1
|
Reddy ASS, Rao SS, D Shenoy V, Shetty S. Role of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Activation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Critically Ill Children. Indian J Pediatr 2024; 91:1075-1077. [PMID: 37751042 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Mortality prediction is important for cautious monitoring and optimal management of critically ill children. The serum cytokine levels are elevated early in critical illness before the physiological parameters are deranged. This cross-sectional descriptive study included the critically ill children admitted in intensive care unit. Serial serum levels of IL-6, NF-κB and PELOD 2 scoring were measured and compared in 45 children (40 survivors, 5 non-survivors). The median IL-6 levels at 24 h and 72 h were significantly high in non-survivors when compared to survivors [median (IQR) = 1122 (1305) pg/ml vs. 564.39 (153) pg/ml and 1263 (626) pg/ml vs. 82 (191) pg/ml respectively; p <0.0001)]. There was an increasing trend of IL-6 in non-survivors when compared to the survivors. The NF-κB values were comparable. The IL-6 levels correlated well with the illness severity. IL-6 had superior prognostic value compared with NF-κB in predicting mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akula Sai Sneha Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Swathi Sunil Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Vijaya D Shenoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sepsis Patients Display a Reduced Capacity to Activate Nuclear Factor-κB in Multiple Cell Types. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e524-e531. [PMID: 28240686 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis is a complex clinical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. A distinctive feature of sepsis is the reduced capacity of leukocytes to release proinflammatory cytokines in response to ex vivo stimulation. Cellular signaling events leading to immunosuppression in sepsis are not well defined. We investigated cell-specific signaling events underlying the immunosuppressed phenotype in sepsis. DESIGN Ex vivo study. SETTING ICU of an academic hospital. PATIENTS Nineteen patients with sepsis and 19 age-matched healthy controls. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The phosphorylation state of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells were determined in ex vivo stimulated CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Messenger RNA expression levels of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and negative regulators tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3 (A20) and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 were determined in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Upon ex vivo stimulation, monocytes of sepsis patients were less capable in phosphorylating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Sepsis was also associated with reduced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in stimulated B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells. Messenger RNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and A20 were diminished in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sepsis patients, whereas p38 mitogen activated protein kinase messenger RNA was up-regulated. In neutrophils of sepsis patients, mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 messenger RNA levels were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis-induced immunosuppression associates with a defect in the capacity to phosphorylate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in lymphoid cells and monocytes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Molina V, von Dessauer B, Rodrigo R, Carvajal C. Oxidative stress biomarkers in pediatric sepsis: a prospective observational pilot study. Redox Rep 2016; 22:330-337. [PMID: 27733100 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1239866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is known to participate in the progression of sepsis. Definite data regarding the behavior of oxidative stress biomarkers in pediatric sepsis is still lacking. This study hypothesized that oxidative stress occurs in pediatric sepsis and that the magnitude of the redox derangement is associated with worse clinical progression. METHODS Forty-two previously healthy pediatric patients with sepsis and a group of control subjects were included. Oxidative stress and inflammatory activity biomarkers were determined in blood samples. Patients were prospectively followed until their discharge or death. RESULTS Patients with non-severe and severe sepsis showed higher levels of plasmatic antioxidant capacity, lower erythrocyte thiol index, lower superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, higher glutathione peroxidase activity, and higher plasmatic F2-isoprostanes concentration than controls. Patients with severe sepsis had higher NF-kappaB activation than those with non-severe sepsis. Although we observed changes in some biomarkers in patients with worse clinical evolution, the explored biomarkers did not correlate with clinical estimators of outcome. DISCUSSION Oxidative stress occurs in pediatric sepsis, resulting in oxidative damage. The explored biomarkers are not useful as outcome predictors in the studied population. The behavior of these biomarkers still needs to be addressed in broader groups of pediatric patients with sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Molina
- a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit , Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río , Santiago , Chile
| | - Bettina von Dessauer
- a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit , Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- b Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Cristian Carvajal
