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Lu L, Li J, Jiang X, Bai R. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis: "old" pathway as "novel" target for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1189-1220. [PMID: 38178560 DOI: 10.1002/med.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's defense response to exogenous or endogenous stimuli, involving complex regulatory mechanisms. Discovering anti-inflammatory drugs with both effectiveness and long-term use safety is still the direction of researchers' efforts. The inflammatory pathway was initially identified to be involved in tumor metastasis and HIV infection. However, research in recent years has proved that the CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)/CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) axis plays a critical role in the upstream of the inflammatory pathway due to its chemotaxis to inflammatory cells. Blocking the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells by CXCL12 at the inflammatory site may block and alleviate the inflammatory response. Therefore, developing CXCR4 antagonists has become a novel strategy for anti-inflammatory therapy. This review aimed to systematically summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in more than 20 inflammatory diseases, highlighting its crucial role in inflammation. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of CXCR4 antagonists were discussed. The findings might help generate new perspectives for developing anti-inflammatory drugs targeting the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renren Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Luo M, Dong C, Liang X, Na R, Zhou B, Hou J, Jiang DK. A genetic variant of CXCR4 predicts pegylated interferon-alpha treatment response in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0139623. [PMID: 38259071 PMCID: PMC10865838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01396-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a vital role in immunoregulation during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to screen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CXCR4 for predicting pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) therapy response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This retrospective cohort study enrolled a total of 945 CHB patients in two cohorts (Cohort 1, n = 238; Cohort 2, n = 707), and all the patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and treated with PegIFNα for 48 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks. Twenty-two tag SNPs were selected in CXCR4 and its flanking region. A polygenic score (PGS) was utilized to evaluate the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs. The relationships between CXCR4 SNPs and PGS and PegIFNα treatment response were explored in the two cohorts. Among the 22 candidate SNPs of CXCR4, rs28367495 (T > C) was significantly linked to PegIFNα treatment response in both cohorts. In patients with more number of rs28367495 C allele, a higher rate of combined response (CR, defined as HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA level < 3.3 log10 IU/mL; P = 1.51 × 10-4), a lower mean hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level (P = 4.76 × 10-4), and a higher mean HBsAg decline (P = 3.88 × 10-4) at Week 72 were achieved. Moreover, a PGS integrating CXCR4_rs28367495 and five previously reported SNPs was strongly correlated with CR (P = 1.26 × 10-13), HBsAg level (P = 4.90 × 10-4), and HBsAg decline (P = 0.005) in all the patients of the two cohorts. CXCR4_rs28367495 is a promising indicator for predicting the responsiveness to PegIFNα treatment for HBeAg-positive CHB patients. The new PGS may further improve the prediction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (Hepatic Diseases) of Guangxi, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Chao Dong
- School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinghe Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Na
- Division of Urology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes of Liver Diseases Research of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (Hepatic Diseases) of Guangxi, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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3
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Clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CXCL1 and CXCL12 genes in patients with major trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 86:440-447. [PMID: 30489503 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic backgrounds have been recognized as significant determinants of susceptibility to sepsis. CXC chemokines play a significant role in innate immunity against infectious diseases. Genetic polymorphisms of CXC chemokine genes have been widely studied in inflammatory and infectious diseases but not in sepsis. Thus, we aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of CXC chemokine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to sepsis in a traumatically injured population. METHODS Thirteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from CXC chemokine genes using a multimarker tagging algorithm in the Tagger software. Three independent cohorts of injured patients (n = 1700) were prospectively recruited. Selected single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction method. Cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Among the 13 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1429638, rs266087, rs2297630, and rs2839693) were significantly associated with the susceptibility to sepsis, and three (rs3117604, rs1429638, and rs4074) were significantly associated with an increased multiple organ dysfunction score in the derivation cohort. However, only the clinical relevance of rs1429638 and rs266087 was confirmed in the validation cohorts. In addition, rs2297630 was significantly associated with interleukin 6 production. CONCLUSION The rs1429638 polymorphism in the CXCL1 gene and the rs2297630 polymorphism in the CXCL12 gene were associated with altered susceptibility to sepsis and might be used as important genetic markers to assess the risks of sepsis in trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level II.
