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Khaikin E, Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Kaya S, Zimmermann BF. Screening of Thymoquinone Content in Commercial Nigella sativa Products to Identify a Promising and Safe Study Medication. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173501. [PMID: 36079759 PMCID: PMC9460610 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Thymoquinone (TQ) is the leading compound accounting for the pharmacological effects of Nigella sativa seed oil, also known as black seed oil. This study aimed to analyze the TQ content of commercial black seed oils and black seed oil-containing capsules to obtain information on the quality of the products and to find a promising and safe study medication for a putative clinical study. (2) Methods: Six black seed oils and five black seed oil-containing capsules were analyzed. TQ was quantified using a validated method consisting of a simple methanolic extraction and a fast HPLC-UV analysis. (3) Results: The TQ content varied from 3.08 to 809.4 mg/100 g (mean). The highest TQ content was found in a bottled oil, which might be considered for a clinical study. A dose of 4 mL of this oil per day contains 30 mg TQ, which is unlikely to be harmful. Based on the literature, a safe daily TQ dosage appears to be <48.6 mg per adult. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that black seed products should be regulated regarding TQ content to enable consumers to buy black seed food supplements of known content for the maintenance and improvement of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Khaikin
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Sebahat Kaya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Plastic Surgery, University of Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benno F Zimmermann
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Purwatiningsih S, Syamsuddin S, Lisal ST, Liaury K, Bahar B, Yustisia I. Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Efficacy in Improving Clinical Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Levels Schizophrenic Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia with a global prevalence of 0.33–0.75% and one of the top 15 causes of disability. The etiology underlying this disease is still controversial. One of the causes is the Vulnerability Stress-Schizophrenia Inflammatory Model which shows an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, one of which is Interleukin-6 (IL-6).
AIM: It is hoped that through the adjuvant anti-inflammatory effect of black seed or Nigella sativa can improve the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and reduce levels of Serum IL-6 as a marker of therapeutic efficacy, as well as observing the effect of treatment on liver function.
METHODS: The present study was conducted 22 schizophrenic patients hospitalized at the psychiatric hospital (Rumah Sakit Khusus Daerah) of South Sulawesi aged 20–45 years and received risperidone 4 mg/day therapy. Patients were divided into two groups, the control and treatment groups received N. sativa 1000 mg/d for 4 weeks. Each group was measured for baseline and week 4 clinical symptoms of schizophrenia with Positive and Negative Symptom of Schizophrenia (PANSS) and serum IL-6 levels. The analysis also measured serum IL-6 levels in 14 healthy people by assessing the side effects of N. sativa adjuvants by measuring liver function enzymes of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT).
RESULTS: Serum IL-6 levels of schizophrenic patients were higher than healthy controls. Administration of adjuvant N. sativa 1000 mg for 4 weeks significantly p < 0.001 improved PANSS value, decreased serum IL-6 levels 2.5 times faster in the treatment group and did not give a significant change in SGOT and SGPT values.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that N. sativa may consider as an adjuvant therapy to improve clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and reduce levels of IL-6 was faster than control group and is safe for liver function.
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Hannan MA, Zahan MS, Sarker PP, Moni A, Ha H, Uddin MJ. Protective Effects of Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa) and Its Bioactive Constituent, Thymoquinone against Kidney Injury: An Aspect on Pharmacological Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169078. [PMID: 34445781 PMCID: PMC8396533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, and a close association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD has recently been identified. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) has been shown to be effective in treating various kidney diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that black cumin and its vital compound, thymoquinone (TQ), can protect against kidney injury caused by various xenobiotics, namely chemotherapeutic agents, heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental chemicals. Black cumin can also protect the kidneys from ischemic shock. The mechanisms underlying the kidney protective potential of black cumin and TQ include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and antifibrosis which are manifested in their regulatory role in the antioxidant defense system, NF-κB signaling, caspase pathways, and TGF-β signaling. In clinical trials, black seed oil was shown to normalize blood and urine parameters and improve disease outcomes in advanced CKD patients. While black cumin and its products have shown promising kidney protective effects, information on nanoparticle-guided targeted delivery into kidney is still lacking. Moreover, the clinical evidence on this natural product is not sufficient to recommend it to CKD patients. This review provides insightful information on the pharmacological benefits of black cumin and TQ against kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sarwar Zahan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Partha Protim Sarker
