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van Zyl AR, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP. Development of plant-produced protein body vaccine candidates for bluetongue virus. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:47. [PMID: 28558675 PMCID: PMC5450216 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus serotypes (BTV), which have caused serious outbreaks worldwide. Commercially available vaccines are live-attenuated or inactivated virus strains: these are effective, but there is the risk of reversion to virulence or reassortment with circulating strains for live virus, and residual live virus for the inactivated vaccines. The live-attenuated virus vaccines are not able to distinguish naturally infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA compliant). Recombinant vaccines are preferable to minimize the risks associated with these vaccines, and would also enable the development of candidate vaccines that are DIVA-compliant. RESULTS In this study, two novel protein body (PB) plant-produced vaccines were developed, Zera®-VP2ep and Zera®-VP2. Zera®-VP2ep contained B-cell epitope sequences of multiple BTV serotypes and Zera®-VP2 contained the full-length BTV-8 VP2 codon-optimised sequence. In addition to fulfilling the DIVA requirement, Zera®-VP2ep was aimed at being multivalent with the ability to stimulate an immune response to several BTV serotypes. Both these candidate vaccines were successfully made in N. benthamiana via transient Agrobacterium-mediated expression, and in situ TEM analysis showed that the expressed proteins accumulated within the cytoplasm of plant cells in dense membrane-defined PBs. The peptide sequences included in Zera®-VP2ep contained epitopes that bound antibodies produced against native VP2. Preliminary murine immunogenicity studies showed that the PB vaccine candidates elicited anti-VP2 immune responses in mice without the use of adjuvant. CONCLUSIONS These proof of concept results demonstrate that Zera®-VP2ep and Zera®-VP2 have potential as BTV vaccines and their development should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertha R. van Zyl
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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Muraro E, Merlo A, Martorelli D, Cangemi M, Dalla Santa S, Dolcetti R, Rosato A. Fighting Viral Infections and Virus-Driven Tumors with Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28289418 PMCID: PMC5327441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been and are still largely regarded as the orchestrators of immune responses, being able to differentiate into distinct T helper cell populations based on differentiation signals, transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and specific functions. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence indicates that CD4+ T cells can also exert a direct effector activity, which depends on intrinsic cytotoxic properties acquired and carried out along with the evolution of several pathogenic infections. The relevant role of CD4+ T cell lytic features in the control of such infectious conditions also leads to their exploitation as a new immunotherapeutic approach. This review aims at summarizing currently available data about functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the context of viral infections and virus-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Merlo
- Department of Immunology and Blood Transfusions, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Debora Martorelli
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Ashraf NM, Bilal M, Mahmood MS, Hussain A, Mehboob MZ. In-silico analysis of putative HCV epitopes against Pakistani human leukocyte antigen background: An approach towards development of future vaccines for Pakistani population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sohn DH, Sohn HJ, Lee HJ, Lee SD, Kim S, Hyun SJ, Cho HI, Cho SG, Lee SK, Kim TG. Measurement of CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Frequencies Specific for EBV LMP1 and LMP2a Using mRNA-Transfected DCs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127899. [PMID: 26023769 PMCID: PMC4449191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An EBV-specific cellular immune response is associated with the control of EBV-associated malignancies and lymphoproliferative diseases, some of which have been successfully treated by adoptive T cell therapy. Therefore, many methods have been used to measure EBV-specific cellular immune responses. Previous studies have mainly used autologous EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs), recombinant viral vectors transfected or peptide pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) as stimulators of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In the present study, we used an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay by using isolated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells stimulated with mRNA-transfected DCs. The frequency of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells was significantly higher than that of LMP2a. The frequency of IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells was significantly correlated with that of CD8+ T cells in LMP1-specific immune responses (r = 0.7187, Pc < 0.0001). To determine whether there were changes in LMP1- or LMP2a-specific immune responses, subsequent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples were analyzed. Significant changes were observed in 5 of the 10 donors examined, and CD4+ T cell responses showed more significant changes than CD8+ T cell responses. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from EBV-seropositive donors secreted only the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, while Th2 (IL-4) and Th17 (IL-17a) cytokines were not detected. CD4+ T cells secreted significantly higher cytokine levels than did CD8+ T cells. Analysis of EBV-specific T cell responses using autologous DCs transfected with mRNA might provide a comprehensive tool for monitoring EBV infection and new insights into the pathogenesis of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hee Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Duk Lee
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sueon Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Cho
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Department of Hematology, Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyeong Lee