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4
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Zhang W, Chihade DB, Xie J, Chen CW, Ramonell KM, Liang Z, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Preexisting malignancy abrogates the beneficial effects of CXCR4 blockade during sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:485-495. [PMID: 31985098 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1019-502r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at an increased risk of developing and dying from sepsis. We previously reported that blockade of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 resulted in decreased CD4+ T cell exhaustion and improved survival in a model of polymicrobial sepsis in previously healthy mice. Here, we sought to determine whether CXCR4 blockade could improve mortality and immune dysregulation during sepsis complicated with malignancy. Results in animals inoculated with a lung cancer cell line and subjected to CLP 3 weeks later indicated that CXCR4 was up-regulated on naïve and central memory T cells following sepsis. Of note, and in contrast to results in previously healthy mice, CXCR4 blockade failed to improve survival in cancer septic animals; instead, it actually significantly worsened survival. In the setting of cancer, CXCR4 blockade failed to result in T cell egress from the bone marrow, reverse lymphopenia in the spleen, or reverse T cell exhaustion. Mechanistically, elevated expression of CD69 on naïve T cells in the bone marrow of cancer septic animals was associated with their inability to egress from the bone marrow in the setting of CXCR4 blockade. In conclusion, these results illuminate the differential impact of CXCR4 blockade on sepsis pathophysiology in the setting of cancer and highlight the need for personalized therapy during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deena B Chihade
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xie
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly M Ramonell
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Patry C, Stamm D, Betzen C, Tönshoff B, Yard BA, Beck GC, Rafat N. CXCR-4 expression by circulating endothelial progenitor cells and SDF-1 serum levels are elevated in septic patients. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29796010 PMCID: PMC5956812 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers are increased in septic patients and correlate with survival. In this study, we investigated, whether surface expression of chemokine receptors and other receptors important for EPC homing is upregulated by EPC from septic patients and if this is associated with clinical outcome. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from septic patients (n = 30), ICU control patients (n = 11) and healthy volunteers (n = 15) were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. FACS-analysis was used to measure the expression of the CXC motif chemokine receptors (CXCR)-2 and − 4, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and the stem cell factor receptor c-Kit. Disease severity was assessed via the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II. The serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α and angiopoietin (Ang)-2 were determined with Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assays. Results EPC from septic patients expressed significantly more CXCR-4, c-Kit and RAGE compared to controls and were associated with survival-probability. Significantly higher serum concentrations of VEGF, SDF-1α and Ang-2 were found in septic patients. SDF-1α showed a significant association with survival. Conclusions Our data suggest that SDF-1α and CXCR-4 signaling could play a crucial role in EPC homing in the course of sepsis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12950-018-0186-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Patry
- 1Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,2Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Stamm
- 3Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Betzen
- 1Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- 1Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benito A Yard
- 4Department of Medicine V, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grietje Ch Beck
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Ludwig-Erhard-Straße 100, 65199 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Neysan Rafat
- 1Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,6Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahá'í Institute of Higher Education (BIHE), Teheran, Iran
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6
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Badr HS, El-Gendy FM, Helwa MA. Serum stromal-derived-factor-1 (CXCL12) and its alpha chemokine receptor (CXCR4) as biomarkers in neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2209-2215. [PMID: 28562124 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1336760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality both among term and preterm infants. Advances in neonatal care improved survival and reduced complications in preterm infants. