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Garba NN, Rabi'u N, Aliyu AS, Kankara UM, Vatsa AM, Isma'ila A, Bello S. Evaluation of radiological risk associated with local building materials commonly used in Northwestern Nigeria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15791. [PMID: 37168893 PMCID: PMC10165395 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, potential radiological risk due to the activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in commonly used local building materials (sand, clay, kaolin and gypsum) in Northwestern Nigeria were assessed using NaI (Tl) detector. The measured activity concentrations ranged from 47 to 63 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, 24-32 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 219-257 Bq kg-1 for 40K respectively. The mean values of 232Th, and 40K for all samples were below the respective world averages of 45 and 420 Bq kg-1 with that of 226Ra for all the samples higher than the world average value of 32 Bq kg-1. The potential radiological risks were assessed by determining radium equivalent activity (Raeq), internal and external hazard indices (Hin and Hex), absorbed gamma dose rates (DR), internal annual effective dose rates (IAED), and annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) and activity utilization index (AUI). The assessed parameters were found to range between 104 and 125 Bq kg-1, 0.99 to 1.15, 0.28 to 0.34, 48 to 58 nGyh-1, 0.76 to 0.86 mSvy-1, and 0.78 to 0.96 respectively. The Raeq and DR for all the analyzed samples were found to be within International recommended limits of 370 Bq kg-1 and 59 nGy h-1 as recommended by UNSCEAR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasiru Rabi'u
- Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Aminu Isma'ila
- Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Suleiman Bello
- Department of Physics, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria
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Aladeniyi K, Olowookere CJ, Khandaker MU, Alsufyani SJ. Evaluation of Radiological Health Risks in Popularly Consumed Brands of Sachet Water in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917422. [PMID: 35923963 PMCID: PMC9340260 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiological investigation of 35 brands of most popularly used sachet drinking water in Ondo state, Nigeria has been carried out using a spectrometric method for evaluating the concomitant health risks to the members of the public. Activity concentrations of the investigated radionuclides 40K, 226R, and 228Ra were in the range from 16.35 ± 4.10 to 199.94 ± 38.40 Bq L−1 with an arithmetic mean (AM) of 66.22 ± 54.99 Bq L−1, from 1.35± 0.79 to 17.06 ± 5.13 Bq L−1 with an AM of 6.88 ± 3.66 Bq L−1, and from 1.95 ± 0.08 to 17.22 ± 3.87 Bq L−1 with an AM of 9.49 ± 4.98 Bq L−1, respectively. The determined annual effective doses and the corresponding excess lifetime cancer risks due to 226Ra and 228Ra were found to exceed the acceptable limits of 0.1 mSv y−1 and 10−3 respectively, as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). This implies a non-negligible carcinogenic health hazard due to the intake of the surveyed drinking water, especially for the lactating babies (0–1) y and teenagers (12–17) y. The data from this research may form an invaluable component of radiometric values of the database in Nigeria, as well as the world for setting up guidelines and control policies for the use of sachet water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Aladeniyi
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Kehinde Aladeniyi
| | | | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan J. Alsufyani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Assessment of natural radioactivity levels in the Lesser Himalayas of the Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Assessment of indoor radon activity concentration levels in four northern districts of Telangana state, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jibiri NN, Egwu SO, Adesiji NE. DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH SEDIMENTS SOURCED FROM OGUNPA RIVER CHANNELS, IBADAN, NIGERIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2021; 193:259-263. [PMID: 33823557 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural radionuclides content and radiological assessment of sediments of the Ogunpa waste-water channel were evaluated to ascertain the radiological safety of the sediments as a building material. The mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Bq kg-1 were found to be 171 ± 69, 11 ± 5 and 10 ± 4, respectively. The overall mean radium equivalent 29 ± 13 Bq kg-1 was <370 Bq kg-1 that can give the maximum recommended dose of 1 mSv to the general public. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides were all less than world average for soils and sediments. Thus, the use of the sediments from the Ogunpa water channel as building material is safe and would not pose any significant radiological health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jibiri
- Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - S O Egwu
- Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - N E Adesiji
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Gliniak M, Dróżdż T, Kurpaska S, Lis A. Using Geiger Dosimetry EKO-C Device to Detect Ionizing Radiation Emissions from Building Materials. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020645. [PMID: 33477736 PMCID: PMC7832318 DOI: 10.3390/s21020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to check and assess what radiation is emitted by particular building materials with the passage of time. The analysis was performed with the EKO-C dosimetry device from Polon-Ekolab. The scope of the work included research on sixteen selected construction materials, divided into five groups. The analysis of the results showed that samples such as bricks (first group) and hollow blocks (second group) emit the highest radiation in the tested objects. When comparing these materials, the highest value was recorded when measuring the ceramic block of 15.76 mSv·yr−1. Taking into account the bricks, the highest value of radiation was shown by a full clinker brick, 11.3 mSv·yr−1. Insulation materials and finishing boards are two other groups of building materials that have been measured. They are characterised by a low level of radiation. In the case of materials for thermal insulation, the highest condition was demonstrated by graphite polystyrene of 4.463 mSv·yr−1, while among finishing boards, the highest value of radiation was recorded for the measurement of gypsum board of 3.76 mSv·yr−1. Comparing the obtained test results to the requirements of the Regulation of the Council of Ministers on ionizing radiation dose limits applicable in Poland, it can be noted that the samples examined individually do not pose a radiation risk to humans. When working with all types of samples, the radiation doses are added up. According to the guidelines of the regulation, the total radiation dose does not exceed 50 mSv·yr−1 and does not constitute a threat to human health.