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-4075; Fax: +82-2-3277-2851
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Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Maleki V, Shadnoush M, Taheri E, Alizadeh M. A comprehensive insight into potential roles of Nigella sativa on diseases by targeting AMP-activated protein kinase: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:779-787. [PMID: 33140312 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nigella sativa (NS) is a known medicinal herb with numerous therapeutic effects such as antidiabetic, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. It has been indicated that NS can regulate cellular metabolism by adjusting transduction signaling pathways. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is one of the main physiological processes, such as energy hemostasis, cellular metabolism, and autophagy regulators. Herb-derived medicines have always been considered as one of the main AMPK activators, and surprisingly recent data has demonstrated that it can be a target for NS and its derivatives. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The literature search was conducted in PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar electronic resources. Published articles up to September 2020 were considered, and those of which investigated Nigella sativa effects on the AMPK pathway after meeting the inclusion criteria were included. RESULTS The search was performed on several online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar from inception until January 2020. Among the initial search, 245 studies were found. After removing duplicated data and meeting the inclusion criteria, only 14 studies were selected. They included the effects of NS and its bioactive compounds as anti-hyperglycemic (n = 5), on liver function (n = 4), cancers (n = 3), and on Neuroinflammation and Atherosclerosis (n = 2). Most of the included studies are animals or in-vitro investigations. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the molecular mechanism of NS effecting the AMPK signaling pathway. We also focus on the therapeutic effects of NS, including the prevention and treatment of metabolic and pro-inflammatory disease by targeting the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Taheri
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Abstract
Nigella sativa (commonly known as black seed or black cumin), from the family Ranunculaceae, is a plant that grows in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This narrative review discusses the toxicological profile reported by short- to long-term studies that examined different extracts and oils of N. sativa seeds. Scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using appropriate keywords. LD50 for administered N. sativa seed fixed oil varied from 28.8 mL/kg to 3,371 mg/kg in mice, while 21 g/kg of aqueous, methanol, and chloroform extracts of N. sativa did not lead to any mortality. Subacute toxicity evaluations indicated that aqueous, methanol, and chloroform extracts of N. sativa at doses as high as 6 g/kg do not produce toxicity. Investigation of chronic toxicity found that 2 mL/kg of N. sativa fixed oil is slightly toxic. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that N. sativa chloroform and petroleum ether extracts are more cytotoxic than its other extracts. Although studies that assessed N. sativa toxicity generally introduced it as a safe medicinal herb, to draw a more definitive conclusion on its safety, more detailed studies must be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad917794-8564, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad917794-8564, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad917794-8564, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad917794-8564, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad917794-8564, Iran
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Kharchoufa L, Merrouni IA, Yamani A, Elachouri M. Profile on medicinal plants used by the people of North Eastern Morocco: Toxicity concerns. Toxicon 2018; 154:90-113. [PMID: 30243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the North Eastern region of Morocco, many people are interested in medicinal plants and their uses. However, the rationale for the utilization of medicinal plants has remained largely underestimated with little or no scientific data on plant safety. In this paper we attempt to describe and establish a detailed list of current knowledge in relation to the toxicity of these plants and to evaluate the scientific data concerning the harmful effects of the selected natural products. Our approach consists of collecting published data from literature in specialized journals, books and website related to the toxic plants. This research revealed that 89 plant species, retrieved from 287 plants used as medicine in the North-Eastern region of Morocco, are considered toxic or present some kind of toxicity. Our data determines 55 compounds isolated from the plants which are dominated by five groups of toxic compounds: alkaloids followed by glucosides, terpenoids, protides and phenolics. The present work discusses toxicity-related issues arising from the use of medicinal plants by local people. We conclude that the database considered in this study could serve as an important source of information on the toxicity of medicinal plants used by this society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Kharchoufa
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Ilyass Alami Merrouni
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Amal Yamani
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Mostafa Elachouri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Génétique et Ethnopharmacologie URAC-40, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.