- a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit , Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toubiana J, Courtine E, Tores F, Asfar P, Daubin C, Rousseau C, Ouaaz F, Marin N, Cariou A, Chiche JD, Mira JP. Association of REL polymorphisms and outcome of patients with septic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:28. [PMID: 27059500 PMCID: PMC4826362 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background cRel, a subunit of NF-κB, is implicated in the inflammatory response observed in autoimmune disease. Hence, knocked-out mice for cRel had a significantly higher mortality, providing new and important functions of cRel in the physiopathology of septic shock. Whether genetic variants in the human REL gene are associated with severity of septic shock is unknown. Methods We genotyped a population of 1040 ICU patients with septic shock and 855 ICU controls for two known polymorphisms of REL; REL rs842647 and REL rs13031237. Outcome of patients according to the presence of REL variant alleles was compared. Results The distribution of REL variant alleles was not significantly different between patients and controls. Among the septic shock group, REL rs13031237*T minor allele was not associated with worse outcome. In contrast, REL rs842647*G minor allele was significantly associated with more multi-organ failure and early death [OR 1.4; 95 % CI (1.02–1.8)]. Conclusion In a large ICU population, we report a significant clinical association between a variation in the human REL gene and severity and mortality of septic shock, suggesting for the first time a new insight into the role of cRel in response to infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Toubiana
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. .,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France. .,Department of Pediatric and Infectious Diseases, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Emilie Courtine
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Tores
- Bioinformatics Platform, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes University- Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Cédric Daubin
- Medical Intensive Care, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | | | - Fatah Ouaaz
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Marin
- Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cariou
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Chiche
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pravda J. Metabolic theory of septic shock. World J Crit Care Med 2014; 3:45-54. [PMID: 24892019 PMCID: PMC4038812 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v3.i2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is a life threatening condition that can develop subsequent to infection. Mortality can reach as high as 80% with over 150000 deaths yearly in the United States alone. Septic shock causes progressive failure of vital homeostatic mechanisms culminating in immunosuppression, coagulopathy and microvascular dysfunction which can lead to refractory hypotension, organ failure and death. The hypermetabolic response that accompanies a systemic inflammatory reaction places high demands upon stored nutritional resources. A crucial element that can become depleted early during the progression to septic shock is glutathione. Glutathione is chiefly responsible for supplying reducing equivalents to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, a toxic oxidizing agent that is produced during normal metabolism. Without glutathione, hydrogen peroxide can rise to toxic levels in tissues and blood where it can cause severe oxidative injury to organs and to the microvasculature. Continued exposure can result in microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage and septic shock. It is the aim of this paper to present evidence that elevated systemic levels of hydrogen peroxide are present in septic shock victims and that it significantly contributes to the development and progression of this frequently lethal condition.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang QH, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. Septic encephalopathy: when cytokines interact with acetylcholine in the brain. Mil Med Res 2014; 1:20. [PMID: 25722876 PMCID: PMC4340341 DOI: 10.1186/2054-9369-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a brain dysfunction that occurs secondary to infection in the body, characterized by alteration of consciousness, ranging from delirium to coma, seizure or focal neurological signs. SAE involves a number of mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, in which the interaction between cytokines and acetylcholine results in neuronal loss and alterations in cholinergic signaling. Moreover, the interaction also occurs in the periphery, accelerating a type of immunosuppressive state. Although its diagnosis is not specific in biochemistry and imaging tests, it could potentiate severe outcomes, including increased mortality, cognitive decline, progressive immunosuppression, cholinergic anti-inflammatory deficiency, and even metabolic and hydroelectrolyte imbalance. Therefore, the bilateral communication between SAE and the multiple peripheral organs and especially the immune system should be emphasized in sepsis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048 P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carmona F, Manso PH, Silveira VS, Cunha FQ, de Castro M, Carlotti APCP. Inflammation, myocardial dysfunction, and mortality in children with septic shock: an observational study. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:463-70. [PMID: 24091885 PMCID: PMC7100657 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-013-0801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether nuclear factor kappa-B activation, as evaluated by gene expression of its inhibitor (I-κBα) and cytokine serum levels, was associated with myocardial dysfunction and mortality in children with septic shock. Twenty children with septic shock were prospectively enrolled and grouped according to ejection fraction (EF) <45% (group 1) or EF ≥45% (group 2) on the first day after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. No interventions were made. In the first day, patients from group 1 (n = 6) exhibited significantly greater tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 plasma levels. However, I-κBα gene expression was not different in both groups. Mortality and number of complications were significantly greater in group 1. Patients who died had greater plasma concentrations of TNF-α. In conclusion, TNF-α and IL-10 are involved in myocardial dysfunction accompanying septic shock in children, and TNF-α is associated with mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Carmona
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil,
| | - Paulo H. Manso
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Silveira
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Ana P. C. P. Carlotti
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nupponen I, Kuuliala A, Siitonen S, Repo H, Kuuliala K. Cord Blood Monocytes, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes from Preterm and Full-Term Neonates Show Multiple Aberrations in Signalling Profiles Measured Using Phospho-Specific Whole-Blood Flow Cytometry. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:426-38. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Nupponen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Neonatology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Siitonen
