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Purohit TJ, Wu Z, Hanning SM. Simple and reliable extraction and a validated high performance liquid chromatographic assay for quantification of amoxicillin from plasma. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460611. [PMID: 31627968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the development of an efficient extraction protocol for amoxicillin from plasma with improved solubility and stability using pH control. Solubility and stability of amoxicillin in commonly used extraction solvents were determined using a newly developed stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Following this, protein precipitation (PP) mediated sample purification protocol was developed and validated along with the HPLC method for the extracted amoxicillin from rabbit plasma. The protocol was applied in a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. A five-fold increase in solubility and two-fold increase in stability of amoxicillin was found by addition of acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5.0) in acetonitrile. PP mediated extraction protocol containing acetate buffer-acetonitrile (1:18 v/v) resulted in an extraction recovery of >80% for all the samples. The HPLC assay following extraction was found linear (R2 >0.9999) over the range of 0.2-20 µg/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 0.2 µg/mL. The accuracy of the quality control samples was found between 97-115% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be below 6% for all samples. The samples were stable in the mobile phase (pH 5.0) for 72 h post-extraction. Amoxicillin-spiked plasma samples were found stable for up to three freeze-and-thaw cycles but, nearly 50% samples had degraded following storage for two months at -20 °C. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a half-life of amoxicillin of nearly 1 h following intravenous injection in rabbits, which is similar to that in humans. Thus, a simple and repeatable, extraction protocol was developed using pH control for quantification of amoxicillin from plasma based on its physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trusha J Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sara M Hanning
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Franck S, Fuhrmann-Selter T, Joseph JF, Michelet R, Casilag F, Sirard JC, Wicha SG, Kloft C. A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to determine amoxicillin concentrations in biological matrix of little volume. Talanta 2019; 201:253-258. [PMID: 31122420 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To assess pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (AMX) in mice, limitations such as a small sampling volume and low drug concentrations have to be addressed. Similar challenges are faced in a clinical framework, e.g. for therapeutic drug monitoring in neonates or small-scale in vitro investigations. An assay enabling quantification of small sample volumes but still at very low concentrations covering a broad concentration range is thus needed. A simple, rapid and highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and successfully validated for quantification of AMX in mouse serum according to European Medicines Agency guidelines. Sample preparation enabled the use of only 10 μL of serum, which is 5-fold less than comparable assays and allows to reduce the number of mice used in pharmacokinetic studies. After protein precipitation with 40 μL chilled methanol and dilution of the supernatant with water, the sample was injected into the LC system on a Poroshell 120 Phenyl Hexyl column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.7 μm). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a gradient method consisting of acetonitrile and ultra-pure water, both with 0.1% (V/V) formic acid. Positive electrospray ionisation in multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection and quantification of AMX. Application to murine study samples demonstrated the reliability of the developed method being accurate and precise with a quantification range from 0.01 to 10 μg/mL. The assay is easily transferable due to a simple sample preparation and confirmed stability of AMX under various applied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Franck
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania Fuhrmann-Selter
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F Joseph
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Michelet
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fiordiligie Casilag
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sebastian G Wicha
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstraße 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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Wang J, Kong S, Yan J, Jin G, Guo Z, Shen A, Xu J, Zhang X, Zou L, Liang X. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction directly combined with protein precipitation for the determination of triptorelin in plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dong X, Ding L, Cao X, Jiang L, Zhong S. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ambroxol in human plasma with segmental monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:520-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Xiaomei Cao
- Organization for State Drug Clinical Trial; Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command; Nanjing; 210002; China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
| | - Shuisheng Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang; Nanjing; 210009; China
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Pei Q, Yang GP, Li ZJ, Peng XD, Fan JH, Liu ZQ. Simultaneous analysis of amoxicillin and sulbactam in human plasma by HPLC-DAD for assessment of bioequivalence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2000-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goucher E, Kicman A, Wolff K, Smith N, Jickells S. Hydrophilic stationary phases: A practical approach for the co-analysis of compounds with varying polarity in biological matrices. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:955-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jian W, Edom RW, Xu Y, Weng N. Recent advances in application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for quantitative bioanalysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Delis G, Batzias G, Kounenis G, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M. Application and validation of a LC/fluorescence method for the determination of amoxicillin in sheep serum and tissue cage fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lindegardh N, Hanpithakpong W, Phakdeeraj A, Singhasivanon P, Farrar J, Hien T, White N, Day N. Development and validation of a high-throughput zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of the anti-influenza drug peramivir in plasma. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1215:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Microanalysis of beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:75-80. [PMID: 18955527 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00636-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational dosing of antibiotics in neonates should be based on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in specific populations. PK studies of neonates are hampered by the limited total plasma volume, which restricts the sample volume and sampling frequency. Available drug assay methods require large sample volumes and are labor-intensive or time-consuming. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometry detection for simultaneous quantification of amoxicillin, meropenem, cefazolin, cefotaxime, deacetylcefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin in 50 microl of plasma. Cleanup consisted of protein precipitation with cold acetonitrile (1:4) and solvent evaporation before reversed-phase chromatographic separation and detection using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Standard curves were prepared over a large dynamic range with adequate limits of quantitation. Intra- and interrun accuracy and precision were within 100% +/- 15% and 15%, respectively, with acceptable matrix effects. Coefficients of variation for matrix effects and recovery were <10% over six batches of plasma. Stability in plasma and aqueous stocks was generally sufficient, but stability of meropenem and ceftriaxone in extracts could limit autosampler capacity. The instrument run time was approximately 3.50 min per sample. Method applicability was demonstrated with plasma samples from an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated neonate. Different beta-lactam antibiotics can be added to this method with additional ion transitions. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, this method allows simple and reliable quantification of multiple antibiotics in 50 microl of plasma for PK studies of neonates.
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Pullen J, Stolk LML, Neef C, Zimmermann LJI. Microanalysis of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, and rifampicin in neonatal plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 21:1259-65. [PMID: 17604357 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assays with ultraviolet detection have been developed and validated for the determination of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in neonatal plasma. Plasma samples were either precipitated with perchloric acid (amoxicillin) or methanol (rifampicin) or extracted with methylene chloride (flucloxacillin). Precision coefficients of variation and inaccuracy were less than 15% for all three assays. Only small sample volumes (20-40 microL) were required, making the assays suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in preterm and term neonates. The assays have successfully been applied to analysis of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in previously published pharmacokinetic studies in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pullen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology of the University Hospital of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Separation of polar compounds on polar stationary phases with partly aqueous eluents is by no means a new separation mode in LC. The first HPLC applications were published more than 30 years ago, and were for a long time mostly confined to carbohydrate analysis. In the early 1990s new phases started to emerge, and the practice was given a name, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Although the use of this separation mode has been relatively limited, we have seen a sudden increase in popularity over the last few years, promoted by the need to analyze polar compounds in increasingly complex mixtures. Another reason for the increase in popularity is the widespread use of MS coupled to LC. The partly aqueous eluents high in ACN with a limited need of adding salt is almost ideal for ESI. The applications now encompass most categories of polar compounds, charged as well as uncharged, although HILIC is particularly well suited for solutes lacking charge where coulombic interactions cannot be used to mediate retention. The review attempts to summarize the ongoing discussion on the separation mechanism and gives an overview of the stationary phases used and the applications addressed with this separation mode in LC.
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