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Kobayashi M, Nishihara Y, Haba T, Matsunaga Y, Minami K, Asada Y. SIZE-SPECIFIC DOSE ESTIMATES IN FETAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:339-348. [PMID: 35482288 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During fetal computed tomography (CT) imaging, because of differences in the pregnancy period and scanning conditions, different doses of radiation are absorbed by the fetus. We propose a correction coefficient for determining the fetal size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) from the CT dose index (CTDI) displayed on the console at tube voltages of 80-135 kVp. The CTDIs corresponding to pregnant women and fetuses were evaluated using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, and the ratio of these CTDIs was defined as the Fetus-factor. When the effective diameter of a fetus was approximately 10 cm, the Fetus-factor was 1.0. The estimated pregnant SSDE was multiplied by the Fetus-factor to estimate the fetal SSDE, which was compared with the fetal dose obtained by the MC simulation of the image of the fetal CT examination. The fetal dose could be estimated with an error of 31.5% in fetal examinations conducted using helical CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yusei Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Haba
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsunaga
- Department of Imaging, Nagoya Kyoritsu Hospital, Nagoya 454-0933, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Minami
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuki Asada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Wu K, Huang YH. A rare case report: an inextricable shoulder pain as the exclusive presentation of lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis over contralateral clavicle. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:23. [PMID: 33640029 PMCID: PMC7912515 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the fourth most common form of the tumor spreading to the bone. Among all patients of lung carcinoma, the most common sites of bone metastasis are vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis. By comparison, the clavicle is an extremely rare site of metastases not only in the population of lung cancers but among all types of tumors. Enlightened by this existing fact, we would like to share our experience of management of an uncommon clavicular metastasis and illuminate the obscure mechanism of its scarcity. Case presentation A 56-year-old female without any preknown systemic disease had suffered from a sole intermittent right shoulder pain without any other discomfort for 3 months. Physical examination performed at our orthopedic department showed tenderness over the right distal third of the clavicle with limited range-of-motion of the right shoulder. EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis over the right clavicle resulting in a pathological fracture was diagnosed according to the result of the incisional biopsy. Concurrent chemoradiation therapy accompanied with target therapy was performed. Eighteen months postoperatively, the clavicle pain was found to be subsided with stationary bony lesion under appropriate medication and palliative radiotherapy during the subsequent follow-up. Conclusions The clavicle is an exceedingly unusual site with 2% of metastatic involvement of all type of tumors and only 1% among the population of carcinoma of lung due to its scanty red marrow and sparse vascular supply. Despite the unpleasant prognosis of clavicular metastasis from primary lung adenocarcinoma, promising quality of life is achievable under multidisciplinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Materials and Textiles, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Hao Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
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Warrell GR, Colussi VC, Swanson WL, Caimi PF, Mansur DB, de Lima MJG, Pereira GC. Organ sparing of linac-based targeted marrow irradiation over total body irradiation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:69-79. [PMID: 31605462 PMCID: PMC6839384 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted marrow irradiation (TMI) is an alternative conditioning regimen to total body irradiation (TBI) before bone marrow transplantation in hematologic malignancies. Intensity-modulation methods of external beam radiation therapy are intended to permit significant organ sparing while maintaining adequate target coverage, improving the therapeutic ratio. This study directly compares the dose distributions to targets and organs at risk from TMI and TBI, both modalities conducted by general-use medical linacs at our institution. METHODS TMI treatments were planned for 10 patients using multi-isocentric feathered volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) plans, delivered by 6 MV photon beams of Elekta Synergy linacs. The computed tomography (CT) datasets used to obtain these plans were also used to generate dose distributions of TBI treatments given in the AP/PA extended-field method. We compared dose distributions normalized to the same prescription for both plan types. The generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) of Niemierko for organs and target volumes was used to quantify effective whole structure dose and dose savings. RESULTS For the clinical target volume (CTV), no significant differences were found in mean dose or gEUD, although the radical dose homogeneity index (minimum dose divided by maximum dose) was 31.7% lower (P = 0.002) and the standard deviation of dose was 28.0% greater (P = 0.027) in the TMI plans than in the TBI plans. For the TMI plans, gEUD to the lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver was significantly lower (P < 0.001) by 47.8%, 33.3%, 55.4%, and 51.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION TMI is capable of maintaining CTV coverage as compared to that achieved in TBI, while significantly sparing organs at risk. Improvement on sparing organs at risk permits a higher prescribed dose to the target or the maximum number of times marrow conditioning may be delivered to a patient while maintaining similar typical tissue complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne L. Swanson