- Research Institute of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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5
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Lin X, Chen S, Xue X, Lu L, Zhu S, Li W, Chen X, Zhong X, Jiang P, Sename TS, Zheng Y, Zhang L. Chimerically fused antigen rich of overlapped epitopes from latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) of Epstein-Barr virus as a potential vaccine and diagnostic agent. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:492-501. [PMID: 25864917 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is prevalent throughout the world and is associated with several malignant diseases in humans. Latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) of EBV plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated tumors; therefore, LMP2 has been considered to be a potential immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic target. A multi-epitope-based antigen is a promising option for therapeutic vaccines and diagnoses of such malignancies. In this study, we systematically screened cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T cell (Th) and B-cell epitopes within EBV-LMP2 using bioinformatics. Based on the screen, two peptides rich in overlapping epitopes of both T cells and B cells were selected to construct a plasmid containing the sequence for a chimeric multi-epitope protein referred to as EBV-LMP2m, which is composed of LMP2aa195∼232 and LMP2aa419∼436. The EBV-LMP2m protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) after prokaryotic codon optimization. Inoculation of the purified chimeric antigen in BALB/c mice induced not only high levels of specific IgG in the serum and secretory IgA in the vaginal mucus but also a specific CTL response. By using purified EBV-LMP2m as an antigen, the presence of specific IgG in the serum specimens of 202 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients was effectively detected with 52.84% sensitivity and 95.40% specificity, which represents an improvement over the traditional detection method based on VCA-IgA (60.53% sensitivity and 76.86% specificity). The above results indicate that EBV-LMP2m may be used not only as a potential target antigen for EBV-associated tumors but also a diagnostic agent for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijun Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanli Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangmin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Torsoo Sophia Sename
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Capone G, Fasano C, Lucchese G, Calabrò M, Kanduc D. EBV-Associated Cancer and Autoimmunity: Searching for Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:74-89. [PMID: 26344947 PMCID: PMC4494242 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects B-, T-, and NK cells and has been associated not only with a wide range of lymphoid malignancies but also with autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and, in particular, multiple sclerosis. Hence, effective immunotherapeutic approaches to eradicate EBV infection might overthrow cancer and autoimmunity incidence. However, currently no effective anti-EBV immunotherapy is available. Here we use the concept that protein immunogenicity is allocated in rare peptide sequences and search the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) sequence for peptides unique to the viral protein and absent in the human host. We report on a set of unique EBV EBNA1 peptides that might be used in designing peptide-based therapies able to specifically hitting the virus or neutralizing pathogenic autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Candida Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Lucchese
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michele Calabrò
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
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7
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Pavlović MD, Jandrlić DR, Mitić NS. Epitope distribution in ordered and disordered protein regions. Part B — Ordered regions and disordered binding sites are targets of T- and B-cell immunity. J Immunol Methods 2014; 407:90-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Schubert B, Lund O, Nielsen M. Evaluation of peptide selection approaches for epitope-based vaccine design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 82:243-51. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Schubert
- Applied Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, Quantitative Biology Center, and Department of Computer Science; University of Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - O. Lund
- CBS, Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark DTU; 2800 Lyngby Denmark
| | - M. Nielsen
- CBS, Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark DTU; 2800 Lyngby Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Universidad Nacional de San Martín; San Martín Argentina
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9
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Expression, purification, and immunogenic characterization of Epstein-Barr virus recombinant EBNA1 protein in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6251-62. [PMID: 23685476 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus associated with the development of both lymphoid and epithelial tumors. EBNA1 is the only viral protein expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies and plays important roles in EBV latency. Thus, EBNA1 is thought to be a promising antigen for immunotherapy of all EBV-associated malignancies. This study was undertaken to produce recombinant EBNA1 protein in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its immunogenicity. The truncated EBNA1 (E1ΔGA, codons 390-641) was expressed as a secretory protein with an N-terminal histidine tag in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified proteins were then used as antigens to immunize BALB/c mice for production of polyclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis showed that the polyclonal antibodies specifically recognized the EBNA1 protein in B95-8 cell lysates. The recombinant E1ΔGA also induced strong lymphoproliferative and Th1 cytokine responses in mice. Furthermore, mice immunized with E1ΔGA developed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. These findings showed that the yeast-expressed E1ΔGA retained good immunogenicity and might be a promising vaccine candidate against EBV-associated malignancies.
