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Moriguchi G, Fukunaga T, Ninomiya K, Bamba Y, Tsuchida Y, Matsumoto K, Kishima H, Sasaki M. Atlantoaxial Intradural Synovial Cyst Mimicking an Extradural Lesion Adjacent to a Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor: A Case Report. NMC Case Rep J 2022; 9:389-394. [PMID: 36518905 PMCID: PMC9719744 DOI: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2022-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantoaxial synovial cysts can very rarely penetrate the dura mater into the thecal sac and cause direct neural compression. Several case reports have been available on "intradural synovial cysts" (IDSCs). In this study, we report on a case with an atlantoaxial IDSC mimicking an extradural lesion. A 90-year-old man was diagnosed with a cystic lesion located laterally to the atlantoaxial joint adjacent to the retro-odontoid pseudotumor (ROP) causing cervical spinal cord compression. Thus, surgical removal was planned. On preoperative examination, the cyst, which had a two-layer structure showing a T2-isointense small mass inside a T2-hyperintense lesion, was thought to be located in the extradural region. However, operative findings showed that the cyst was located inside the dura mater. Histopathological examination suggested a synovial cyst. No recurrence of the cyst was observed until the latest follow-up after 3 years, and the ROP decreased in size. Almost all IDSCs reported previously were observed in the medial site of the atlantoaxial joint. In our case, however, the cyst was observed adjacent to the posteromedial site of the right atlantoaxial joint and the ROP, mimicking an extradural lesion. We had no knowledge regarding the IDSC before the surgery and assumed an extradural lesion. Albeit rare, the existence of such a condition should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gento Moriguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukunaga
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koshi Ninomiya
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Bamba
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Iseikai Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Hanwa Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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Synovial Cyst of the Atlantoaxial Joint Removed through a Posterior Intradural Approach. Case Rep Orthop 2021; 2021:9941503. [PMID: 34188967 PMCID: PMC8195662 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9941503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Synovial cysts rarely develop in the atlantoaxial joint. We report a case of posterior C1-2 laminectomy for a synovial cyst of the atlantoaxial joint which passed through the dorsal dura and put pressure on the cervical spinal cord. Case Presentation. A 62-year-old man with rapid progression of pain and weakness in the left upper extremity presented to our hospital. A cervical spine X-ray showed left C5-6 and C6-7 stenoses. A cervical magnetic resonance imaging showed an intradural extramedullary cystic lesion on the right side of the ventral cervical spinal cord at the C1-2 level and severe compression of the cervical spinal cord. Because a cyst was partially enhancing, a tumor lesion was not identifiable. Due to severe spinal cord compression, we performed intradural cyst removal via a posterior intradural approach with C1-2 laminectomy and left-sided C5-6 and C6-7 foraminotomies. One year after surgery, the cyst did not recur, and atlantoaxial instability did not appear. Discussion. A compressive lesion on the cervical spinal cord was not identified preoperatively as a synovial cyst. However, intraoperative and pathological findings suggested that the compressive lesion can be a synovial cyst which passed through the dorsal dura. The surgical treatment strategy for a synovial cyst of the atlantoaxial joint is controversial due to factors, such as the presence of atlantoaxial instability, level of cyst causing compression of the cervical spinal cord, severity of myelopathy, and cyst location. In the present study, the cervical spinal cord was highly compressed and the cyst was located on the right side of the cervical spinal cord; we chose cyst removal through a posterior intradural approach with C1-2 laminectomy.
