Treatment of brachymetatarsia by distraction osteogenesis

An unusual case of traumatic injury to the first metatarsal a case report

A 44-year-old male sustained trauma to his foot leading to a 5-cm defect of the first metatarsal bone and infection of the bone by Staphylococcus aureus. Osteotomy is the most suitable method for treating large metatarsal defects complicated with osteomyelitis, however few reports have been published on this challenging approach. In this case, osteotomy and external fixation for distraction were performed. Finally, the osteomyelitis of the patient was well controlled, the bone length was restored, and the patient could carry weight completely, and the treatment effect was satisfactory.

Metatarsal lengthening by distraction osteogenesis for brachymetatarsia in paediatric patients: is it safe and effective?

PURPOSE

The primary aim is to assess the efficacy of the surgical callus distraction technique of the metatarsus in paediatric patients. Secondary objectives are to assess complications and treatment duration. We have also described the details of our surgical technique.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A case series review of paediatric patients who had metatarsal lengthening at our unit between 2014 and 2022. Patient demographics, duration of time in frame, complications and metatarsal length achieved were recorded. The AOFAS Midfoot and the MOXFQ were taken pre-operatively and at final follow-up.

RESULTS

Sixteen metatarsals in 8 patients (14 feet) underwent lengthening between 2014 and 2022 using the MiniRail OrthoFix 100 (Orthofix Medical Inc, Lewisville, TX, USA). The mean age was 13.3 (12-17) years. The average duration between surgery and implant removal was 5.2 months. According to Paley's classification, there was one obstacle encountered in a patient who required a revision of their osteotomy and one problem in another patient who had an infected metatarsophalangeal joint stabilising k-wire treated with oral antibiotics. The Mean AOFAS Midfoot score improved from 53.10 to 86.40 (p < 0.0001) and the Mean MOXFQ improved from 32.5000 to 12.1250 (p < 0.05); these were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Gradual metatarsal lengthening using the MiniRail external fixator is a safe and effective method to treat brachymetatarsia in paediatric patients. This preliminary report describes and supports metatarsal lengthening in appropriate patients. Holistic care in terms of a pre-operative assessment, psychological support and preparation for the extended rehabilitation period are vital.

Two-stage surgical treatment for medially angulated great toes in Apert feet by wedged corrective osteotomy with distraction of the inter-metatarsal space: A case report

BACKGROUND

One of most severe clinical problems related to Apert foot anomalies is medial angulation deformities of the great toe as the foot grows.

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient was a 22-month-old Japanese child with Apert syndrome, who had broad bilateral great toe showing medially angulated deformity. We performed two-stage surgical treatment including distraction of the remarkable narrowing the first inter-metatarsal space using an external distractor device, and the corrective wedge-osteotomy of the first metatarsal with a graft of wedged bone in the reverse direction and inter-positioning of the resected local bone between the first and second metatarsal to preserve the space. At 3 years after surgery, the patient did not have any disturbance of gait and could wear normal shoes without weight-bearing pain, and was satisfied with the appearance of the great toes.

CONCLUSION

The two-stage surgical method could be an option for surgical treatment of Apert feet.

Subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia: A consecutive case series and literature review

BACKGROUND

This study examined the functional and clinical outcomes of subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia. This technique was developed to overcome the disadvantages of one-stage metatarsal lengthening and gradual distraction.

METHODS

Four feet of three patients with congenital brachymetatarsia underwent subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction. Pain, function, and alignment were assessed preoperatively and at follow-ups using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale, and any complications were recorded.

RESULTS

The patients were followed up for a mean of 18.1 ± 6.9 (range, 12.6-28.1) months. The mean metatarsal length gain was 15.2 ± 3.2 (range, 12.1-18.5) mm, and the corresponding percent increase was 32.5 % ± 7.0 % (range, 25.7-41.1 %). The mean AOFAS score (0-100) was 97.5 ± 5.0 at the final follow-up. The external fixator index was 10.2 ± 1.5 (range, 8.1-11.6) days/cm. None of the patients experienced metatarsophalangeal stiffness, subluxation or dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joint, loss of correction, pin tract infection, delayed union, nonunion, or angular deformities.

CONCLUSION

Subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction is a reliable alternative treatment for brachymetatarsia.

Metatarsal Gradual Lengthening for Brachymetatarsia Using a Mini-rail External Fixator System

Aim

To describe the surgical technique for gradual lengthening of the metatarsal using the Orthofix MiniRail System (Orthofix Medical Inc., Lewisville, TX, USA).

Background

Brachymetatarsia refers to the shortening of the metatarsal bone. When indicated, metatarsal lengthening is performed to treat this deformity.

Technique

A dorsal approach to the short metatarsal is performed, protecting the neurovascular structures and the extensor tendons. The most proximal wire or screw is inserted first, followed by the most distal wire or screw. The distal wire or screw should not be inserted in the metatarsal head. The middle wires or screws are inserted thereafter. All wires or screws should be placed perpendicular to the anatomic axis of the bone. Once the MiniRail lengthener is assembled, a 1.6 mm K-wire is inserted from the tip of the toe into the metatarsal head, blocking the motion of the metatarsophalangeal joint and avoiding joint subluxation during lengthening. The osteotomy is then performed perpendicular to the metatarsal shaft, in between the middle two wires and screws.