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Galdiero S, Vitiello M, Finamore E, Mansi R, Galdiero M, Morelli G, Tesauro D. Activation of monocytic cells by immunostimulatory lipids conjugated to peptide antigens. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:3166-77. [PMID: 22710358 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial derived lipoproteins constitute potent macrophage activators in vivo and are effective stimuli, enhancing the immune response especially with respect to low or non-immunogenic compounds. In the present study we have prepared branched lipopeptide constructs in which different (B- and T-cell) epitopes of Herpes simplex virus type 1, derived from glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD), are linked to a synthetic lipid core. The ability of the lipid core peptide (LCP) constructs (LCP-gB and LCP-gD) to induce cytokine expression and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade has been evaluated and compared with the behaviour of the isolated epitopes and the lipid core. In this respect, the use of LCP technology coupled with the use of three different gB or gD peptide epitopes in the same branched constructs could represent an interesting approach in order to obtain efficient delivery systems in the development of a synthetic multiepitopic vaccine for the prevention of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biostructures, Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi - University of Naples "Federico II", Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
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11
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Almeida RR, Rosa DS, Ribeiro SP, Santana VC, Kallás EG, Sidney J, Sette A, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Broad and cross-clade CD4+ T-cell responses elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding highly conserved and promiscuous HIV-1 M-group consensus peptides. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45267. [PMID: 23028895 PMCID: PMC3445454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell based vaccine approaches have emerged to counteract HIV-1/AIDS. Broad, polyfunctional and cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell responses have been associated with control of HIV-1 replication, which supports the inclusion of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in vaccines. A successful HIV-1 vaccine should also be designed to overcome viral genetic diversity and be able to confer immunity in a high proportion of immunized individuals from a diverse HLA-bearing population. In this study, we rationally designed a multiepitopic DNA vaccine in order to elicit broad and cross-clade CD4+ T-cell responses against highly conserved and promiscuous peptides from the HIV-1 M-group consensus sequence. We identified 27 conserved, multiple HLA-DR-binding peptides in the HIV-1 M-group consensus sequences of Gag, Pol, Nef, Vif, Vpr, Rev and Vpu using the TEPITOPE algorithm. The peptides bound in vitro to an average of 12 out of the 17 tested HLA-DR molecules and also to several molecules such as HLA-DP, -DQ and murine IAb and IAd. Sixteen out of the 27 peptides were recognized by PBMC from patients infected with different HIV-1 variants and 72% of such patients recognized at least 1 peptide. Immunization with a DNA vaccine (HIVBr27) encoding the identified peptides elicited IFN-γ secretion against 11 out of the 27 peptides in BALB/c mice; CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation was observed against 8 and 6 peptides, respectively. HIVBr27 immunization elicited cross-clade T-cell responses against several HIV-1 peptide variants. Polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, able to simultaneously proliferate and produce IFN-γ and TNF-α, were also observed. This vaccine concept may cope with HIV-1 genetic diversity as well as provide increased population coverage, which are desirable features for an efficacious strategy against HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Immunology-Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Canato Santana
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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12
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Moralès O, Richard A, Martin N, Mrizak D, Sénéchal M, Miroux C, Pancré V, Rommelaere J, Caillet-Fauquet P, de Launoit Y, Delhem N. Activation of a helper and not regulatory human CD4+ T cell response by oncolytic H-1 parvovirus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32197. [PMID: 22359669 PMCID: PMC3281136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H-1 parvovirus (H-1 PV), a rodent autonomous oncolytic parvovirus, has emerged as a novel class of promising anticancer agents, because of its ability to selectively find and destroy malignant cells. However, to probe H-1 PV multimodal antitumor potential one of the major prerequisites is to decipher H-1 PV direct interplay with human immune system, and so prevent any risk of impairment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Non activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are not sensitive to H-1 PV cytotoxic effect. However, the virus impairs both activated PBMC proliferation ability and viability. This effect is related to H-1 PV infection as evidenced by Western blotting detection of H-1 PV main protein NS1. However, TCID50 experiments did not allow newly generated virions to be detected. Moreover, flow cytometry has shown that H-1 PV preferentially targets B lymphocytes. Despite seeming harmful at first sight, H-1 PV seems to affect very few NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes and, above all, clearly does not affect human neutrophils and one of the major CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulation. Very interestingly, flow cytometry analysis and ELISA assays proved that it even activates human CD4+ T cells by increasing activation marker expression (CD69 and CD30) and both effective Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4). In addition, H-1 PV action does not come with any sign of immunosuppressive side effect. Finally, we have shown the efficiency of H-1 PV on xenotransplanted human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in a SCID mouse model reconstituted with human PBMC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show for the first time that a wild-type oncolytic virus impairs some immune cell subpopulations while directly activating a Helper CD4+ T cell response. Thus, our data open numerous gripping perspectives of investigation and strongly argue for the use of H-1 PV as an anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Moralès
