collected data on medicines use are now available in some countries. Consistent with international opinion, we propose an expanded and integrated system of medicines regulation for Australia, based on a surveillance system that improves safety monitoring by complementing existing systems, making best use of routinely collected data, and leveraging the power of information technology. Australia is well placed to pilot such a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris W Kelman
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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