Conclusion

The surgical technique for gradual lengthening of the metatarsal using the Orthofix MiniRail System was described in detail with accompanying step-by-step intraoperative clinical and fluoroscopic images.

Clinical significance

This surgical technique of metatarsal lengthening is simple and effective. An understanding of the surgical technique of gradual lengthening of the metatarsal bone is important when treating shorting deformities of more than 1 cm.

How to cite this article

Marwan Y, Abu Dalu K, Bernstein M, et al. Metatarsal Gradual Lengthening for Brachymetatarsia Using a Mini-rail External Fixator System. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2022;17(3):184-188.

Brachymetatarsia: Surgical Management, Case Report, and Literature Review

Background

Brachymetatarsia is defined by an abnormal shortening of the metatarsal bone. This rare condition is mostly primary and congenital. Consequences of this malformation are both esthetic and functional, due to pain and mechanical problems in the forefoot. Surgical management is an important part of patient care. There are two main options: gradual lengthening by progressive callotosis distraction using an external fixator and one stage lengthening using bone graft and osteotomy of the bone. This review presents two cases using the one stage lengthening surgical management method. We also discuss some reports in the literature with the aim to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two surgical methods. Literature concerning the surgical management of brachymetatarsia was identified using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Patient Presentation. We describe two female patients aged 20 and 26 years who underwent one stage lengthening surgery of the fourth toe with isolated brachymetatarsia using an iliac bone graft and internal fixator plate. The two patients had a lengthening of around 10 mm after postoperative evaluation. No skin complications were noted, but one of the patients reported flexor stiffness after surgery. Concerning the functional and cosmetic aspects, the two patients are satisfied with the management.

Conclusions

In the literature, one stage lengthening seems to be the most favorable option for the care of brachymetatarsia. Studies show a short healing time and fewer complications like infection, stiffness, malalignment, and malunion. Some reviews note the utility of the gradual lengthening of severe brachymetatarsia when a longer lengthening is necessary. There is no definite consensus concerning the management of brachymetatarsia.

The Surgical Treatment of Brachymetatarsia

This article describes the 3 main surgical options for correction of congenital brachymetatarsia in childhood. The one-stage lengthening by lengthening osteotomy and lengthening with graft interposition are suitable for defects less than 10 mm. For the greater defects from 10 mm to more than 20 mm, gradual lengthening by callus distraction with an external or internal fixator is appropriate. Over the last years, callus distraction with an internal minifixator became commonly established because of the significantly improved aftercare with early full weight-bearing and high postoperative comfort for the child. All 3 surgical procedures are presented with comprehensive image material.

Tratamento da braquimetatarsia por distração osteogênica com fixador externo monolateral

Objective  To describe the profile of the patients and the results obtained with the use of an external fixator for metatarsal lengthening in brachymetatarsia.

Methods  A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with brachymetatarsia treated between January 2018 and April 2020 was performed. During this period, eight feet of six patients were operated on. Frequencies were estimated according to demographic and surgical aspects.

Results  All patients (100%; n  = 6) were female, with a mean age of 28 years old, ranging from 15 to 48 years old, and were motivated to seek the orthopedic service due to aesthetic deformity. The deformity was bilateral in two patients and unilateral in four patients. The average lengthening time was 22 days ( ± 7.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.04–26.81). The lengthening speed was 0.5 mm/day, and the average total length of the lengthening was 11.46 mm ( ± 3.57; 95%CI: 9.52–13.40). Half of the patients (50%; n  = 3) had local infection of the pins and were treated with antibiotics, and the others did not report any postsurgical complications. All patients denied pain or calluses after the surgical procedure and reported satisfaction with the results.

Conclusion  All patients were female and sought surgery for brachymetatarsia for aesthetic reasons. Osteogenic distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm/day resulted in successful lengthening of the metatarsal, with a low frequency of complications, good clinical outcomes, and high patient satisfaction.

Aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of brachymetatarsia: a narrative review

Brachymetatarsia (BM), or hypoplastic metatarsal, is an abnormal shortening of one or more metatarsal bones with a female-to-male ratio of 10.53:1. Different causes are described in the literature, such as congenital, acquired, or iatrogenic, associated with different conditions and syndromes. Its presence may develop deformity and pain; however, often feet are pain free and the major worries of patients are cosmetics. Non-operative treatments aim to improve the comfort of metatarsal heads and the possible dorsal conflict through comfortable shoes or the use of specific orthotics. The surgical treatment is anything but straightforward, with "one-stage" or "two stage" techniques, the latter better called "by gradual distraction". One-stage procedures are more rapid techniques but have limited ability to restore the desired length due to neurovascular compromise caused by acute lengthening. Insufficient correction is also possible. On the contrary, by gradual distraction procedures allow gradual distraction lengthening of more than 1.5 cm, but require the use of an external fixator, with a higher risk of complications in more than about 50% of surgeries. The adjacent metatarsal shortening should be considered in combination with other techniques, to diminish the excessive lengthening. In each case, surgeries should be always decided on each patient's concerns, deformities, and clinical needs.

Brachymetacarpia and brachymetatarsia: do we need to operate?

Brachymetacarpia and brachymetatarsia are rare congenital presentations denoted by shortening of metacarpals and metatarsals respectively, in which the deformity usually presents around childhood/early adolescence.