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Iampreechakul P, Lertbutsayanukul P, Thammachantha S. Complete Resolution of a Large Hemorrhagic Lumbar Synovial Cyst Following Spinal Fusion Alone. Asian J Neurosurg 2020; 15:1085-1090. [PMID: 33708695 PMCID: PMC7869279 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_366_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors reported complete regression of a large hemorrhagic lumbar synovial cyst following posterior spinal fusion without direct cystic resection. A 64-year-old woman suffered from sudden onset of the left buttock pain radiating to the left leg after waking up in the morning following the previous history of a minor accident 2 months ago. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbosacral spine showed a large extradural round mass originating from the left facet joint at the level of L3–L4. The mass was hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images, probably compatible with hemorrhagic joint-related cyst. Surgical treatment was chosen for her because of persistent left radicular pain with no responding to medications. The patient underwent decompressive laminectomy, subtotal facetectomy, instrumented fusion, and only tissue biopsy due to severe adherence of the mass and dura. Histopathological examination was consistent with a hemorrhagic synovial cyst. The radicular pain completely disappeared after the surgery. Follow-up MRI of the lumbosacral spine obtained 6 months after the surgery demonstrated complete resolution of the hemorrhagic cyst. Complete resolution of hemorrhagic synovial cyst seems to correlate with subtotal facetectomy, probably resulting in leakage of cyst content and subsequent resorption of the cyst wall. In addition, hematoma within the synovial cyst may resolve spontaneously over time.
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Chibbaro S, Gubian A, Zaed I, Hajhouji F, Pop R, Todeschi J, Bernard G, Di Emidio P, Mallereau CH, Proust F, Ganau M. Cervical myelopathy caused by ventrally located atlanto-axial synovial cysts: An open quest for the safest and most effective surgical management. Case series and systematic review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 2020; 66:447-454. [PMID: 33068595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite a good understanding of the natural history of spinal synovial cysts (SCs), a widespread agreement regarding their optimal management is still lacking. This is particularly true for SCs occurring at the C1-C2 level, which are rare, but oftentimes lead to a rapidly evolving cervical myelopathy. METHODS We report a series of 4 patients (M:F ratio=1:1; mean age 63.5 years) presenting with progressive cervical myelopathy secondary to ventrally located C1-C2 SCs. All patients underwent a postero-lateral facet-sparing intradural approach with total excision of the SCs. Functional status was assessed pre- and postoperatively with Nurick scale and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic association grading. Furthermore we conducted a systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines of pertinent literature to contextualize the options for surgical management of such lesions. RESULTS Complete excision of the SCs was confirmed radiologically and on histological analysis. All measures of functional status improved post-operatively, and no cyst recurrence or need for instrumented fusion were noted during follow up (range from 22 to 88 months). CONCLUSION Our experience suggests that the facet-sparing intradural approach provides excellent clinical outcomes without causing any C1-C2 instability. This is in keeping with the take home message emerging from our literature review, which confirms that treatment should aim at radical resection of SCs while minimizing the risk of postoperative instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chibbaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisiere University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Gubian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Zaed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.
| | - F Hajhouji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - R Pop
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Todeschi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Bernard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisiere University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P Di Emidio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - C-H Mallereau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Proust
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Ganau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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Miyazawa R, Miyawaki S, Yamada K, Amemiya S, Ikemura M, Hinata M, Uchikawa H, Shiode T, Kin T, Takai K, Nakatomi H, Saito N. Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor: Two Cases of Intradural Ganglion Cysts Arising From the Odontoid Process with Syringobulbia. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:148-153. [PMID: 32827740 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglion cysts mostly occur in the knuckles and wrists, but they rarely present in the odontoid process and can cause neurological symptoms by compressing the spinal cord. They are mostly localized in the epidural space, but may very rarely appear in the intradural space. There are no reports of cases of intradural ganglion cyst involving syringobulbia. CASE DESCRIPTION We report the presentation and management of 2 cases of an intradural ganglion cyst of the odontoid process. Several treatment options for ganglion cysts of the odontoid process have been reported, such as rest and use of a neck collar, posterior decompression and fusion, and transoral anterior decompression. Because our 2 cases progressed rapidly and had severe neurological symptoms, surgical treatment was performed for rapid decompression and definitive pathological diagnosis. The mass was resected as much as possible using the lateral occipital fossa approach, and the operation was completed without dissection of the brain stem or manipulation of the syringobulbia. Postoperatively, neurological symptoms promptly improved, and the syringobulbia reduced. CONCLUSIONS For intradural ganglion cysts with syringobulbia, we suggest relief of the compression by resection of the mass and treatment of the syringobulbia in 2 stages, if necessary, to avoid the risk of damage to the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Miyazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyawaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Amemiya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Hinata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uchikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketo Shiode