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity HospitalsClevelandOHUSA
| | - Paolo F. Caimi
- Department of Medicine–Hematology and OncologyUniversity HospitalsClevelandOHUSA
| | - David B. Mansur
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity HospitalsClevelandOHUSA
| | - Marcos J. G. de Lima
- Department of Medicine–Hematology and OncologyUniversity HospitalsClevelandOHUSA
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Onken JS, Fekonja LS, Wehowsky R, Hubertus V, Vajkoczy P. Metastatic dissemination patterns of different primary tumors to the spine and other bones. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:493-498. [PMID: 31420767 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spine disease (MSD) is a severe event in cancer patients. Experimental data indicate that bone metastasis is mostly mediated by blood flow-dependent, passive arrest of circulating tumor cells to the bone metastatic niche (BMN). Here, we have set out to test these experimental observations in a clinical, human setting to improve our understanding of MSD. 507 patients, treated on spinal metastases in our institution from 2005 to 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. We identified 259 patients with accessible staging reports of the skeleton before and at initial diagnosis of MSD. Data analysis comprised localizations of bone metastases, underlying malignancy and time to development of MSD. Dissemination pattern of bone metastasis was correlated with red bone marrow (RBM) content of the respective bone as a measure of blood flow. Spinal metastases occurred most frequently in lung cancer (21%), prostate cancer (19%), and breast cancer (12%). At the diagnosis of MSD, majority of patients have multiple extra-spinal bone metastases (2/3). The distribution of metastases to extra-spinal bones and to the spine is mostly proportional to the RBM content of the involved bone. Corresponding to the high RBM content, thoracic spine, pelvic bones and ribs represent a predilection site for bone metastasis. We confirm a distinct preference of cancer types to metastasize to bones. When it comes to bone metastases all primaries show uniform distribution pattern, which supports the hypothesis of a predominantly blood flow-dependent distribution of tumor cells and passive arrest to the BMN rather than a spine-specific homing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Onken
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucius S Fekonja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Romy Wehowsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany. .,Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Charite, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Andreas S, Nathan T, Guozhi Z, Reinhilde J, Ria B, Hilde B. Development of a paediatric head voxel model database for dosimetric applications. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170051. [PMID: 28749163 PMCID: PMC5853366 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a database of paediatric head voxel models intended for Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetric applications. METHODS Seventeen head and neck CT image data sets were retrieved from the picture archiving and communicating system of our hospital and were reformed into voxel models. 22 organs were segmented at each data set. The segmented organ masses were compared to the respective age- and gender-specific ICRP reference mass value. Adjustments were made such that segmented and reference mass values coincide within a tolerance of 10%. A dental cone beam CT cleft palate simulation study was set up to demonstrate the applicability of our database to MC frameworks and to investigate the need for age- and gender-specific paediatric models. RESULTS The designed database covers the age range from 2 months to 14 years old. Each model represents a reference head voxel phantom for its corresponding age and gender category. The simulation study revealed absorbed organ dose differences larger than 50% among the 5, 8 and 12 years old models when exposed to identical conditions. CONCLUSION Children cannot be represented by one average phantom covering the entire age range like adults due to the fact that their organs change rapidly in size and shape. A database of paediatric head voxel models was designed to enable dose calculations via MC simulations. Advances in knowledge: The application of each model of the database to MC frameworks provides age- and gender-specific organ dose estimations from medical exposures in the head and neck region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Touyz Nathan
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhang Guozhi
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacobs Reinhilde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bogaerts Ria
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bosmans Hilde
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - DIMITRA project partners