The aetiology is usually congenital besides several other syndromic or endocrinologic associations.

Cosmetic issues such as absence of a normal-looking knuckle while making a fist or disruption of finger-tip curvature besides functional issues are the main indications for surgical intervention in brachymetacarpia.

In the foot, apart from cosmetic issues, pain due to transfer metatarsalgia as well as callosities along with toe deformities which lead to difficulty of using footwear are the main indications for intervention.

Lengthening of the affected bone, either acute with grafting or gradual, is the mainstay of treatment. Gradual lengthening can be either single-stage as in callotasis, or two-stage where the primary procedure is followed by bone grafting after the length has been achieved.

Adolescence, specifically between 12 and 15 years, is the preferred period for surgical intervention in these cases.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:15-23. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200087

Is the One Ray Normal or Are the Rest Shorter?: Brachymetapody-A Case Report

In this case report, we present the case of a 20-year-old male patient who suffered from pain in walking clinically, and in whom an extremely rare type of brachymetatarsia was diagnosed. Although distorted body image is the main reason for consulting a specialist, the patient presented because he was unable to find a proper shoe. The patient had no familial history of brachydactyly, trauma, or a genetic disorder. In this extremely rare case, the decision was made to perform shortening of the normal foot ray with a double osteotomy to the metatarsal and proximal phalanx. At the end of the follow-up period, the patient was walking pain-free and had no limitation in shoe choice.

Callus distraction with external fixator for the treatment of congenital brachymetatarsia of the fourth ray

BACKGROUND

Brachymetatarsia is a rare abnormality of the foot which occurs most frequently in the first and fourth metatarsals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gradual metatarsal lengthening by external fixator for treatment of brachymetatarsia of the fourth ray. The hypothesis was that with external fixation it would be possible to achieve the desired length of the metatarsal with a low rate of complications. Secondarily, in cases requiring a greater amount of correction, it was hypothesized that an opportune rate of bone consolidation would be achievable using a traditional oscillating saw without predrilling or use of a cold osteotome.

METHODS

Between 2013 and 2016, 12 eligible patients and 13 feet underwent gradual metatarsal lengthening by an external fixator (MiniRail System M103, Orthofix) due to brachymetatarsia of the fourth ray. Mean age at surgery was 24.5±5.3 years (range 19-36), with mean follow-up of 22.3±8.3 months. Clinical evaluation was performed with the AOFAS lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal (MTP-IP) score. Radiographic assessment was performed on follow-up using non-weightbearing dorsoplantar foot radiographs.

RESULTS

The mean AOFAS lesser MTP-IP score improved from a preoperative score of 76.6±7.1 points (range 62-85 points) to a postoperative score of 90.3±3.0 points (range 86-95 points). The average amount of lengthening was 16.8±3.9mm (range 8-22mm). Mean shortening, final lengthening, Healing Index, period of treatment, and complications are also reported. The operative technique is described.

CONCLUSIONS

Gradual metatarsal lengthening with external fixator is an effective treatment for brachymetatarsia and can restore forefoot anatomy with good clinical outcomes, a low rate of morbidity and complications in selected cases. Particular attention should be given when treating patients with shortening >20mm.

Brachymetatarsia: One-stage Versus Two-Stage Procedures

Brachymetatarsia is a rare deformity with controversial clinical presentation. Multiple acute and gradual lengthening surgical techniques have been described for correction of this type of foot deformity. All techniques try to create a better appearance, facilitate shoeing, or solve possible transfer metatarsalgia. Either acute lengthening (1-stage procedure) or gradual lengthening (2 stages) is selected based on the patient's deformities, concerns, and clinical needs.

One-Stage Metatarsal Interposition Lengthening With an Autologous Fibula Graft for Treatment of Brachymetatarsia

Objective: Brachymetatarsia is defined as the pathological shortening of a metatarsal bone, which can cause cosmetic problems and pain in the forefoot. The main surgical treatment options are: extension osteotomy, interposition of a bone graft, and callus distraction. Usually, a bone graft from the iliac crest is used for the interposition osteotomy. The operative technique of graft extraction from the fibula has not been described in the literature yet. Methods: Eight feet with brachymetatarsia in 5 patients were evaluated retrospectively. The minimum follow-up period was 2 years. Via a dorsal V/Y skin incision, a central osteotomy on the metatarsal bone was done. A graft was obtained from the anterior fibula. The graft was inserted and fixed by a locking plate. Additional soft tissue procedures were done. Results: We had bony consolidation in all cases. The mean extension was 9.01 mm (5.49 to 12.54 mm). This corresponded to a mean 20.3% extension of the entire metatarsal. High patient satisfaction as well as high satisfaction regarding the cosmetic results were achieved. There were no postoperative complications. The range of motion of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint IV was 20% less preoperative in terms of plantar flexion. Standing up on tiptoes was possible in all patients postoperatively. One patient reported mild symptoms after sports activities. Conclusions: Because of its anatomy the graft adapts to the metatarsal IV bone. As our study showed, harvesting from the distal fibula causes no functional restriction. In terms of wound and bone healing as well as pain symptoms, this method should be considered as an alternative to the standard iliac graft.