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that give directional guidance for leukocyte migration during inflammatory process. The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are now known to play an important role in inflammatory states. However, its value as a biomarker in neonatal sepsis is unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the value of measuring the serum levels of alpha-chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) and stromal-derived-factor-1 (CXCL12) in diagnosis of late onset neonatal sepsis. SUBJECT AND METHODS Serum levels of CXCL12 and CXCR4 were determined in 38 full term neonates, 23 cases of late onset sepsis (13 males and 10 female), and 15 healthy neonates as control (six males and nine females) by ELISA technique and flow-cytometry. RESULTS Serum levels of CXCR4 and CXCL12 were significantly higher in neonates with late onset sepsis compared with the non-septic ones. The sensitivity, the specificity, and the overall accuracy of CXCL12 were 100%. The sensitivity of CXCR4 was 87%; the specificity was 80% and the overall accuracy was 84%. CONCLUSIONS Serum CXCR4 and CXCL12 levels increase significantly in septic neonates and they are valuable marker in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Serum concentrations of both chemokines represent promising novel biomarkers for neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Badr
- a Department of Pediatrics , Menoufia University , Shibin El Kom , Egypt
| | - Fady M El-Gendy
- a Department of Pediatrics , Menoufia University , Shibin El Kom , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Helwa
- b Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Menoufia University , Shibin El Kom , Egypt
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7
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Bai R, Shi Q, Liang Z, Yoon Y, Han Y, Feng A, Liu S, Oum Y, Yun CC, Shim H. Development of CXCR4 modulators by virtual HTS of a novel amide-sulfamide compound library. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:464-475. [PMID: 27914361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays a crucial role in recruitment of inflammatory cells to inflammation sites at the beginning of the disease process. Modulating CXCR4 functions presents a new avenue for anti-inflammatory strategies. However, using CXCR4 antagonists for a long term usage presents potential serious side effect due to their stem cell mobilizing property. We have been developing partial CXCR4 antagonists without such property. A new computer-aided drug design program, the FRESH workflow, was used for anti-CXCR4 lead compound discovery and optimization, which coupled both compound library building and CXCR4 docking screens in one campaign. Based on the designed parent framework, 30 prioritized amide-sulfamide structures were obtained after systemic filtering and docking screening. Twelve compounds were prepared from the top-30 list. Most synthesized compounds exhibited good to excellent binding affinity to CXCR4. Compounds Ig and Im demonstrated notable in vivo suppressive activity against xylene-induced mouse ear inflammation (with 56% and 54% inhibition). Western blot analyses revealed that Ig significantly blocked CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, Ig attenuated the amount of TNF-α secreted by pathogenic E. coli-infected macrophages. More importantly, Ig had no observable cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrated that FRESH virtual high throughput screening program of targeted chemical class could successfully find potent lead compounds, and the amide-sulfamide pharmacophore was a novel and effective framework blocking CXCR4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yiran Han
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoonhyeun Oum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Chris Yun
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Rump K, Unterberg M, Bergmann L, Bankfalvi A, Menon A, Schäfer S, Scherag A, Bazzi Z, Siffert W, Peters J, Adamzik M. AQP5-1364A/C polymorphism and the AQP5 expression influence sepsis survival and immune cell migration: a prospective laboratory and patient study. J Transl Med 2016; 14:321. [PMID: 27871297 PMCID: PMC5117689 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The C-allele of the aquaporin (AQP5) -1364A/C polymorphism is associated with decreased AQP5 expression but increased 30-day survival in patients with severe sepsis. AQP5 expression might affect survival via an impact on cell migration. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that (1) Aqp5 knockout (KO) compared to wild type (WT) mice show an increased survival following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, and that (2) AQP5 expression and the AQP5 -1364A/C polymorphism alters immune cell migration. Methods We investigated Aqp5-KO and wild type mice after intraperitoneal injection of either E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, serotype O127:B8, 20 mg/kg) or saline. Furthermore, neutrophils of volunteers with the AA-AQP5 or AC/CC-AQP5- genotype were incubated with 10−8 M Chemotactic peptide (fMLP) and their migration was assessed by a filter migration assay. Additionally, AQP5 expression after fMLP incubation was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Moreover, migration of AQP5 overexpressing Jurkat cells was studied after SDF-1α-stimulation. We used exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests; exact Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and the Kaplan–Meier estimator for statistical analysis. Results Fifty-six percent of Aqp5-KO but only 22% of WT mice survived following LPS-injection. WT mice showed increased neutrophil migration into peritoneum and lung compared to Aqp5-KO mice. Target-oriented migration of neutrophils was seen after 0.5 h in AA-genotype cells but only after 1.5 h in AC/CC-genotype cells, with a threefold lower migrating cell count. AQP5 overexpressing Jurkat cells showed a 2.4 times stronger migration compared to native Jurkat cells. Conclusion The AQP5 genotype may influence survival following LPS by altering neutrophil cell migration. Trial registration DRKS00010437. Retrospectively registered 26 April 2016 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1079-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rump