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Javadi SMR, Hashemi M, Mohammadi Y, MamMohammadi A, Sharifi A, Makarchian HR. Synergistic effect of honey and Nigella sativa on wound healing in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:518-523. [PMID: 30020313 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180060000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic potential of honey, Nigella sativa (N. sativa) and their combination in rat model of excisional wound healing. METHODS A circular excision wound was established in the back region of 50 Wistar rats. Subsequently, they were divided into 5 groups and daily topical administration of lanolin in the control group, honey in the honey group, cold-pressed N. sativa seed oil in the N. sativa groups, mix of 1:1 ratio of honey and N. sativa seed oil in the mix group, and phenytoin cream in the phenytoin group were used. Then, wound surface areas were evaluated using digital camera immediately after the injury and at post excision days 5, 10, 15 and 20. RESULTS Significant reduction in wound surface area was observed within and between the groups (P < 0.001). In the post excision days 5, 10, 15 and 20 the wound surface areas in the mix group were significantly lower than the other groups followed by the phenytoin, honey, N. sativa, and control groups. CONCLUSION The wound healing may be improved and accelerated by using topical solutions of honey, N. sativa seed oil and especially their mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Reza Javadi
- Assistant Professor, Fellow of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Scientific, intellectual, conception and design of the study; critical revision
| | - Mamak Hashemi
- Associate Professor, Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Technical procedures, manuscript writing
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Statistical analysis, manuscript preparation
| | - Alireza MamMohammadi
- MD, Department of Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation
| | - Ali Sharifi
- Assistant Professor, Fellow of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Analysis and interpretation of data, critical revision
| | - Hamid Reza Makarchian
- Assistant Professor, Fellow of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Conception and design of the study, final approval
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Cytoprotective Activities of Milk Thistle Seed Oil Used in Traditional Tunisian Medicine on 7-Ketocholesterol and 24S-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Toxicity on 158N Murine Oligodendrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070095. [PMID: 30029553 PMCID: PMC6071139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asteraceae family is economically very important, because many of these plants are grown mainly for their food value, such as lettuce (Lactuca), chicory (Cichorium), and sunflower (Heliantus aminus). One of the typical properties of this family, which includes milk thistle (Sylibum marianum), is the richness of the oil in various compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, tocopherols, and unsaturated fatty acids). Currently, and for the coming decades, age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are a major public health problem. Preventing their appearance or opposing their evolution is a major objective. In this context, the cytoprotective activities of milk thistle seed oil produced in Tunisia were studied on the 158N model using 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S) as cytotoxic agents. 7KC and 24S were used because they can be increased in the brain and body fluids of patients with major age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In order to evaluate the cytoprotective properties of milk thistle seed oil, complementary techniques of microscopy, flow cytometry, and biochemistry were used. The chemical composition of milk thistle seed oil has also been determined by various chromatography techniques. Milk thistle seed oils from different area of Tunisia are rich in tocopherols and are strongly antioxidant according to various biochemical tests (KRL (Kit Radicaux Libres), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)). The main fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and oleic acid (C18:1 n-9). The main polyphenols identified are homovanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and apigenin, with a predominance of vanillic acid. On 158N cells, milk thistle seed oil attenuates the cytotoxicity of 7KC and 24S including: loss of cell adhesion, increased plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial dysfunction, overproduction of reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis, and autophagy. The attenuation of the cytotoxicity of 7KC and 24S observed with the milk thistle seed oil is in the order of that observed with α-tocopherol used as a positive control. In the presence of nigella seed oil, considered potentially cytotoxic, no cytoprotective effects were observed. Given the chemical characteristics, antioxidant properties, and cytoprotective activities of milk thistle seed oil, our results highlight the potential benefit of this oil for human health.
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In Vivo Subacute Toxicity and Antidiabetic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Nigella sativa. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8427034. [PMID: 29479371 PMCID: PMC5742890 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8427034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context. Nigella sativa seeds are usually used as traditional medicine for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. Objective. To investigate the subacute toxicity of NS aqueous extract and select its lowest dose to study its antidiabetic effect. Methods. 5 AqE.NS doses (2, 6.4, 21, 33, and 60 g/Kg) were daily administered to mice by gavage. Biochemical parameters measurements and histological study of the liver and the kidney were performed after 6 weeks of supplementation. Thereafter, and after inducing diabetes by alloxan, rats were treated by 2 g/Kg of AqE.NS during 8 weeks. Metabolic parameters were measured on sera. A horizontal electrophoresis of plasmatic lipoprotein was conducted. Glycogen, total lipids, and triglycerides were measured in the liver. TBARS were evaluated on adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas. Results. AqE.NS showed no variation in urea and albumin at the 5 doses, but hepatotoxicity from 21 g/Kg was confirmed by histopathological observations of the liver. In diabetic rats, AqE.NS significantly decreased glycemia, TG, T-cholesterol, LDL-c, and TBARS and showed a restored insulinemia and a significant increase in HDL-c. Results on the liver indicated a decrease in lipids and a possible glycogenogenesis. Conclusion. AqE.NS showed its safety at low doses and its evident antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effect.
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Kooti W, Hasanzadeh-Noohi Z, Sharafi-Ahvazi N, Asadi-Samani M, Ashtary-Larky D. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of black seed (Nigella sativa). Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:732-745. [PMID: 28236403 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Black seed (Nigella sativa) is an annual flowering plant from Ranunculaceae family, native to southwest Asia. This plant has many food and medicinal uses. The use of its seeds and oil is common for treatment of many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory diseases, diabetes and digestive diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review on the scientific reports that have been published about N. sativa. The facts and statistics presented in this review article were gathered from the journals accessible in creditable databases such as Science Direct, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, EMBASE, SID and IranMedex. The keywords searched in Persian and English books on medicinal plants and traditional medicine, as well as the above reputable databases were "Black seed", "Nigella sativa", "therapeutic effect", and "medicinal plant". The results showed that N. sativa has many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing activities. It also has effects on reproductive, digestive, immune and central nervous systems, such as anticonvulsant and analgesic activities. In summary, it can be used as a valuable plant for production of new drugs for treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Kooti
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Naim Sharafi-Ahvazi
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamdan, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Samani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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