Complications of distraction osteogenesis in brachymetatarsia: Comparison between the first and fourth brachymetatarsia

BackgroundRecently, distraction osteogenesis has been widely used to treat brachymetatarsia. However, few papers have compared complications associated with this treatment. The purpose of the present study was to compare the complications between the first and fourth brachymetatarsia treated by distraction osteogenesis. MethodsWe performed distraction osteogenesis to 83 metatarsals in 41 patients between 1999 and 2012. A total of 30 metatarsals received treatment for the first metatarsal (Group A) while 53 metatarsals received treatment with the fourth metatarsal (Group B). ResultsThe complication rate in Group A (40%) was higher than that in Group B (18.9%). Those who had high percentage of lengthening gain were more likely to have complications. A cut-off value for lengthening gain developing complication was 41.3%. ConclusionComplication incidence after distraction osteogenesis was increased when lengthening gain was more than 41.3% for brachymetatarsia. In the 1st metatarsal lengthening, the most common complication was stiffness. In contrast, complications of the 4th metatarsal lengthening were pin-track infection and angular deformity.

Literature Review on Brachymetatarsia

Brachymetatarsia is a malformation characterized by an abnormal reduction in the length of 1 or more metatarsal bones. It occurs because of early closure of the growth plate of the affected metatarsal. Generally, it is caused by a congenital disorder and it usually occurs bilaterally. With a greater prevalence in females, it most often affects the fourth metatarsal, followed by the first metatarsal. Surgical treatments proposed include using external mini-fixators or bone grafts in a single step to lengthen the metatarsal. In this review, 62 scientific articles about brachymetatarsia were analyzed with key demographic and epidemiological aspects of this pathology. The prevalence of bilateral brachymetatarsia was 47%, and the female to male ratio was 10.53:1. Both these findings appear to contradict the usual data reported for brachymetatarsia. A better understanding of this disorder will enable an appropriate therapeutic approach according to the psychological and social profile of affected individuals.

Treatment of Brachymetatarsia Involving the Great Toe

Background

Brachymetatarsia is usually treated by lengthening the metatarsals, but excessive lengthening can be associated with complications. Our technique combines 1-stage step-cut lengthening of the first metatarsal with shortening and/or lengthening of the neighboring metatarsals and/or phalanges.

Methods

Twenty-four feet (15 patients) were treated for first-ray brachymetatarsia. Widely available commercial image-editing software was used to make a preoperative plan for each patient, with emphasis on the creation of a cosmetically satisfying toe-length arc with minimum shortening and lengthening of the affected metatarsals and proximal phalanges. Length gain and percentage increase were also recorded postoperatively. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scoring system was used for clinical evaluation.

Results

In all 24 feet, smooth parabolas were created at the level of the metatarsal heads and at the toe tips. All patients showed osseous union, and no complications were noted. However, most patients showed mildly restricted range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The mean AOFAS score of the hallux significantly improved from 88.3 preoperatively to 98.1 at the latest follow-up (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

One-stage step-cut lengthening of the first metatarsal combined with shortening and/or lengthening of the adjacent metatarsal and phalangeal bones provides excellent cosmetic and functional results.

Level of Evidence

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Technique tip: Simultaneous first metatarsal lengthening and metatarsophalangeal joint fusion for failed hallux valgus surgery with transfer metatarsalgia

BACKGROUND

Failed hallux valgus surgery may result in residual or recurrent hallux valgus, and as well transfer metatarsalgia. The present technical tip concerns the combination of fusion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and lengthening of the first metatarsal (MT) through a scarf osteotomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six patients underwent the presented technique, all for the indication of failed hallux valgus surgery with shortening of the first MT and degenerative changes in the 1st MTP joint.

RESULTS

Follow-up at six months revealed all patients had complete healing of the osteotomy and arthrodesis sites. They were all asymptomatic and fully active, completely satisfied with the outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined fusion of the first MTP joint and lengthening of the first MT through a scarf osteotomy results in an excellent outcome in patients with failed hallux valgus surgery with shortening of the first MT and degenerative changes in the 1st MTP joint.

Mini-Invasive Treatment for Brachymetatarsia of the Fourth Ray in Females: Percutaneous Osteotomy With Mini-Burr and External Fixation-A Case Series

Brachymetatarsia is a rare disease defined by metatarsal shortening and characterized by aesthetic dissatisfaction with or without pain. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of fourth ray brachymetatarsia treated with percutaneous osteotomy using a mini-burr and gradual lengthening with external fixation. A total of 7 females were recruited for the study; 6 (85.71%) of whom had a bilateral deformity, for a total of 13 feet affected by fourth ray brachymetatarsia. Percutaneous diaphysis osteotomy with a mini-burr followed by metatarsal elongation was performed. Metatarsal lengthening was measured as the difference between the preoperative and postoperative length at external fixator removal. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society lesser toe metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal score, patient satisfaction, restoration of Leliévre parabola, and treatment time were evaluated. Numerical data are reported as the mean ± standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the changes in the AOFAS score with a level of significance of p < .05. The mean metatarsal lengthening was 17.46 ± 4.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.8 to 20.12) mm and the mean treatment time was 99.23 ± 8.53 (95% CI 94.59 to 103.87) days. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society lesser toe metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal score improved significantly from 76.38 ± 2.66 (95% CI 74.77 to 78.03) preoperatively to 86.46 ± 1.45 (95% CI 84.85 to 88.07) postoperatively (p < .01). In 12 of 13 feet (92.31%), the Leliévre parabola was restored, and the patients were satisfied with the clinical outcomes. The results of our study demonstrate that percutaneous osteotomy with the mini-burr and external fixation is an effective treatment for lengthening of fourth ray brachymetatarsia. Furthermore, we found good clinical and functional outcomes, high patient satisfaction, and a similar duration of treatment compared with other gradual lengthening procedures.