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Evaluation of radiometric standards of major building materials used in dwellings of South-Western Nigeria. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tuo F, Peng X, Zhou Q, Zhang J. ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN BUILDING MATERIALS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 188:316-321. [PMID: 31957797 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured in a total of 92 samples, including eight commonly used types of building materials that were obtained from local manufacturers and suppliers in Beijing. Concentrations were determined using high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry. The 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations in all samples varied from 10.1 to 661, 3.3 to 555 and 3.2 to 2945 Bq per kg with an average of 127.8, 114.8, and 701.5 Bq per kg, respectively. The potential radiological hazards were estimated by calculating the absorbed dose rate (D), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard (Hex), and internal hazard (Hin) indices. The investigated building materials were classified into different types according to the radioactivity levels. Results from this research will provide a reference for the acquisition, sales, and use of building materials. Attention should be paid to the use of coal cinder brick, ceramic, and granite in the construction of dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, China
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Carmo RF, Filho OLT, Delgado JU, Evangelista H, Conceição DA. Radiometric signature as an indicator of radiological pollution on Rio Doce after the disaster in tailings dam. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-07009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Sesay IE, Paul M, Ademola JA. EXHALATION OF RADON FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS (NORM) IN NIGERIA. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 187:461-465. [PMID: 31670789 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radon-222 mass exhalation rate, EM, and surface exhalation rate, EA, have been determined for some building materials and fertilizers in Nigeria by accumulation method using AlphaGUARD radon monitor. The building materials include granite, cement, tile, white marble, brick, concrete and sand. The mean EM of the building materials varied from 0.06 ± 0.03 for white marble to 0.23 ± 0.15 Bq kg-1 h-1 for brick. The mean EA ranged between 1.06 ± 0.56 Bq kg-1 h-1 and 3.15 ± 1.52 Bq m-2 h-1 for white marble and brick, respectively. Most of the EM and EA of the building materials were higher than those of other countries. For the fertilizers, the EM and EA ranged from 0.13 ± 0.01 to 0.42 ± 0.03 Bq kg-1 h-1 and 2.11 ± 0.56 to 4.81 ± 1.24 Bq m-2 h-1 with mean values of 0.25 ± 0.07 Bq kg-1 h-1 and 3.24 ± 0.93 Bq m-2 h-1, respectively. The radon mass and surface exhalation rates of the fertilizers were higher than those of the building materials.
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Comparison of Natural Radioactivity of Commonly Used Fertilizer Materials in Egypt and Japan. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/9182768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific activities of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the environment have been redistributed by the use of fertilizers in agriculture so their concentrations in fertilizer materials should be measured to identify the safe utilization of fertilizers. In the present work, the specific activities of these radionuclides in five commonly used fertilizers in Egypt and five fertilizers used in Japan were measured by HPGe and γ-ray spectrometry. The average values of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in Japanese fertilizers were less than their values in Egyptian fertilizers but both had some samples with specific activities greater than the recommended limiting values. The radiological hazards of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal (Hin) indexes, alpha and gamma indexes, and annual effective dose, due to the presence of these radionuclides, were calculated and compared with each other.