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Richard
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Dhafer Mrizak
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Magalie Sénéchal
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Céline Miroux
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Pancré
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Tumor Virology, Research Program Infection and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Perrine Caillet-Fauquet
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, UMR 8161, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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13
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Marchioro SB, Simionatto S, Galli V, Conceição FR, Brum CB, Fisch A, Gomes CK, Dellagostin OA. Production and characterization of recombinant transmembrane proteins from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:44-52. [PMID: 21890287 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic respiratory disease which causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. More efficient strategies for controlling this disease are necessary. In this study, we cloned17 genes coding for transmembrane proteins from M. hyopneumoniae, among which six were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and had their immunogenic and antigenic properties evaluated. All proteins were immunogenic in mice and sera from naturally infected pigs reacted with the recombinant proteins, suggesting that they are expressed during infection. These antigens may contribute for the development of new recombinant vaccines and diagnostic tests against EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Marchioro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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14
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Jones GJ, Bagaini F, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. The use of binding-prediction models to identify M. bovis-specific antigenic peptides for screening assays in bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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16
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CD4+ T cell epitope discovery and rational vaccine design. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:121-30. [PMID: 20155490 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitope-driven vaccine design employs bioinformatic algorithms to identify potential targets of vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer. Potential epitopes can be identified with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding algorithms, and the ability to bind to MHC class I or class II indicates a predominantly CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, an epitope-based vaccine can circumvent evolutionary events favoring immune escape present in native proteins from pathogens. It can also focus on only the most relevant epitopes (i.e. conserved and promiscuous) recognized by the majority of the target population. Mounting evidence points to the critical role of CD4(+) T cells in natural antigen encounter and active immunization. In this paper the need for CD4(+) T cell help in vaccine development, the selection of CD4(+) T cell epitopes for an epitope-based vaccine, and how the approach can be used to induce a protective effect are reviewed.
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17
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Toussaint NC, Dönnes P, Kohlbacher O. A mathematical framework for the selection of an optimal set of peptides for epitope-based vaccines. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000246. [PMID: 19112482 PMCID: PMC2588662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccines (EVs) have a wide range of applications: from therapeutic
to prophylactic approaches, from infectious diseases to cancer. The development
of an EV is based on the knowledge of target-specific antigens from which
immunogenic peptides, so-called epitopes, are derived. Such epitopes form the
key components of the EV. Due to regulatory, economic, and practical concerns
the number of epitopes that can be included in an EV is limited. Furthermore, as
the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding these epitopes is highly
polymorphic, every patient possesses a set of MHC class I and class II molecules
of differing specificities. A peptide combination effective for one person can
thus be completely ineffective for another. This renders the optimal selection
of these epitopes an important and interesting optimization problem. In this
work we present a mathematical framework based on integer linear programming
(ILP) that allows the formulation of various flavors of the vaccine design
problem and the efficient identification of optimal sets of epitopes. Out of a
user-defined set of predicted or experimentally determined epitopes, the
framework selects the set with the maximum likelihood of eliciting a broad and
potent immune response. Our ILP approach allows an elegant and flexible
formulation of numerous variants of the EV design problem. In order to
demonstrate this, we show how common immunological requirements for a good EV
(e.g., coverage of epitopes from each antigen, coverage of all MHC alleles in a
set, or avoidance of epitopes with high mutation rates) can be translated into
constraints or modifications of the objective function within the ILP framework.