A rare combination of brachymetatarsia and congenital hallux varus: case report and review of the literature

Hallux varus is defined as a medial deviation of the phalanx at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and can be congenital or acquired. Brachymetatarsia is defined as shortening of the metatarsal bones. A combination of hallux varus and brachymetatarsia is rare. A 15-year-old girl presented to our outpatient clinic complaining of problems with her feet. A distinctive hallux varus was present bilaterally combined with a brachymetatarsia of the first metatarsals. The patient reported discomfort. She was restricted in her activities and had severe psychological strain owing to the deformity. We decided on surgery. First, a Pennig MiniFixator for callus distraction of the first metatarsal bone was applied. Owing to the increased plantar subluxation of the phalanx during distraction, an extension of the external fixator was administered so that the hallux could be repositioned to a physiologically satisfying position. After sufficient callus formation, the hardware was removed 14 weeks after surgery. Thereafter, the phalanx moved back to the subluxed position. Finally, an arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was performed with a locking plate. Surgery should not be made only for cosmesis and associated psychological aspects; but, discomfort should be the deciding factor. The postoperative clinical and cosmetic results in our case were good, and the patient was quite satisfied. There was no longer any preoperative discomfort and pain.

Correction of Brachymetatarsia and Medial Angulation of the Great Toe of Apert Foot By Distraction Osteogenesis: A Review of 7 Years of Experience

BACKGROUND

Apert foot anomalies may cause severe problems such as pain and development of callus formation related to weight redistribution, problems with footwear, and gait disturbances that may limit their daily activities. The main purpose of this study was to review our experience with distraction osteogenesis for the correction of brachymetatarsia and the great toe angulation of the patients with Apert syndrome.

METHODS

This study retrospectively reviewed 7 patients (14 extremities) followed up for Apert syndrome who underwent distraction for the correction of bilateral congenital brachymetatarsia and angulation of the great toe between 2004 and 2008. Correction of the metatarsal inclination angle, the medial angulation of the great toe, the percentage of lengthening, and lengthening rates of distracted bones were evaluated.

RESULTS

Patients ranged in age from 4 to 8 years at the distraction operation, with a mean age of 5.4±1.3 years, and the average length of follow-up was 86.6±21.0 months. The length of the first metatarsal bone increased significantly from the average length of 32.6±5.7 mm to an average of 46.7±6.5 mm (P<0.001). The mean lengthening rate and lengthening percentages of distracted bones were 0.4%±0.1%/month and 30.2%±6.4%/month, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative metatarsal inclination angles were at a mean of 43.8±5.12 and 32.6±3.8, respectively, and the correction of metatarsal inclination was considered as statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean angulation of the great toe reduced significantly from 49.8±11.76 to 13.2±8.5 degrees after distraction (P<0.001). Minor complications such as pin loosening, pin-tract infection, and early union that required reoperation were observed in 5 extremities (35.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Anatomic features of Apert foot may lead to complaints that may limit patients' daily activities and require as much attention as associated hand and craniofacial anomalies. Distraction appears to be an effective and safe approach for the simultaneous correction of the shortness of the first ray and medial angulation of the great toe.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV.

Distraction osteogenesis of fourth brachymetatarsia

BACKGROUND

Brachymetatarsia is a rare congenital or developmental condition that results in a short metatarsal. The condition most commonly affects the fourth metatarsal of young and adolescent females. It does not usually produce a functional problem. However, it may produce a significant cosmetic problem especially in young women. The authors present their experience in gradual distraction of the fourth metatarsal to tackle this problem in adults.

METHODS

That was done using a monolateral frame in 11 feet of female patients with an average age of 23 years. Evaluation depended upon the achievement of the target length, angulation, pain, and satisfaction of the patient.

RESULTS

There were eight excellent and three good results after an average follow up of 2.6 years. Aside from nine cases of mild pin-tract infection, complications were few and minor.

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend distraction osteogenesis as the treatment of choice for brachymetatarsia of the fourth toe.

Brachymetatarsia with accessory navicular in right foot: A rare coincidental finding

A 33 years old female patient presented with posttraumatic pain in the right foot for which radiographs of the right foot was advised. No fracture was detected on radiographs and patient was managed conservatively on medications and posterior splint immobilization. We found coincidentally a short fourth metatarsal and an accessory navicular bone in the right foot radiographs. After 3 weeks of immobilization, she underwent mobilization of the right foot, weight bearing and intensive physio- therapy for 6 weeks. After two months of injury she was still complaining of pain on the plantar aspect of right foot which was diagnosed as metatarsalgia and operated on by excision of the neuroma present in the 3rd web space of the right foot. After surgery she was completely relieved of pain and could do activities well related to the right foot.