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Venkatesulu BP, Mallick S, Rath GK. Patterns of care of cervical cancer in the elderly: A qualitative literature review. J Geriatr Oncol 2017; 8:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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One or two umbilical cord blood cell units? Caveat emptor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:341-343. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Perk TG, Weisse NA, Yip SSF, Jeraj R. A method for quantitative total marrow imaging (QTMI) with PET/CT. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Campbell BA, Callahan J, Bressel M, Simoens N, Everitt S, Hofman MS, Hicks RJ, Burbury K, MacManus M. Distribution Atlas of Proliferating Bone Marrow in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Measured by FLT-PET/CT Imaging, With Potential Applicability in Radiation Therapy Planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92:1035-1043. [PMID: 26194679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferating bone marrow is exquisitely sensitive to ionizing radiation. Knowledge of its distribution could improve radiation therapy planning to minimize unnecessary marrow exposure and avoid consequential prolonged myelosuppression. [18F]-Fluoro-3-deoxy-3-L-fluorothymidine (FLT)-positron emission tomography (PET) is a novel imaging modality that provides detailed quantitative images of proliferating tissues, including bone marrow. We used FLT-PET imaging in cancer patients to produce an atlas of marrow distribution with potential clinical utility. METHODS AND MATERIALS The FLT-PET and fused CT scans of eligible patients with non-small cell lung cancer (no distant metastases, no prior cytotoxic exposure, no hematologic disorders) were reviewed. The proportions of skeletal FLT activity in 10 predefined bony regions were determined and compared according to age, sex, and recent smoking status. RESULTS Fifty-one patients were studied: 67% male; median age 68 (range, 31-87) years; 8% never smokers; 70% no smoking in the preceding 3 months. Significant differences in marrow distribution occurred between sex and age groups. No effect was detected from smoking in the preceding 3 months. Using the mean percentages of FLT uptake per body region, we created an atlas of the distribution of functional bone marrow in 4 subgroups defined by sex and age. CONCLUSIONS This atlas has potential utility for estimating the distribution of active marrow in adult cancer patients to guide radiation therapy planning. However, because of interindividual variation it should be used with caution when radiation therapy risks ablating large proportions of active marrow; in such cases, individual FLT-PET scans may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda A Campbell
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jason Callahan
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathias Bressel
- Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathalie Simoens
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Everitt
- Radiotherapy Services, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael S Hofman
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Burbury
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael MacManus
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
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Uselmann AJ, Thomadsen BR. On effective dose for radiotherapy based on doses to nontarget organs and tissues. Med Phys 2015; 42:977-82. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4906190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Xu XG. An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:R233-302. [PMID: 25144730 PMCID: PMC4169876 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/r233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiation dose calculation using models of the human anatomy has been a subject of great interest to radiation protection, medical imaging, and radiotherapy. However, early pioneers of this field did not foresee the exponential growth of research activity as observed today. This review article walks the reader through the history of the research and development in this field of study which started some 50 years ago. This review identifies a clear progression of computational phantom complexity which can be denoted by three distinct generations. The first generation of stylized phantoms, representing a grouping of less than dozen models, was initially developed in the 1960s at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to calculate internal doses from nuclear medicine procedures. Despite their anatomical simplicity, these computational phantoms were the best tools available at the time for internal/external dosimetry, image evaluation, and treatment dose evaluations. A second generation of a large number of voxelized phantoms arose rapidly in the late 1980s as a result of the increased availability of tomographic medical imaging and computers. Surprisingly, the last decade saw the emergence of the third generation of phantoms which are based on advanced geometries called boundary representation (BREP) in the form of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) or polygonal meshes. This new class of phantoms now consists of over 287 models including those used for non-ionizing radiation applications. This review article aims to provide the reader with a general understanding of how the field of computational phantoms came about and the technical challenges it faced at different times. This goal is achieved by defining basic geometry modeling techniques and by analyzing selected phantoms in terms of geometrical features and dosimetric problems to be solved. The rich historical information is summarized in four tables that are aided by highlights in the text on how some of the most well-known phantoms were developed and used in practice. Some of the information covered in this review has not been previously reported, for example, the CAM and CAF phantoms developed in 1970s for space radiation applications. The author also clarifies confusion about 'population-average' prospective dosimetry needed for radiological protection under the current ICRP radiation protection system and 'individualized' retrospective dosimetry often performed for medical physics studies. To illustrate the impact of computational phantoms, a section of this article is devoted to examples from the author's own research group. Finally the author explains an unexpected finding during the course of preparing for this article that the phantoms from the past 50 years followed a pattern of exponential growth. The review ends on a brief discussion of future research needs (a supplementary file '3DPhantoms.pdf' to figure 15 is available for download that will allow a reader to interactively visualize the phantoms in 3D).