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, In der Schornau 55, 45882, Bochum, Germany. .,Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany. .,Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum and Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Unterberg
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, In der Schornau 55, 45882, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Bergmann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, In der Schornau 55, 45882, Bochum, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum and Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anil Menon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simon Schäfer
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum and Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Klinik für Anästhesiologie, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - André Scherag
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Zainab Bazzi
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, In der Schornau 55, 45882, Bochum, Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum and Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Adamzik
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum-Langendreer, In der Schornau 55, 45882, Bochum, Germany.,Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum and Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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9
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Heffernan DS, Monaghan SF, Ayala A. Lymphocyte integrin expression differences between SIRS and sepsis patients. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:981-987. [PMID: 27796667 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis remain leading causes of death. Despite many similarities, the two entities are very distinct clinically and immunologically. T-Lymphocytes play a key pivotal role in the pathogenesis and ultimately outcome following both SIRS and sepsis. Integrins are essential in the trafficking and migration of lymphocytes. They also serve vital roles in efficient wound healing and clearance of infections. Here, we investigate whether integrin expression, specifically β1 (CD29) and β2 (CD18), are disrupted in SIRS and sepsis, and assess differences in integrin expression between these two critically ill clinical categories. METHODS T-Lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood collected from ICU patients exhibiting SIRS or sepsis. Samples were analyzed for CD18 (β2) and CD29 (β1) on CD3+ T cells through flow cytometry. Septic patients were stratified into either exclusively abdominal or non-abdominal sources of sepsis. RESULTS CD18 was almost ubiquitously expressed on CD3+ T cells irrespective of clinical condition. However, CD29 (β1 integrin) was lowest in SIRS patients (20.4% of CD3+ T cells) when compared with either septic patients (35.5%) or healthy volunteers (54.1%). Furthermore, there was evidence of compartmentalization in septic patients, where abdominal sources had a greater percentage of CD3+CD29+ T cells (41.7%) when compared with those with non-abdominal sources (29.5%). CONCLUSION Distinct differences in T-cell integrin expression exists between patients in SIRS versus sepsis, as well as relative to the source of sepsis. Further work is needed to understand cause and effect relative to the progression from SIRS into sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Heffernan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA.
| | - S F Monaghan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA
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Inhibitors of CXC chemokine receptor type 4: putative therapeutic approaches in inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21:29-36. [PMID: 24275689 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), which is a G-protein coupled receptor, and its ligand CXCL12 play an important role in neutrophil homeostasis and inflammation. This review focuses on involvement of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in inflammation and different inflammatory diseases and depicts that blocking CXCR4 is an attractive therapeutic strategy. RECENT FINDINGS Binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 retains immature neutrophils in the bone marrow and also participates in leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissue. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is also involved in several inflammatory processes and diseases including the WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections and myelokathexis) syndrome, HIV, autoimmune disorders, ischemic injury, and pulmonary fibrosis. SUMMARY Based on these findings, blocking CXCR4 seems to be a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases. Several promising CXCR4 antagonists are in different stages of development and clinical trials. Currently, only plerixafor (AMD3100) has been approved for short-term application.