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakatomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Patel BK, Bapat MR, Upadhyay AS. A Modified Posterior Approach for Decompression of a Multiloculated Atlanto-axial Cyst With Myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:E1047-E1051. [PMID: 32701738 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case report. OBJECTIVE To describe a modified posterior approach for decompression and excision of a multiloculated atlanto-axial cyst. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Atlanto-axial cyst with myelopathy is rare. A direct decompression through anterior approach or an indirect decompression through posterior approach has been proposed. We report a rare multiloculated large C1-C2 cyst extending down to C3 body with myelopathy that created a dilemma in choice of approach. A modified posterior approach was adopted for decompression. METHODS A 72-year-old lady, known case of Rheumatoid arthritis, presented with cervical myelopathy which was rapidly progressive since 2 months being her to wheel chair bound. She had clumsiness of gait and bilateral grip weakness. Both upper and lower extremities had nonfunctional power (medical research council scale grade 2). Deep tendon reflexes were exaggerated. Sensation was reduced in trunk and both extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan showed a large multiloculated cyst compressing spinal cord. Here author used modified posterior approach from the right side to access the cyst. The C2 ganglion excision, vertebral artery isolation, and resection of the pars allowed an approach similar to transforaminal decompression in the lumbar spine. A large antero-lateral epidural part of the cyst was excised. The retro-dental cyst was decompressed by puncturing cyst. Biopsy confirmed a synovial cyst. RESULT The patient showed rapid neurological recovery after surgery. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging at 3 months showed complete resolution of cyst. At 2-year follow-up, there was a complete neurological recovery with residual spasticity. CONCLUSION A customized posterior approach allowed near total excision of a rare multiloculated large C1-2 cyst extending to the C3 body. This allowed visualisation anterior to the spinal cord without undue retraction that saved an additional anterior decompression. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat K Patel
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanavati Super Specialty Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Khormi YH, Chrenek R, Tejas S. Intradural synovial cyst of the upper cervical spine: A rare cause of symptomatic cord compression. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32754361 PMCID: PMC7395520 DOI: 10.25259/sni_355_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Synovial cysts are commonly observed soft-tissue masses of the spine, typically extradural and located in the lumbar region. We describe a very rare symptomatic case of a C1-C2 intradural synovial cyst. Case Description: A 78-year-old female presented with progressive left side weakness, paresthesia, and hyperreflexia. The magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-circumscribed, subtly enhancing lesion medial to the C1-2 facet, causing cord compression and edema. Using neurophysiological monitoring, surgery included a modified laminectomy of C2 with the removal of the C1 posterior arch. When the dura was opened, a sizable intradural extramedullary lesion was encountered, the cyst was successfully drained and partially resected. The histopathological diagnosis was consistent with a synovial cyst. Postoperatively, the patient’s strength on the left side improved gradually until she was fully ambulatory. Postoperative imaging showed no recurrence at 8 months follow-up. Conclusion: Synovial cysts should be considered among the differential diagnose of C1-2 cysts. They can occur intradurally and compress the spinal cord resulting in a significant neurological deficit. Cyst excision may be accomplished utilizing a limited laminectomy for cyst identification and drainage, accompanied by partial resection of the cyst wall. Such intervention can lead to good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya H Khormi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryan Chrenek
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sankar Tejas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Theodotou CB, Urakov TM, Vanni S. Atlantoaxial Synovial Cyst: Case Report and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2016; 92:588.e7-588.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Immediate Reduction of a Retro-odontoid Synovial Cyst Following Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint Puncture and Arthrography: A Case Report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:E609-12. [PMID: 25714849 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case report. OBJECTIVE We report on a case with a retro-odontoid synovial cyst, and the immediate reduction of the cyst was confirmed after lateral atlantoaxial joint puncture and arthrography. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Retro-odontoid synovial cysts are rare diseases located posteriorly to a dense axis. Because most reports have focused on surgical treatment, only a few have examined nonsurgical treatment. However, several months are required after nonsurgical treatment until cyst regression. METHODS A 52-year-old female presented with atlantoaxial instability. She complained of neck pain and numbness in her hands. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a retro-odontoid synovial cyst. Lateral atlantoaxial joint puncture and arthrography were performed. RESULTS Two days after treatment, the patient showed significant improvement in the numbness of her hands, and a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging revealed an immediate reduction in the cyst. During a 4.5-year follow-up period, no recurrence of the clinical symptoms occurred. CONCLUSION Lateral atlantoaxial joint puncture may immediately reduce retro-odontoid synovial cysts, and the lateral atlantoaxial joint has a communication channel with the retro-odontoid synovial cyst via the atlantodental joint. Once disappearance of the cyst is confirmed, an acceptable long-term outcome can be achieved with nonsurgical treatment even in cases with atlantoaxial instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Bydon M, Lin JA, de la Garza-Ramos R, Sciubba DM, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Gokaslan ZL, Bydon A. The role of spinal fusion in the treatment of cervical synovial cysts: a series of 17 cases and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine 2014; 21:919-28. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.spine13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Object
This study was undertaken to compare surgical outcomes between patients with atlantoaxial versus subaxial cervical synovial cysts (CSCs) and to compare outcomes between patients who underwent decompression alone versus decompression and fusion for the treatment of CSCs.