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Affiliation(s)
- X George Xu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York, USA
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Ai J, Xie T, Sun W, Liu Q. Red bone marrow dose calculations in radiotherapy of prostate cancer based on the updated VCH adult male phantom. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:1815-30. [PMID: 24625466 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/7/1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Red bone marrow (RBM) is an important dose-limiting tissue that has high radiosensitivity but is difficult to identify on clinical medical images. In this study, we investigated dose distribution in RBM for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Four suborgans were identified in the skeleton of the visible Chinese human phantom: cortical bone (CB), trabecular bone (TB), RBM, and yellow bone marrow (YBM). Dose distributions in the phantom were evaluated by the Monte Carlo method. When the left os coxae was taken as the organ-at-risk (OAR), the difference in absorbed dose between RBM and each CB and TB was up to 20%, but was much less (≤3.1%) between RBM and YBM. When the left os coxae and entire bone were both taken as OARs, RBM dose also increased with increasing planning target volume size. The results indicate the validity of using dose to homogeneous bone marrow mixture for estimating dose to RBM when RBM is not available in computational phantoms. In addition, the human skeletal system developed in this study provides a model for considering RBM dose in radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqin Ai
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Karavasilis E, Dimitriadis A, Gonis H, Pappas P, Georgiou E, Yakoumakis E. Effective dose in percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage examination using PCXMC2.0 and MCNP5 Monte Carlo codes. Phys Med 2014; 30:432-6. [PMID: 24374260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the organ equivalent doses and the effective doses (E) in patient undergoing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) examinations, using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 Monte Carlo-based codes. METHODS The purpose of this study is to estimate the organ doses to patients undergoing PTBD examinations by clinical measurements and Monte Carlo simulation. Dose area products (DAP) values were assessed during examination of 43 patients undergoing PTBD examination separated into groups based on the gender and the dimensions and location of the beam. RESULTS Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport in male and female mathematical phantoms was applied using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 codes in order to estimate equivalent organ doses. Regarding the PTBD examination the organ receiving the maximum radiation dose was the lumbar spine. The mean calculated HT for the lumbar spine using the MCNP5 and PCXMC2 methods respectively, was 117.25 mSv and 131.7 mSv, in males. The corresponding doses were 139.45 mSv and 157.1 mSv respectively in females. The HT values for organs receiving considerable amounts of radiation during PTBD examinations were varied between 0.16% and 73.2% for the male group and between 1.10% and 77.6% for the female group. E in females and males using MCNP5 and PCXMC2.0 was 5.88 mSv and 6.77 mSv, and 4.93 mSv and 5.60 mSv. CONCLUSION The doses remain high compared to other invasive operations in interventional radiology. There is a reasonable good coincidence between the MCNP5 and PCXMC2.0 calculation for most of the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karavasilis
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - A Dimitriadis
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - H Gonis
- Medical Physics Department, Laiko Hospital of Athens, 17 Ag. Thoma Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - P Pappas
- Radiology Department, Laiko Hospital of Athens, 17 Ag. Thoma Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - E Georgiou
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - E Yakoumakis
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Xie T, Han D, Liu Y, Sun W, Liu Q. Skeletal dosimetry in a voxel-based rat phantom for internal exposures to photons and electrons. Med Phys 2010; 37:2167-78. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3380223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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