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Tunc T, Cekmez F, Cetinkaya M, Kalayci T, Fidanci K, Saldir M, Babacan O, Sari E, Erdem G, Cayci T, Kul M, Kavuncuoglu S. Diagnostic value of elevated CXCR4 and CXCL12 in neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:356-61. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.916683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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van Ierssel SH, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Hoymans VY, Vrints CJ, Conraads VM, Jorens PG. Endothelium dependent vasomotion and in vitro markers of endothelial repair in patients with severe sepsis: an observational study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69499. [PMID: 23936333 PMCID: PMC3735536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome in sepsis is mainly defined by the degree of organ failure, for which endothelial dysfunction at the macro- and microvascular level is an important determinant. In this study we evaluated endothelial function in patients with severe sepsis using cellular endothelial markers and in vivo assessment of reactive hyperaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with severe sepsis (n = 30) and 15 age- and gender- matched healthy volunteers were included in this study. Using flow cytometry, CD34+/KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), CD31+ T-cells, and CD31+/CD42b- endothelial microparticles (EMP) were enumerated. Migratory capacity of cultured circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) was assessed in vitro. Endothelial function was determined using peripheral arterial tonometry at the fingertip. RESULTS In patients with severe sepsis, a lower number of EPC, CD31+ T-cells and a decreased migratory capacity of CAC coincided with a blunted reactive hyperaemia response compared to healthy subjects. The number of EMP, on the other hand, did not differ. The presence of organ failure at admission (SOFA score) was inversely related with the number of CD31+ T-cells. Furthermore, the number of EPC at admission was decreased in patients with progressive organ failure within the first week. CONCLUSION In patients with severe sepsis, in vivo measured endothelial dysfunction coincides with lower numbers and reduced function of circulating cells implicated in endothelial repair. Our results suggest that cellular markers of endothelial repair might be valuable in the assessment and evolution of organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H van Ierssel
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
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Sano H, Kobayashi R, Suzuki D, Kishimoto K, Yasuda K, Kobayashi K. Bacteremia during neutropenia is a predictive factor for invasive fungal infection in children. Pediatr Int 2013; 55:145-50. [PMID: 23253211 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a critical complication in the management of hematologic and malignant disease. Given that there is a tendency for IFI to occur after bacteremia following febrile episodes during neutropenia, the aim of this study was to determine if bacteremia was a predictive factor for IFI in pediatric patients with hematologic and malignant disease. METHODS Sixty-two patients (32 boys, 30 girls; median age, 4 years) with hematologic or malignant disease who had received chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and experienced febrile episodes during neutropenia were enrolled. In patient-based analysis, clinical features of 62 patients were compared between those with and without IFI. Meanwhile, in febrile episode-based analysis, clinical features were analyzed for 268 febrile episodes occurring during neutropenia in the 62 patients. RESULTS Patient-based analysis showed that relapse of original disease and acute myeloid leukemia were risk factors for IFI. Meanwhile, febrile episode-based analysis identified bacteremia following febrile episodes during neutropenia as a potential risk factor for IFI. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to identify bacteremia following febrile episodes during neutropenia as a predictive factor for IFI in pediatric patients with hematologic or malignant disease. When bacteremia is detected in such patients, sufficient preventive measures against IFI, including intensive use of antifungal agents, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirozumi Sano
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