Methods
The authors present a series of 17 cases involving patients treated at their institution and report the surgical outcomes. Due to the rarity of CSCs, a meta-analysis was conducted, and results of the literature search were combined with the case series to enhance the power of the study.
Results
Seventeen patients underwent surgical treatment for CSCs at our institution: 3 patients (17.6%) had atlantoaxial cysts and 14 (82.3%) had subaxial cysts. Of the 17 patients, 16 underwent a decompression and fusion; most patients experienced symptom resolution at last follow-up, and there were no cyst recurrences. A total of 54 articles (including the current series) and 101 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The mean age at presentation was 64 ± 13.9 years, and the most common symptoms were motor and sensory deficits. Forty-one patients (40.6%) presented with atlantoaxial cysts, and 60 (59.4%) with subaxial cysts. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of presenting symptoms, Nurick scores, surgical treatment, or surgical outcomes. Fifty-two patients (51.4%) underwent surgical decompression without fusion, while 49 patients (48.6%) underwent fusion. The preoperative Nurick scores were significantly lower in the fused group (p = 0.001), with an average score of 1.32 compared with 2.75 in the nonfused group. After a mean follow-up of 16.5 months, a difference of means analysis between final and preoperative Nurick scores revealed that patients who received a decompression alone improved on average 1.66 points (95% CI 1.03–2.29) compared with 0.8 points (95% CI 0.23–1.39) in the fused group (p = 0.004). However, there was no statistically significant difference in symptom resolution between the groups, and the rate of cyst recurrence was found to be 0%.
Conclusions
In this study, patients with CSCs had similar outcomes regardless of cyst location and regardless of whether they underwent decompression only or fusion. In the authors' institutional experience, 16 of 17 patients underwent fusion due to underlying spinal instability. While there were no reports of cyst recurrence in their series or in the literature in patients who only received decompression, this is likely due to the limited follow-up time available for the study population. Longer follow-up and prospective and biomechanical studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Bydon
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph A. Lin
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rafael de la Garza-Ramos
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel M. Sciubba
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean Paul Wolinsky
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy F. Witham
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ziya L. Gokaslan
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Bydon
- 1Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lee CY, Lai HY, Lee ST. Ganglion cyst of the cruciate ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:1917-21. [PMID: 23942863 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are rare and sometimes asymptomatic. The authors present three cases of ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament with atlantoaxial subluxation, which has rarely been reported previously. METHODS Generally, ganglion cysts of the cruciate ligament are reported as case reports. Several theories regarding the process of cyst formation and the development of treatment options have been described. However, trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst may be one of the options for treatment of this kind of disease. RESULTS A retrospective review of three patients, two female and one male patient, with a mean age of 68 years was conducted. The operation performed was a trans-oral decompression with cyst removal for all patients. Clinical outcomes were evaluated after the operation. All patients underwent trans-oral decompression with total removal of the cyst, followed by posterior fusion and pathologic examination of the cyst, revealing myxoid stroma with an absence of synovial linings. CONCLUSION The ganglion cysts and synovial cysts of the cruciate ligament are two different diseases with different presentation, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and pathologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Sheen JJ, Seo DK, Rhim SC, Choi SH. Hemorrhagic synovial cyst associated with rheumatoid atlantoaxial subluxation. KOREAN JOURNAL OF SPINE 2013; 10:85-7. [PMID: 24757465 PMCID: PMC3941723 DOI: 10.14245/kjs.2013.10.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synovial cyst on prevertebral space of C1-2 joint is rare but may be associated hemorrhagic event. We describe a case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with sudden severe headache in her left occipital area with dyspnea. She had rheumatoid arthritis for 14-years. Large hemorrhagic cystic mass was seen around prevertebral space of the atlantoaxial joint on the left side on cervical MRI (magnetic resonance image) and it obstructed the nasopharyngeal cavity. Aspiration of the cystic lesion was performed via transoral approach, followed by posterior occipito-cervical fusion. The specimen was xanthochromic, suggesting old hemorrhage. The patient was tolerable on her postoperative course and showed good respiration and relieved headache. We suggest that repeated microtrauma due to atalantoaxial subluxation associated with rheumatoid arthritis as a main cause of hemorrhagic event on the cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jon Sheen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwang Seo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Rhim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department of Otolaryngotology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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SAMESHIMA T, SHIBAHASHI K, NOZAKI T, AKABANE A, KIHARA A, HORIUCHI H, MORITA A. Atlantoaxial Intraspinal Juxtafacet Cyst. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53:125-8. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.53.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Akio MORITA
- Department of Neurosurgery, NTT Medical Center Tokyo
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14
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Machino M, Yukawa Y, Ito K, Kato F. Cervical degenerative intraspinal cyst: a case report and literature review involving 132 cases. BMJ Case Rep 2012. [PMID: 23195823 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspinal and extradural cysts in the cervical spine are rare disorders that may cause myelopathy or radiculopathy. A synovial cyst or ganglion derived from the facet joint and that from a ligamentum flavum have been reported. We report a surgical case of degenerative intraspinal cyst, causing cervical myelopathy. MRI of a case revealed cystic lesion at C4-5. Spinal cord was compressed by cyst and symptoms of myelopathy were also observed. The patient with cervical spinal canal stenosis underwent laminoplasty and excision of the cyst. The patient recovered well immediately after the surgery. Literature review showed that 133 patients have been reported, including the present case. Previous reports indicated that most cysts occurred in old patients and at the atlanto-axial or C7-T1 junction, and laminectomy or laminoplasty with excision of the cyst gave good results in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Machino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization, Nagoya, Japan.
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Schmitz MR, Jenné J. Acute Tetraparesis Caused by a Cervical Spine Synovial Cyst Associated with an Os Odontoideum: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2012; 2:e17. [PMID: 29252418 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.k.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Schmitz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3851 Roger Brook Dr., Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234.