- Laboratory Services (HUSLAB); Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Repo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In sepsis, large quantities of inflammatory cytokines are released into the bloodstream. The cellular source of these cytokines is unclear, and we have here investigated to what extent circulating cells in blood contributed to this production. We used the enzyme-linked immunospot technique to study the spontaneous as well as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β, IL-12p40, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 from whole-blood cells. The study comprised 32 septic patients (24 with septic shock) and 30 healthy controls. Despite significantly increased plasma cytokine levels in the septic patients, the number of spontaneous cytokine-secreting cells was small or nonexistent and did not differ between the two groups. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of cells from the same samples triggered substantially increased numbers of cytokine-producing cells in both patients and controls. However, although the numbers of IL-6- and tumor necrosis factor α-secreting monocytes were very similar in both groups, significantly fewer IL-1β-, IL-10-, IL-12p40-, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting monocytes were seen in samples from septic patients as compared with healthy controls. The reduced number of cytokine-secreting cells in response to LPS stimulation correlated with disease severity, as expressed by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and the stage of sepsis. In summary, circulating leukocytes did not appear to be responsible for the increased plasma levels of cytokines observed in sepsis. A selective sepsis-induced downregulation of cytokine secretion in response to LPS underscores the complexity of cytokine regulation in sepsis.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Ichiyama T, Kajimoto M, Matsushige T, Shiraishi M, Suzuki Y, Furukawa S. Mononuclear cell subpopulations in CSF and blood of children with bacterial meningitis. J Infect 2008; 58:28-31. [PMID: 19046603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate mononuclear cell subsets of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to investigate the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis (BM). METHODS Mononuclear cell and lymphocyte subsets in CSF and peripheral blood from 10 children with acute-stage BM before treatment on the same day were measured by flow cytometry. The control subjects for the subsets of peripheral blood were 15 healthy children. RESULTS The percentages of CD14+ monocytes/macrophages (median: 56.5%), activated CD14+CD16+ monocytes/macrophages (20.9%), and CD14+CD16+ cells among total CD14+ cells (37.9%) in the CSF were significantly higher than those in the blood of children with BM (p<0.01, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively), which were significantly higher than those of the controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively). The percentages of CD3+ (77.3%), CD4+ (45.2%), and CD8+ T cells (32.6%) in the CSF were significantly higher than those in the blood of affected children (p<0.01, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively). The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in the blood of children with BM were significantly lower than those of controls (all p<0.001). The percentages of CD20+ B cells (6.9%) in the CSF were significantly lower than those in the blood of affected children (p<0.01), which were significantly higher than those of controls (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The percentages of monocytes/macrophages and T cells in CSF were higher than those in blood in children with BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ichiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fukano R, Matsubara T, Inoue T, Gondo T, Ichiyama T, Furukawa S. Time lag between the increase of IL-6 with fever and NF-kappaB activation in the peripheral blood in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Cytokine 2008; 44:293-7. [PMID: 18845446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) that occurred in the retroperitoneum. The patient manifested systemic symptoms, such as intermittent fever, anemia, thrombocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia. In order to elucidate the mechanism of intermittent fever in IMT, we analyzed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using flow cytometry, and serum cytokine levels. NF-kappaB activation was observed in the peripheral blood T cells and monocytes/macrophages. Among the measured cytokines, only interleukin (IL)-6 levels were elevated. IL-6 levels during pyrexia in the afternoon were higher than those during apyrexia in the morning. In contrast to IL-6, NF-kappaB activation in PBMCs was lower during pyrexia than during apyrexia; this is considered to be because the activation is subject to negative feedback. The time lag between the increase of IL-6 in the serum and NF-kappaB activation in the PBMCs at the onset of intermittent fever in IMT may provide further insight into the role of cytokines and NF-kappaB activation in febrile inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Fukano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Asada K, Ichiyama T, Okuda Y, Okino F, Hashimoto K, Nishikawa M, Sugio Y, Furukawa S. Cytokine levels in sputum of patients with tracheostomy and profound multiple disabilities. Cytokine 2008; 42:71-6. [PMID: 18316201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway immunopathogenesis is unclear in patients with profound multiple disabilities (PMD) who undergo tracheostomy. METHODS The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70 cytokines were determined in sputum of 28 patients with PMD who underwent tracheostomy and in 14 healthy subjects, using a cytometric bead array. RESULTS The concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in the patients were significantly higher than those in controls (p < 0.001). IL-6, and IL-8 levels in eight PMD patients in the febrile period were significantly higher than those in the afebrile period (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Serum CRP levels were slightly elevated in 12 of the 28 patients (43%) in the afebrile period, but there were no significant differences in the level of any cytokine between patients with normal and elevated serum CRP. CONCLUSION PMD patients with tracheostomy have chronic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Asada
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Sanyo Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|