An implementation of the algorithm outperforms a simple greedy strategy as well
as a previously suggested evolutionary algorithm and has runtimes on the order
of seconds for typical problem sizes. Over the last decade the design of tailor-made vaccines for prophylactic
applications (e.g., prevention of infection) and therapeutic applications (e.g.,
cancer therapy) has attracted significant interest. Epitope-based vaccines are
good candidates for such tailor-made approaches. They trigger an immune response
by confronting the immune system with immunogenic peptides derived from, e.g.,
viral- or cancer-specific proteins. These peptides bind to major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in a specific manner. The resulting
complex is crucial for immune system activation. However, there are many allelic
variants of MHC molecules, meaning that different patients typically bind
different repertoires of peptides. Nevertheless, due to economical and
regulatory issues one cannot simply add all immunogenic peptides to such a
peptide mix. Hence, it is crucial to identify the optimal set of peptides for a
vaccine, given constraints such as MHC allele frequencies in the target
population, peptide mutation rates, and maximum number of selected peptides. In
this work we formalize this problem, and variants thereof, in a mathematical
framework. The resulting optimization problem can be solved efficiently and
yields a provably optimal peptide combination. We can show that the method
performs better than existing solutions. Furthermore, the framework is highly
flexible and can easily handle additional criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora C Toussaint
- Simulation of Biological Systems, Center for Bioinformatics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lin HH, Zhang GL, Tongchusak S, Reinherz EL, Brusic V. Evaluation of MHC-II peptide binding prediction servers: applications for vaccine research. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 12:S22. [PMID: 19091022 PMCID: PMC2638162 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s12-s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initiation and regulation of immune responses in humans involves recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) molecules. These peptides (HLA-II T-cell epitopes) are increasingly important as research targets for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. HLA-II peptide binding studies involve multiple overlapping peptides spanning individual antigens, as well as complete viral proteomes. Antigen variation in pathogens and tumor antigens, and extensive polymorphism of HLA molecules increase the number of targets for screening studies. Experimental screening methods are expensive and time consuming and reagents are not readily available for many of the HLA class II molecules. Computational prediction methods complement experimental studies, minimize the number of validation experiments, and significantly speed up the epitope mapping process. We collected test data from four independent studies that involved 721 peptide binding assays. Full overlapping studies of four antigens identified binding affinity of 103 peptides to seven common HLA-DR molecules (DRB1*0101, 0301, 0401, 0701, 1101, 1301, and 1501). We used these data to analyze performance of 21 HLA-II binding prediction servers accessible through the WWW. RESULTS Because not all servers have predictors for all tested HLA-II molecules, we assessed a total of 113 predictors. The length of test peptides ranged from 15 to 19 amino acids. We tried three prediction strategies - the best 9-mer within the longer peptide, the average of best three 9-mer predictions, and the average of all 9-mer predictions within the longer peptide. The best strategy was the identification of a single best 9-mer within the longer peptide. Overall, measured by the receiver operating characteristic method (AROC), 17 predictors showed good (AROC > 0.8), 41 showed marginal (AROC > 0.7), and 55 showed poor performance (AROC < 0.7). Good performance predictors included HLA-DRB1*0101 (seven), 1101 (six), 0401 (three), and 0701 (one). The best individual predictor was NETMHCIIPAN, closely followed by PROPRED, IEDB (Consensus), and MULTIPRED (SVM). None of the individual predictors was shown to be suitable for prediction of promiscuous peptides. Current predictive capabilities allow prediction of only 50% of actual T-cell epitopes using practical thresholds. CONCLUSION The available HLA-II servers do not match prediction capabilities of HLA-I predictors. Currently available HLA-II prediction servers offer only a limited prediction accuracy and the development of improved predictors is needed for large-scale studies, such as proteome-wide epitope mapping. The requirements for accuracy of HLA-II binding predictions are stringent because of the substantial effect of false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang Lin