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16
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Sivakumar W, Elder JB, Bilsky MH. Cervical juxtafacet cyst after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 31:E19. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.8.focus11119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common neurosurgical procedure, and the benefits, long-term outcomes, and complications are well described in the literature. The development of a juxtafacet joint cyst resulting in radiculopathy is a rare outcome after ACDF and merits further description. The authors describe a patient in whom a juxtafacet joint cyst developed after ACDF procedures, resulting in surgical intervention. When a juxtafacet joint cyst develops after ACDF, symptoms can include radiculopathy, neck pain, and neurological symptoms such as paresthesias and motor weakness. The presence of a juxtafacet joint cyst implies instability in that region of the spine. Patients with this pathological entity may require decompression of neural elements and fusion across the segment involved with the cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walavan Sivakumar
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - J. Bradley Elder
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Mark H. Bilsky
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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17
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Van Gompel JJ, Morris JM, Kasperbauer JL, Graner DE, Krauss WE. Cystic deterioration of the C1-2 articulation: clinical implications and treatment outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 14:437-43. [PMID: 21314283 DOI: 10.3171/2010.12.spine10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Synovial cysts of the cervical spine are rare. Further, synovial cysts of the C1-2 articulation, or retroodontoid cysts, are very rare, with fewer than 20 cases reported overall. The authors report on a single-institution series of 10 patients with C1-2 retroodontoid synovial cysts. METHODS The charts of 10 patients with pathologically confirmed synovial cysts following resection between January 1998 and June 2009 were reviewed. The clinical presentation, radiographic findings, surgical management, and pre- and postoperative functional levels (reported as a modified Rankin outcome) are reported. RESULTS All 10 patients underwent attempts at complete resection of the synovial cyst; none of the lesions were simply aspirated. All 4 patients with an initial recommendation of observation alone ultimately underwent surgery because of their swift neurological deterioration. The mean age at surgery was 75.4 ± 4.6 years (range 54-81 years). The mean presenting cyst volume was 4.6 ± 1.7 cm(3). Nine of 10 patients underwent transoral resection of the cyst with posterior fusion. Six of the 10 patients underwent additional posterior laminectomy for decompression. The hospital length of stay varied from 2 to 45 days, with a mean of 19 ± 7 days. All patients undergoing transoral decompression had varying degrees of difficulty with postoperative dysphagia, diagnosed using videofluoroscopy. All patients improved in their modified Rankin Scale score after surgical intervention with a mean follow-up of 42 months (95% CI 12-72 months). CONCLUSIONS Synovial cysts of the atlantoaxial joint are rare. They occur in older patients in whom clinical deterioration is likely to occur. In most cases, these cysts can be diagnosed preoperatively. Transoral decompression with posterior fusion is an effective treatment for C1-2 degenerative cysts and can be accomplished with few complications. However, the ideal treatment for these lesions remains unknown.
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18
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Yahara Y, Kawaguchi Y, Seki S, Abe Y, Oya T, Kimura T. Ligamentum flavum cyst of the cervical spine associated with rheumatoid arthritis. J Orthop Sci 2009; 14:215-8. [PMID: 19337815 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-008-1313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Yahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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19