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Xia XM, Wang FY, Zhou J, Hu KF, Li SW, Zou BB. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 modulates claudin expression and intestinal barrier function in experimental colitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27282. [PMID: 22073304 PMCID: PMC3207859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by local inflammation and impaired epithelial barrier. Previous studies demonstrated that CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonists could reduce colonic inflammation and mucosal damage in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Whether CXCR4 antagonist has action on intestinal barrier and the possible mechanism, is largely undefined. In the present study, the experimental colitis was induced by administration of 5% DSS for 7 days, and CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was administered intraperitoneally once daily during the study period. For in vitro study, HT-29/B6 colonic cells were treated with cytokines or AMD3100 for 24 h until assay. DSS-induced colitis was characterized by morphologic changes in mice. In AMD3100-treated mice, epithelial destruction, inflammatory infiltration, and submucosal edema were markedly reduced, and the disease activity index was also significantly decreased. Increased intestinal permeability in DSS-induced colitis was also significantly reduced by AMD3100. The expressions of colonic claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-7 and claudin-8 were markedly decreased after DSS administration, whereas colonic claudin-2 expression was significantly decreased. Treatment with AMD3100 prevented all these changes. However, AMD3100 had no influence on claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-7 and claudin-8 expression in HT-29/B6 cells. Cytokines as TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ increased apoptosis and monolayer permeability, inhibited the wound-healing and the claudin-3, claudin-7 and claudin-8 expression in HT-29/B6 cells. We suggest that AMD3100 acted on colonic claudin expression and intestinal barrier function, at least partly, in a cytokine-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
This article discusses the multiple roles of CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, in bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development and regulation. CXCL12 interaction with CXCR4 results in effects as varied as cell migration, proliferation and survival or apoptosis. The selective signaling pathways that mediate these varied outcomes are summarized briefly. The CXCL12/CXCR4 pair is crucially involved in homing and repopulation of HSCs in the specific BM niches. Mechanisms of HSC mobilization to the peripheral circulation in response to physiological requests and therapeutic stimulations, as well as recent data on the novel receptor for CXCL12, CXCR7, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Moll
- CRICM / INSERM-UPMC, UMRS 975/CNRS UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 105 bd. de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris, France.
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Xia XM, Wang FY, Xu WA, Wang ZK, Liu J, Lu YK, Jin XX, Lu H, Shen YZ. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 attenuates colonic damage in mice with experimental colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2873-80. [PMID: 20556832 PMCID: PMC2887582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i23.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) receptor (CXCR4) antagonist AMD3100 on colonic inflammation and epithelial barrier in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.
METHODS: Experimental colitis was induced by administration of 5% DSS for 7 d, and assays performed on intestinal segments from the ileocecal valve to the anus. Colonic morphology was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Colonic cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (indicator of inflammatory infiltration) was observed spectrophotometrically. Gut permeability was assessed by mucosal-to-serosal clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran 4000 (FD4) in everted gut sacs. The apoptosis of colonic epithelium was assessed by Hoechst-33342 staining. To further elucidate the role of CXCR4 in colonic inflammation, we also investigated the effect of AMD3100 on migration and cytokine production of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
RESULTS: DSS-induced colitis was characterized by morphologic changes, as well as increased colonic cytokines, inflammatory infiltration, epithelial apoptosis, and intestinal permeability in mice. In AMD3100-treated mice, epithelial destruction, inflammatory infiltration, and submucosal edema were markedly reduced; colonic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, as well as MPO activity were significantly decreased. Increased intestinal permeability in DSS-treated mice was significantly reduced by AMD3100. The number of apoptotic cells in colitis mice was markedly increased after DSS administration, and decreased when treated with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. In pre-activated PBMCs, CXCL12 stimulation significantly increased the migration of PBMCs, and was inhibited by AMD3100. Moderately increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ from CXCL12-treated PBMCs were also reduced by AMD3100.
CONCLUSION: The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 exerts therapeutic effects on experimental colitis by inhibiting colonic inflammation and enhancing epithelial barrier integrity.
