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Pla L, Berdún S, Mir M, Rivas L, Miserere S, Dulay S, Samitier J, Eixarch E, Illa M, Gratacós E. Non-invasive monitoring of pH and oxygen using miniaturized electrochemical sensors in an animal model of acute hypoxia. J Transl Med 2021; 19:53. [PMID: 33541374 PMCID: PMC7863274 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most prevalent causes of fetal hypoxia leading to stillbirth is placental insufficiency. Hemodynamic changes evaluated with Doppler ultrasound have been used as a surrogate marker of fetal hypoxia. However, Doppler evaluation cannot be performed continuously. As a first step, the present work aimed to evaluate the performance of miniaturized electrochemical sensors in the continuous monitoring of oxygen and pH changes in a model of acute hypoxia-acidosis. Methods pH and oxygen electrochemical sensors were evaluated in a ventilatory hypoxia rabbit model. The ventilator hypoxia protocol included 3 differential phases: basal (100% FiO2), the hypoxia-acidosis period (10% FiO2) and recovery (100% FiO2). Sensors were tested in blood tissue (ex vivo sensing) and in muscular tissue (in vivo sensing). pH electrochemical and oxygen sensors were evaluated on the day of insertion (short-term evaluation) and pH electrochemical sensors were also tested after 5 days of insertion (long-term evaluation). pH and oxygen sensing were registered throughout the ventilatory hypoxia protocol (basal, hypoxia-acidosis, and recovery) and were compared with blood gas metabolites results from carotid artery catheterization (obtained with the EPOC blood analyzer). Finally, histological assessment was performed on the sensor insertion site. One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis of the evolution of acid-based metabolites and electrochemical sensor signaling results; a t-test was used for pre- and post-calibration analyses; and chi-square analyses for categorical variables. Results At the short-term evaluation, both the pH and oxygen electrochemical sensors distinguished the basal and hypoxia-acidosis periods in both the in vivo and ex vivo sensing. However, only the ex vivo sensing detected the recovery period. In the long-term evaluation, the pH electrochemical sensor signal seemed to lose sensibility. Finally, histological assessment revealed no signs of alteration on the day of evaluation (short-term), whereas in the long-term evaluation a sub-acute inflammatory reaction adjacent to the implantation site was detected. Conclusions Miniaturized electrochemical sensors represent a new generation of tools for the continuous monitoring of hypoxia-acidosis, which is especially indicated in high-risk pregnancies. Further studies including more tissue-compatible material would be required in order to improve long-term electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pla
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Berdún
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Mir
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourders Rivas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandrine Miserere
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Dulay
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research On Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Illa
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research On Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Ban R, Ogihara T, Mori Y, Oue S, Ogawa S, Tamai H. Meconium aspiration delays normal decline of pulmonary vascular resistance shortly after birth through lung parenchymal injury. Neonatology 2011; 99:272-9. [PMID: 21109757 DOI: 10.1159/000318748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is often associated with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) or perinatal asphyxia. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of meconium or asphyxia on pulmonary arterial pressure and circulating levels of vasoactive substances, we conducted a prospective study of 54 term infants, including infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid with normal (MSAF) or abnormal (MAS) chest X-ray findings, infants with perinatal asphyxia, and controls. The purpose of this study was to determine the group most likely to have elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and a disturbed balance between vasoactive substances. METHODS To estimate the pulmonary arterial pressure by echocardiography, we used the ratio of the right to left systolic ventricular pressure (RVP/LVP ratio). We measured the plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as an indicator of nitric oxide (NO) production, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1)α (6-keto-PGF(1)α) for the estimation of prostacyclin concentration. We also measured KL-6 as a marker of lung injury. RESULTS The RVP/LVP ratio was significantly higher in the MAS group than the other groups on day 0. Although ET-1 and 6-keto-PGF(1)α levels were comparable among all groups, the cGMP level on days 3-5 and the KL-6 level throughout the first postnatal week were significantly higher in the MAS group. CONCLUSIONS It is possible that meconium aspiration delays normal decline of pulmonary vascular resistance shortly after birth through lung parenchymal injury. The subsequent increase of cGMP in MAS may be an adaptive response to prevent further elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure by inducing NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ban
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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Rus A, Molina F, Peinado MÁ, Del Moral ML. Endogenous nitric oxide can act as beneficial or deleterious in the hypoxic lung depending on the reoxygenation time. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:2193-201. [PMID: 20734424 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in many pathophysiological situations in the lung, including hypoxia/reoxygenation. This work seeks to clarify the current controversy concerning the double protective/toxic role of endogenous NO under hypoxia/reoxygenation situations in the lung by using a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, in a novel approach to address the problems raised from assaults under such circumstances. A follow-up study was conducted in Wistar rats submitted to hypoxia/reoxygenation (hypoxia for 30 min; reoxygenation of 0 h, 48 h, and 5 days), with or without prior treatment using the nonselective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (1.5 mM, in drinking water). Lipid peroxidation, apoptosis level, protein nitration, in situ NOS activity and NO production (NOx) were analyzed. This is the first work to focus on the time-course effects of L-NAME in the adult rat lung submitted to hypoxia/reoxygenation. The results showed that after L-NAME administration, in situ NOS activity was almost completely eliminated and consequently, NOx levels fell. Lipid peroxidation and the percentage of apoptotic cells rose at the earliest reoxygenation time (0 h), but decreased in the later period (48 h and 5 days). Also nitrated protein expression decreased at 48 h and 5 days posthypoxia. These results suggest that NOS-derived NO exerts two different effects on lung hypoxia/reoxygenation injury depending on the reoxygenation time: NO has a beneficial role just after the hypoxic stimulus and a deleterious effect in the later reoxygenation times. Moreover, we propose that this dual role of NO depends directly on the producer NOS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rus
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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