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Velán O, Rabadán A, Paganini L, Langhi L. Atlantoaxial Joint Synovial Cyst: Diagnosis and Percutaneous Treatment. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31:1219-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Spinner RJ, Amrami KK, Wolanskyj AP, Desy NM, Wang H, Benarroch EE, Skinner JA, Rock MG, Scheithauer BW. Dynamic phases of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation: a new dimension added to the unifying articular theory. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:296-307. [PMID: 17695383 DOI: 10.3171/jns-07/08/0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The pathogenesis of intraneural ganglia has been a controversial issue for longer than a century. Recently the authors identified a stereotypical pattern of occurrence of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia, and based on an understanding of their pathogenesis provided a unifying articular explanation. Atypical features, which occasionally are observed, have offered an opportunity to verify further and expand on the authors' proposed theory. METHODS Three unusual cases are presented to exemplify the dynamic features of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation. RESULTS Two patients with a predominant deep peroneal nerve deficit shared essential anatomical findings common to peroneal intraneural ganglia: namely, 1) joint connections to the anterior portion of the superior tibiofibular joint, and 2) dissection of the cyst along the articular branch of the peroneal nerve and proximally. Magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in these patients demonstrated some unusual findings, including the presence of a cyst within the tibial and sural nerves in the popliteal fossa region, and spontaneous regression of the cysts, which was observed on serial images obtained weeks apart. The authors identified a clinical outlier, a case that could not be understood within the context of their previously reported theory of intraneural ganglion cyst formation. Described 32 years ago, this patient had a tibial neuropathy and was found at surgery to have tibial, peroneal, and sciatic intraneural cysts without a joint connection. The authors' hypothesis about this case, based on their unified theory, was twofold: 1) the lesion was a primary tibial intraneural ganglion with proximal extension followed by sciatic cross-over and distal descent; and 2) a joint connection to the posterior aspect of the superior tibiofibular joint with a remnant cyst within the articular branch would be present, a finding that would help explain the formation of different cysts by a single mechanism. The authors proved their hypothesis by careful inspection of a recently obtained postoperative MR image. CONCLUSIONS These three cases together with data obtained from a retrospective review of the authors' clinical material and findings reported in the literature provide firm evidence for mechanisms underlying intraneural ganglia formation. Thus, expansion of the authors' unified articular theory permits understanding and elucidation of unusual presentations of intraneural cysts. Whereas an articular connection and fluid following the path of least resistance was pivotal, the authors now incorporate dynamic aspects of cyst formation due to pressure fluxes. These basic principles explain patterns of ascent, cross-over, and descent down terminal nerve branches based on articular connections, paths of diminished resistance to fluid flow within recognized anatomical compartments, and the effects of fluctuating pressure gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Spinner
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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21
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Spinner RJ, Amrami KK, Wolanskyj AP, Desy NM, Wang H, Benarroch EE, Skinner JA, Rock MG, Scheithauer BW. Dynamic phases of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation: a new dimension added to the unifying articular theory. Neurosurg Focus 2007. [DOI: 10.3171/foc.2007.22.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The pathogenesis of intraneural ganglia has been a controversial issue for longer than a century. Recently the authors identified a stereotypical pattern of occurrence of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia, and based on an understanding of their pathogenesis provided a unifying articular explanation. Atypical features, which occasionally are observed, have offered an opportunity to verify further and expand on the authors' proposed theory.