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Zhang Z, Zhong W, Hall MJ, Kurre P, Spencer D, Skinner A, O'Neill S, Xia Z, Rosenbaum JT. CXCR4 but not CXCR7 is mainly implicated in ocular leukocyte trafficking during ovalbumin-induced acute uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:522-31. [PMID: 19524567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is an inflammatory ocular disease characterized by the infiltration of T lymphocytes and other leukocytes into the eye. The recruitment of these inflammatory cells from systemic vasculature to ocular tissue is a well-coordinated multistep process including rolling, firm adhesion and transmigration. CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) is an endothelial cell-derived cytokine interacting with CXCR4 and CXCR7, two chemokine receptors mainly expressed in T cells, neutrophils and monocytes. Recent studies have shown that CXCR4, CXCR7 and their ligand, CXCL12, are important for the regulation of leukocyte mobilization and trafficking. However, it is unclear whether these two chemokine receptors are implicated in the pathogenesis of uveitis. In this study, we used DO11.10 mice, whose CD4+ T cells are genetically engineered to react with ovalbumin (OVA), to investigate the role of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in an animal model of uveitis. Intravital microscopy revealed that intravitreal OVA challenge of DO11.10 mice caused the infiltration of both T cells and neutrophils. The invasion of these inflammatory cells coincided with the detection of transcriptional up-regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the eye. In addition, both real-time-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed an enhanced expression of endothelial CXCL12. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of AMD3100 (a specific CXCR4 antagonist) significantly attenuated OVA-induced uveitis and CXCL12-mediated transwell migration. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of CXCR7 neutralizing antibody did not significantly alter ocular infiltration of inflammatory cells caused by OVA challenge. Our data suggest that CXCR4 but not CXCR7 plays a critical role in antigen-induced ocular inflammation by facilitating leukocyte infiltration. This study not only enhances our knowledge of the immunopathological mechanism of uveitis but also provides a novel rationale to target CXCR4 as an anti-inflammatory strategy to treat uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Shim H, Oishi S, Fujii N. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a therapeutic target for neuroectodermal tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:123-34. [PMID: 19084067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of proteins associated with the trafficking and activation of leukocytes and other cell types in immune surveillance and inflammatory response. Besides their roles in the immune system, they play pleiotropic roles in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Chemokines can be classified into four subfamilies of chemokines, CXC, CC, C, or CX3C, based on their number and spacing of conserved cysteine residues near the N-terminus. This CXC subfamily can be further subclassified into two groups, depending on the presence or absence of a tripeptide motif glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) in the N-terminal domain. ELR(-)CXCL12, which binds to CXCR4 has been frequently implicated in various cancers. Over the past several years, studies have increasingly shown that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays critical roles in tumor progression, such as invasion, angiogenesis, survival, homing to metastatic sites. This review focuses on involvement of CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction in neuroectodermal cancers and their therapeutic potentials. As an attractive therapeutic target of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis for cancer chemotherapy, development history and application of CXCR4 antagonists are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Li M, Ransohoff RM. Multiple roles of chemokine CXCL12 in the central nervous system: a migration from immunology to neurobiology. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 84:116-31. [PMID: 18177992 PMCID: PMC2324067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) have been traditionally defined as small (10-14kDa) secreted leukocyte chemoattractants. However, chemokines and their cognate receptors are constitutively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) where immune activities are under stringent control. Why and how the CNS uses the chemokine system to carry out its complex physiological functions has intrigued neurobiologists. Here, we focus on chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 that have been widely characterized in peripheral tissues and delineate their main functions in the CNS. Extensive evidence supports CXCL12 as a key regulator for early development of the CNS. CXCR4 signaling is required for the migration of neuronal precursors, axon guidance/pathfinding and maintenance of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In the mature CNS, CXCL12 modulates neurotransmission, neurotoxicity and neuroglial interactions. Thus, chemokines represent an inherent system that helps establish and maintain CNS homeostasis. In addition, growing evidence implicates altered expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders such as HIV-associated encephalopathy, brain tumor, stroke and multiple sclerosis (MS), making them the plausible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhang Li
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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