Gradual Metatarsal Lengthening by External Fixation: A New Classification of Complications and a Stable Technique to Minimize Severe Complications

BACKGROUND

The surgical management of brachymetatarsia remains controversial, and choice is based on potential complications. We report a classification of complications based on severity, and we hypothesized that use of a semicircular external fixator would minimize severe complications in lateral metatarsal lengthening.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 30 patients (10 to 46 years old) with single or multiple brachymetatarsia and performed 54 metatarsal lengthenings with a mean follow-up of 7 months.

RESULTS

The mean gain in length was 15 mm (33.7%), and the mean healing index was 67 d/cm. No further procedure was performed. No dislocations or subluxations were reported, but 26 complications (48.1%) occurred, classified as 1 severe (1.8% of the metatarsals), 5 intermediate (9.3%), and 20 benign (37%): 4 incomplete osteotomies, 8 adjacent metatarsal osteotomies, 2 involuntary adjacent metatarsal fixations due to the lack of fluoroscopy use, 6 early consolidations, 2 metatarsal fractures, 2 skin complications, 1 superficial infection, and 1 metatarsophalangeal clinodactyly.

CONCLUSION

A classification of complications based on severity was developed. Gradual lengthening of the lateral metatarsals by semicircular external fixation reduced the risk of severe complications because of stability without donor site morbidity. Thin wires were an advantage in the pediatric population.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, retrospective case series.

Callus Distraction Versus Single-Stage Lengthening With Bone Graft for Treatment of Brachymetatarsia: A Systematic Review

Brachymetatarsia deformity is a cosmetically displeasing anomaly that can become physically symptomatic. The surgical techniques most commonly used to repair the anomaly include single-stage lengthening with a bone graft, callus distraction, or a combination of bone grafting and callus distraction. A systematic review of the published data was performed to compare the outcomes of these 3 surgical procedures. A total of 61 studies reporting the use of callus distraction or single-stage lengthening, or both, for the treatment of brachymetatarsia were included in the present review. The incidence of major postoperative complications after callus distraction, single-stage lengthening, and the combination procedure was 49 (12.62%), 13 (3.72%), and 3 (33.33%), respectively. The number of minor complications with callus distraction, single-stage lengthening, and the combination procedure was 152 (39.18%), 55 (15.76%), and 1 (11.11%); the mean percentage of the original length achieved was 37.36%, 25.98% and 36.00%; and the mean length achieved was 17.5, 13.2, and 14.0 mm, respectively. The healing index (mo/cm) and healing time was 2.31 and 16.04 weeks, 1.90 and 9.35 weeks, and 3.93 and 14.62 weeks for callus distraction, single-stage lengthening, and the combination procedure, respectively. Our findings indicate that the callus distraction technique is associated with greater length gained but results in greater complication rates and requires almost twice the time to heal. Single-stage lengthening with a bone graft was associated with fewer complications and faster healing times than callus distraction but with lesser gains in length. From the information reported in the studies we reviewed, the prevalence of bilateral brachymetatarsia was 44.52%, and the female/male ratio was 13.7:1. Both of these findings seem to contradict the usual data given (72% for bilateral brachymetatarsia and a female/male ratio of 25:1).

Lengthening scarf osteotomy for recurrent hallux valgus

BACKGROUND

We describe using the scarf osteotomy to correct a recurrent hallux valgus deformity and lengthen the shortened first metatarsal in symptomatic iatrogenic first brachymetatarsia.

METHODS

Thirty-six lengthening scarf osteotomies were undertaken in 31 patients. Clinical and radiographic measures were taken pre and postoperatively.

RESULTS

Mean age at presentation was 53.4 years, and mean followup 3.9 years. The mean lengthening achieved was 4.9mm. All osteotomies united with no complications. The mean IMA reduction was 4.0° (p<0.001) and HVA 13.0° (p<0.001). The mean AOFAS score increase was 33.8 (p<0.001). There was a positive trend but no correlation (r=0.28) between amount of metatarsal lengthening and AOFAS score change.

CONCLUSIONS

We describe the largest lengthening scarf osteotomy series for recurrent hallux valgus with iatrogenic first brachymetatarsia. The results suggest the procedure is successful, with a low complication rate. We anticipate that restoring first metatarsal length and alignment may reduce biomechanical transfer metatarsalgia over time.

Congenital lesser toe abnormalities

The treatment of congenital abnormalities of the lesser toes should be individualized to the pathology present. Goals of treatment include pain relief, proper alignment of the toes, and comfort with wearing shoes. Meticulous surgical technique can minimize complications and optimize clinical outcomes for these patients.

Comparison of the outcomes of distraction osteogenesis for first and fourth brachymetatarsia

BACKGROUND

Brachymetatarsia is the presence of an abnormally short metatarsal, and distraction osteogenesis has been used for its treatment. The purpose of the present study was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of first and/or fourth brachymetatarsia.

METHODS

The data from forty-eight patients (sixty-four feet, seventy-four metatarsals) who underwent distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of brachymetatarsia were reviewed. The indications for surgery included a metatarsal that was at least 10 mm shorter than the adjacent metatarsal and that had an unacceptable cosmetic appearance. The study group comprised thirty-two first brachymetatarsia in nineteen patients (Group A) and forty-two fourth brachymetatarsia in twenty-nine patients (Group B). The average age was twenty years in Group A and eighteen years in Group B. The average duration of follow-up was 58.1 months in Group A and 56.1 in Group B. Metatarsal length, lengthening gain, healing time and index, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal and lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scores were evaluated.