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Hassan NM, Mansour NA, Fayez-Hassan M. Evaluation of radionuclide concentrations and associated radiological hazard indexes in building materials used in Egypt. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 157:214-220. [PMID: 23681840 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in different types of building materials used in Egypt were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The results showed relatively moderate radionuclide concentrations for all samples except granite, which showed extremely high concentrations of 78.75 ± 2.36, 2.82 ± 0.11 and 2.37 ± 0.07 kBq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, respectively. The radiological hazard indexes of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin), due to the presence of those radionuclides in the investigated building materials, were calculated. The released radon from the selected samples was measured using the AlphaGUARD radon monitor in order to use its value to calculate the radon emanation coefficient and the radon exhalation rate. The alpha equivalent dose (dose from indoor radon generated from building materials) was calculated using the measured values of the radium concentration and the radon emanation coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M Hassan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagazig, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Turhan Ş, Varinlioğlu A. Radioactivity measurement of primordial radionuclides in and dose evaluation from marble and glazed tiles used as covering building materials in Turkey. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 151:546-555. [PMID: 22492819 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the natural radioactivity arising from primordial radionuclides ((226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K) in marble and glazed tile samples used covering building materials in Turkey were carried out by gamma-ray spectrometer with a high purity germanium detector. The mean activity concentrations of the (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in marble and glazed tile samples were found as 8.2, 5.5 and 58.1 Bq kg(-1) and 81.2, 65.4 and 450.1 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The radiation doses received by occupants of buildings in which the sample marble and glazed tiles might be used are estimated using measured activity concentrations of constituent primordial radionuclides and dose conversion factors evaluated by the European Commission from models of tile use. Results obtained are presented for each radionuclide, analysed and compared with relevant national and international legislation, guidance and report, and with the results obtained from other studies. Results show that the use of such decorative building materials in the construction of domestic homes or workplaces in Turkey is unlikely to lead to any significant radiation exposure to the occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ş Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, University of Nevsehir, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey.
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14
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Evaluation of radiological hazards in the sediments of Ogun river, South-Western Nigeria. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abel-Ghany HA. Radiation hazard assessment in Egyptian painting oxides. A comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2011; 33:225-234. [PMID: 20680406 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Building materials are potential sources of radiation, which represents a risk factor for human disease including cancer. In this work, the natural radioactivity due to the presence of (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in different painting oxides has been measured using gamma spectrometry with a Hyper Pure germanium detector. The concentrations of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, Ni, Sr, Rb, Cr, Cu and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in order to investigate their possible correlation with radioactive elements. The activity concentrations of (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K ranged from 15 ± 0.75 to 126 ± 14, 2.35 ± 0.09 to 72.96 ± 1.96, 1.76 ± 0.31 to 12.88 ± 0.7 and 2.26 ± 0.09 to 200 ± 3.34 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The calculated radium-equivalents were lower than values recommended for construction materials (370 Bq kg(-1)). The absorbed dose rates due to the natural radioactivity of the investigated samples ranged from 8.11 ± 0.24 to 68.46 ± 4.20 nGy/h. Also, the results revealed that some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Mn and Rb) were correlated with (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th or (40)K.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Abel-Ghany
- Physics Department, Faculty of Girls for Art, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Parami VK, Sahoo SK, Yonehara H, Takeda S, Quirit LL. Accurate determination of naturally occurring radionuclides in Philippine coal-fired thermal power plants using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and γ-spectroscopy. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Inyang SO, Inyang IS, Egbe NO. Radiation exposure levels within timber industries in Calabar, Nigeria. J Med Phys 2010; 34:97-100. [PMID: 20098544 PMCID: PMC2805897 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.51937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The UNSCEAR (2000) observed that there could be some exposure at work which would require regulatory control but is not really considered. This study was, therefore, set up to evaluate the effective dose in timber industries in Calabar, Nigeria to determine if the evaluated dose levels could lead to any radiological health effect in the workers, and also determine if the industries require regulatory control. The gamma ray exposure at four timber industries measured using an exposure meter were converted to effective dose and compared with the public and occupational values. The evaluated effective dose values in the timber industries were below public and occupational exposure limits and may not necessarily result in any radiological health hazard. Therefore, they may not require regulatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Inyang
- Departments of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar - 540001, Cross River State, Nigeria
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Hassan NM, Ishikawa T, Hosoda M, Sorimachi A, Tokonami S, Fukushi M, Sahoo SK. Assessment of the natural radioactivity using two techniques for the measurement of radionuclide concentration in building materials used in Japan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HASSAN NM, HOSODA M, ISHIKAWA T, SORIMACHI A, SAHOO SK, TOKONAMI S, FUKUSHI M. Radon Migration Process and Its Influence Factors; Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5453/jhps.44.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil M. HASSAN
- School of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagazig
| | - Masahiro HOSODA
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Tetsuo ISHIKAWA
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Atsuyuki SORIMACHI
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Sarata K. SAHOO
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Shinji TOKONAMI
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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