Methods
Three unusual cases are presented to exemplify the dynamic features of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation.
Results
Two patients with a predominant deep peroneal nerve deficit shared essential anatomical findings common to peroneal intraneural ganglia: namely, 1) joint connections to the anterior portion of the superior tibiofibular joint, and 2) dissection of the cyst along the articular branch of the peroneal nerve and proximally. Magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in these patients demonstrated some unusual findings, including the presence of a cyst within the tibial and sural nerves in the popliteal fossa region, and spontaneous regression of the cysts, which was observed on serial images obtained weeks apart. The authors identified a clinical outlier, a case that could not be understood within the context of their previously reported theory of intraneural ganglion cyst formation. Described 32 years ago, this patient had a tibial neuropathy and was found at surgery to have tibial, peroneal, and sciatic intraneural cysts without a joint connection. The authors' hypothesis about this case, based on their unified theory, was twofold: 1) the lesion was a primary tibial intraneural ganglion with proximal extension followed by sciatic cross-over and distal descent; and 2) a joint connection to the posterior aspect of the superior tibiofibular joint with a remnant cyst within the articular branch would be present, a finding that would help explain the formation of different cysts by a single mechanism. The authors proved their hypothesis by careful inspection of a recently obtained postoperative MR image.
Conclusions
These three cases together with data obtained from a retrospective review of the authors' clinical material and findings reported in the literature provide firm evidence for mechanisms underlying intraneural ganglia formation. Thus, expansion of the authors' unified articular theory permits understanding and elucidation of unusual presentations of intraneural cysts. Whereas an articular connection and fluid following the path of least resistance was pivotal, the authors now incorporate dynamic aspects of cyst formation due to pressure fluxes. These basic principles explain patterns of ascent, cross-over, and descent down terminal nerve branches based on articular connections, paths of diminished resistance to fluid flow within recognized anatomical compartments, and the effects of fluctuating pressure gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas M. Desy
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery
- McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and
| | - Huan Wang
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Riva G, Puglisi CG, Giudice A, Papa R, Cavallaro T, Chiaramonte I, Pero G. Synovial cyst of dens axis. A case report. Neuroradiol J 2006; 19:379-81. [PMID: 24351226 DOI: 10.1177/197140090601900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial cyst of dens axis is a rare pathology accounting for 0.5%-1% of all cases of spinal synovial cysts. The lesion is normally found in the final part of the lumbar tract. The etiopathogenesis is uncertain and many theories abound Clinical inspection is important and the symptoms are caused by compression of posterior roots of spinal nerves and by spinal canal stenosis. Differential diagnosis is with disc herniation or tumours, but the diagnosis can only be established after CT and MRI examination. We describe the case of an 83-year-old man who underwent radiological exmaination after ten years of symptoms. The pathology was diagnosed only after the CT and MRI investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Riva
- U.O. di Neuroradiologia; Università degli Studi di Catania, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico di Catania, Italy -
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