RESULTS

All patients were satisfied with the final length of the metatarsal and all had achieved bone union at the time of the last follow-up. The mean lengthening gain was 17.2 mm (42.9%) in Group A and 16.3 mm (37.3%) in Group B. The mean healing index was 71.0 days/cm in Group A and 67.3 days/cm in Group B. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 91.2 points in Group A and 92.8 points in Group B at the last follow-up (twenty-two excellent, nine good, and one fair results in Group A, and twenty-nine excellent, eleven good, and two fair results in Group B). The most common complication was metatarsophalangeal joint stiffness, which occurred in thirteen rays in Group A and in twelve rays in Group B; malalignment of the lengthened metatarsal was observed six times in each group. No significant intergroup differences in the outcomes were found.

CONCLUSIONS

Distraction osteogenesis for first and/or fourth brachymetatarsia provided successful lengthening of a metatarsal with eventual osseous union and was associated with similar outcomes in terms of healing index, function score, and the prevalence of complications between the two groups, although frequent complications were encountered and no improvement in foot function was found.

Complications of digital and lesser metatarsal surgery

Complications associated with digital and lesser metatarsal surgical procedures have been well documented in the literature. These complications may stem from systemic medical, structural, biologic, biomechanical, or iatrogenic causes. The surgeon must be cognizant of all potential complications, including ways to prevent them from occurring and how to manage them when they do occur. This article discusses preventative measures through the preoperative evaluation of the patient, and examines the subsets of complications that may occur after lesser ray surgery that pose a particular management challenge, as well as special complications specific to particular operative techniques.

Problems, obstacles, and complications of metatarsal lengthening for the treatment of brachymetatarsia

Metatarsal lengthening by distraction osteogenesis is a challenging procedure that is associated with various adverse results. This article presents and classifies adverse results arising from metatarsal lengthening. Our premise of classification is that not all adverse results that occur secondary to distraction osteogenesis of the metatarsal are true complications that affect the final outcome, but rather are problems and obstacles that present hurdles to completion of treatment. Our classification differentiates among problems, obstacles, and complications during metatarsal lengthening with external fixation. The cause of each adverse result is also discussed and clinical and surgical pearls to avoid these problems, obstacles, and complications are presented.

A modified surgical technique for lengthening of a metatarsal using an external fixator

Brachymetatarsia is a congenital or developmental condition that results in a short metatarsal. Problems that arise from this condition can include pain, difficulty with shoe wear, and cosmetic concerns. Multiple techniques have been described that successfully correct the deformity, including both acute and gradual distraction. We describe a modification of the technique of gradual lengthening by way of distraction osteogenesis in which an axial transarticular K-wire is incorporated into a monolateral frame, thereby increasing the stability of the construct and potentially minimizing complications.

One-stage metatarsal lengthening by allograft interposition: a novel approach for congenital brachymetatarsia

BACKGROUND

Congenital brachymetatarsia, a shortened metatarsal bone, can be corrected surgically by callus distraction or one-stage lengthening using bone graft.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

We asked whether one-stage metatarsal lengthening using metatarsal homologous bone graft could improve forefoot function, lead to metatarsal healing, restore metatarsal parabola, and improve cosmetic appearance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 29 patients (41 feet) in whom we lengthened 50 metatarsals. Surgery consisted of a transverse proximal osteotomy of the metatarsal shaft and interposition of a metatarsal homologous bone graft (average, 13 mm long) fixed with an intramedullary Kirschner wire. Minimum followup was 3 years (mean, 5 years; range, 3-11 years).

RESULTS

Bone union was achieved in all cases. The mean preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 37 points (range, 28-53 points) and the mean postoperative score was 88 points (range, 74-96 points), with an average improvement of 51 points. Radiographically, the mean gain in length was 13 mm (range, 10-15 mm), and the mean percentage increase was 23%.

CONCLUSIONS

One-stage metatarsal lengthening using interposition of metatarsal homologous bone graft to correct congenital brachymetatarsia has low morbidity for the patient, limited complications, short recovery times, and restores forefoot anatomy.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Lengthening of fourth brachymetatarsia by three different surgical techniques

We carried out a retrospective study to assess the clinical results of lengthening the fourth metatarsal in brachymetatarsia in 153 feet of 106 patients (100 female, six males) using three different surgical techniques. In one group lengthening was performed by one-stage intercalary bone grafting secured by an intramedullary Kirschner-wire (45 feet, 35 patients). In the second group lengthening was obtained gradually using a mini-external fixator after performing an osteotomy with a saw (59 feet, 39 patients) and in the third group lengthening was achieved in a gradual manner using a mini-external fixator after undertaking an osteotomy using osteotome through pre-drilled holes (49 feet, 32 patients). The mean age of the patients was 26.3 years (13 to 48). Pre-operatively, the fourth ray of the bone-graft group was longer than that of other two groups (p < 0.000). The clinical outcome was compared in the three groups. The mean follow-up was 22 months (7 to 55).