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Amadori A, Rosato A. Adoptive cell therapy against EBV-related malignancies: a survey of clinical results. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1265-94. [PMID: 18694349 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with a heterogeneous group of tumors, including lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. As such neoplastic disorders express viral antigens, they can be treated by adoptive immunotherapy strategies relying mostly on in vitro generation and expansion of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which can be administered to patients for both prophylaxis and treatment. OBJECTIVE We reviewed results obtained in all clinical trials reported thus far employing anti-EBV adoptive immunotherapy for different virus-related malignancies. METHODS 'PTLD after HSCT', 'PTLD after SOT', 'NPC', 'HD', 'SCAEBV' and 'extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma', in combination with 'Adoptive immunotherapy' and 'Adoptive transfer', were used as search keys for papers in PubMed. CONCLUSIONS Although the heterogeneity of different studies precludes their collection for a meta-analysis, it can be inferred that adoptive therapy with EBV-specific CTL is safe, well tolerated and particularly effective in the case of most immunogenic tumors, like post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- University of Padova, Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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20
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Zhang Q, Wang P, Kim Y, Haste-Andersen P, Beaver J, Bourne PE, Bui HH, Buus S, Frankild S, Greenbaum J, Lund O, Lundegaard C, Nielsen M, Ponomarenko J, Sette A, Zhu Z, Peters B. Immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR). Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:W513-8. [PMID: 18515843 PMCID: PMC2447801 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new release of the immune epitope database analysis resource (IEDB-AR, http://tools.immuneepitope.org), a repository of web-based tools for the prediction and analysis of immune epitopes. New functionalities have been added to most of the previously implemented tools, and a total of eight new tools were added, including two B-cell epitope prediction tools, four T-cell epitope prediction tools and two analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB-AR), La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kobayashi H, Nagato T, Takahara M, Sato K, Kimura S, Aoki N, Azumi M, Tateno M, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Induction of EBV-latent membrane protein 1-specific MHC class II-restricted T-cell responses against natural killer lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:901-8. [PMID: 18245493 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has oncogenic potential and is expressed in many EBV-associated malignancies. Although LMP1 is regarded as a potential tumor-associated antigen for immunotherapy and several LMP1-specific MHC class I-restricted CTL epitopes have been reported, little is known regarding MHC class II-restricted CD4 helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for LMP1. The goal of the present studies was to determine whether MHC class II-restricted CD4 T-cell responses could be induced against the LMP1 antigen and to evaluate the antitumor effect of these responses. We have combined the use of a predictive MHC class II binding peptide algorithm with in vitro vaccination of CD4 T cells using candidate peptides to identify naturally processed epitopes derived from LMP1 that elicit immune responses against EBV-expressing tumor cells. Peptide LMP1(159-175) was effective in inducing HTL responses that were restricted by HLA-DR9, HLA-DR53, or HLA-DR15, indicating that this peptide behaves as a promiscuous T-cell epitope. Moreover, LMP1(159-175)-reactive HTL clones directly recognized EBV lymphoblastoid B cells, EBV-infected natural killer (NK)/T-lymphoma cells and naturally processed antigen in the form of LMP1+ tumor cell lysates presented by autologous dendritic cells. Because the newly identified epitope LMP1(159-175) overlaps with an HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope (LMP1(159-167)), this peptide might have the ability to induce simultaneous CTL and HTL responses against LMP1. Overall, our data should be relevant for the design and optimization of T-cell epitope-based immunotherapy against various EBV-associated malignancies, including NK/T cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
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Busson P, Pioche-Durieu C, Maréchal V, Joab I. [Cancers associated with herpesviruses: clinical diversity, biological similarities]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:649-51. [PMID: 17631843 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20072367649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Busson
- UMR 8126 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, and UMR 542 Inserm-Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment André Lwoff 14, rue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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