At final follow-up, the mean lengthening in the bone-graft group was 13.9 mm (3.5 to 23.0, 27.1%) which was less than that obtained in the saw group with a mean of 17.8 mm (7.0 to 33.0, 29.9%) and in the pre-drilled osteotome group with a mean of 16.8 mm (6.5 to 28.0, 29.4%, p = 0.001). However, the mean time required for retention of the fixation in the bone-graft group was the shortest of the three groups. Patients were dissatisfied with the result for five feet (11.1%) in the bone-graft group, eight (13.6%) in the saw group and none in the pre-drilled osteotomy group (p < 0.000). The saw group included eight feet with failure of bone formation after surgery. Additional operations were performed in 20 feet because of stiffness (n = 7, all groups), failure of bone formation (n = 4, saw group), skin maceration (n = 4, bone-graft group), malunion (n = 4, bone-graft and saw groups) and breakage of the external fixator (n = 1, saw group).

We conclude that the gradual lengthening by distraction osteogenesis after osteotomy using an osteotome produces the most reliable results for the treatment of fourth brachymetatarsia.

Treatment of brachymetatarsia of the first and fourth ray in adults

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to review our results of treatment for brachymetatarsia involving the first and fourth ray.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study includes 47 feet of 30 patients who have been treated for brachymetatarsia of the first and fourth rays. The average age of patients was 26.4 (range, 20 to 36) years. The second and third metatarsals were shortened in 44 feet. In 41 feet, the fourth metatarsals were lengthened at one stage with resected bones from the second and third metatarsals. The lengthening or shortening of each metatarsal was recorded. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score and subjective satisfaction were obtained for the clinical evaluation.

RESULTS

The average amount of shortening in the second and third metatarsal was 8.9 +/- 2.8 mm and 7.2 +/- 2.6 mm respectively. The average amount of lengthening in the fourth metatarsal was 10.3 +/- 4.1 mm. Postoperative AOFAS score was 83.2 +/- 7.6. Stiffness of the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint was the most common cause of functional deficit. All except three patients were satisfied with some reservation. Additional operations were performed on eleven feet.

CONCLUSION

Most adult patients with the first and fourth ray brachymetatarsia have been subjectively satisfied with the treatment with some loss of function mostly due to stiffness of the metatarsophalangeal joints.

How to avoid complications of distraction osteogenesis for first brachymetatarsia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Distraction osteogenesis may be used for the treatment of brachymetatarsia. However, few reports have been published on first metatarsal lengthening by this method. We evaluated the complications of distraction osteogenesis for first brachymetatarsia and here we provide a solution.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

16 patients (27 feet) underwent distraction osteogenesis for first brachymetatarsia. Mean age at time of surgery was 20 (12-34) years and mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 5 (2-13) years. A unilateral external fixator was fixed at the medial aspect of the metatarsus. The distraction axis was parallel to the plantar surface of the foot in the sagittal plane and to the second metatarsal axis in the transversal plane.

RESULTS

First metatarsal length expressed as a proportion of second metatarsal length was 60% (55-64). Average degree of metatarsal lengthening was 42% (34-54), and the average lengthening index was 64 (39-93) days/cm. The most common complication was stiffness of the metatarsophalangeal joint (12 feet). Deformities that included cavus foot and hallux valgus occurred in 3 feet each, and callus fractures occurred in 3 feet. The other complications were pin breakage and pin tract infection in 2 feet each.

INTERPRETATION

Distraction osteogenesis for first brachymetatarsia can give satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. However, several complications are commonly encountered. This report on complications and their solutions may help those attempting distraction osteogenesis for first brachymetatarsia.

[Malformations of the lower extremities]

Malformations with deficiencies of the lower extremities are rare. They are usually caused by toxic influences during pregnancy between the 4th and the 12th week of gestation. Some malformations have a genetic origin. The total incidence of congenital deficiencies of the lower extremities is approximately 18 in 100,000 newborns. The most common deficiencies are fibular hemimelias, followed by congenital femoral deficiencies and tibial hemimelias. Hemimelias are often associated with deficient toes or ray defects. Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is less common, but this diagnosis is underestimated in epidemiological studies in neonates, because the fracture usually only occurs at walking age. Other deficiencies such as bladder exstrophy with pelvic defects, split feet and defects in association with hereditary skeletal dysplasias (Apert syndrome, constriction band syndrome) are extremely rare. Various treatment options are available, including shoe elevation, orthotic or prosthetic devices, realignment osteotomy, arthrodesis, rotationplasty, amputation and surgical leg lengthening. Complex deformities should be treated by a team of specialists such as orthopedic surgeons, orthotists, physiotherapists, psychologists and possibly other surgeons too.

Lengthening of short bones by distraction osteogenesis--results and complications

We performed bone lengthening surgery on 12 metacarpals and 14 metatarsals of 15 patients. The mean age for metacarpal and metatarsal lengthening was 14.5 (10-21) and 17.5 (10-25) years, respectively. We used a unilateral or a circular external fixator. The mean healing index of the metacarpals and metatarsals was 1.6 (1.1-2.3) and 1.6 (1.0-2.0) months/cm, respectively. The mean increase in metacarpal and metatarsal length was 17.6 (13-26) and 24.3 (20-30) mm, respectively. The functional scores of the metatarso-phalangial (MTP) joint of lengthened metatarsals for the lesser toe were excellent in 12 and good in two cases based on the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring system. Complications were seen in six of the metatarsal lengthening cases including four angulations, one subluxation and one non-union. We conclude that the periosteum must be protected with percutaneous osteotomy and lengthening should be performed at a rate of 0.25 mm twice a day and should not exceed 40% of the original bone length (or >20 mm).