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Yıldız MB, Bolaç R. Is Keratoconus More Than Just a Corneal Disease? Cornea 2024; 43:360-364. [PMID: 37607306 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to compare the scleral thickness (ST), lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT), and lamina cribrosa curvature index between patients with keratoconus and healthy controls and to evaluate the relationship between these values and corneal parameters. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 41 eyes of 41 patients with keratoconus and 30 eyes of 30 age-matched, sex-matched, and axial length-matched controls. Nasal and temporal STs were measured vertically, 4 mm posterior to the scleral spur, using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The LCT was measured on the radial scans of the optic nerve head. The lamina cribrosa curvature index (lamina cribrosa curvature depth/curvature width × 100) was calculated to determine the degree of posterior bowing of the lamina cribrosa. RESULTS The nasal ST and temporal ST were significantly lower in the keratoconus group than in the control group ( P = 0.016 and P = 0.023, respectively). The LCT was significantly lower in the keratoconus group compared with the control group ( P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups for the lamina cribrosa curvature index ( P = 0.375). Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the nasal and temporal STs and the central corneal thickness (r = 0.376, P < 0.001 and r = 0.387, P < 0.001, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between the temporal ST and the minimum corneal thickness in the keratoconus group (r = 0.332, P = 0.015). The LCT was significantly correlated with the central corneal thickness (r = 0.445, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Structural features of the cornea, sclera, and lamina cribrosa with similar collagen content may be similarly affected in patients with keratoconus. Further histologic studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Beyza Yıldız
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Ghorbani R, Rasouli M, Sefat F, Heidari Keshel S. Pathogenesis of Common Ocular Diseases: Emerging Trends in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. Semin Ophthalmol 2024; 39:27-39. [PMID: 37424085 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of visual impairments in human societies is worrying due to retinopathy complications of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and many more that are on the rise worldwide. Since the proper function of this organ plays a pivotal role in people's quality of life, identifying factors affecting the development/exacerbation of ocular diseases is of particular interest among ophthalmology researchers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a reticular, three-dimensional (3D) structure that determines the shape and dimensions of tissues in the body. The ECM remodeling/hemostasis is a critical process in both physiological and pathological conditions. It consists of ECM deposition, degradation, and decrease/increase in the ECM components. However, disregulation of this process and an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of ECM components are associated with many pathological situations, including ocular disorders. Despite the impact of ECM alterations on the development of ocular diseases, there is not much research conducted in this regard. Therefore, a better understanding in this regard, can pave the way toward discovering plausible strategies to either prevent or treat eye disorders. In this review, we will discuss the importance of ECM changes as a sentimental factor in various ocular diseases based on the research done up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Makuloluwa AK, Hamill KJ, Rauz S, Bosworth L, Haneef A, Romano V, Williams RL, Dartt DA, Kaye SB. The conjunctival extracellular matrix, related disorders and development of substrates for conjunctival restoration. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:322-335. [PMID: 34102309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The conjunctiva can be damaged by numerous diseases with scarring, loss of tissue and dysfunction. Depending on extent of damage, restoration of function may require a conjunctival graft. A wide variety of biological and synthetic substrates have been tested in the search for optimal conditions for ex vivo culture of conjunctival epithelial cells as a route toward tissue grafts. Each substrate has specific advantages but also disadvantages related to their unique physical and biological characteristics, and identification and development of an improved substrate remains a priority. To achieve the goal of mimicking and restoring a biological material, requires information from the material. Specifically, extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from conjunctival tissue. Knowledge of the composition and structure of native ECM and identifying contributions of individual components to its function would enable using or mimicking those components to develop improved biological substrates. ECM is comprised of two components: basement membrane secreted predominantly by epithelial cells containing laminins and type IV collagens, which directly support epithelial and goblet cell adhesion differentiation and growth and, interstitial matrix secreted by fibroblasts in lamina propria, which provides mechanical and structural support. This review presents current knowledge on anatomy, composition of conjunctival ECM and related conjunctival disorders. Requirements of potential substrates for conjunctival tissue engineering and transplantation are discussed. Biological and synthetic substrates and their components are described in an accompanying review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni K Makuloluwa
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Kevin J Hamill
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road Birmingham, B18 7QU, UK
| | - Lucy Bosworth
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Atikah Haneef
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St. Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Dammak A, Pastrana C, Martin-Gil A, Carpena-Torres C, Peral Cerda A, Simovart M, Alarma P, Huete-Toral F, Carracedo G. Oxidative Stress in the Anterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnostic and Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020292. [PMID: 36830827 PMCID: PMC9952931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a metabolically active structure, constantly exposed to solar radiations making its structure vulnerable to the high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting many molecular interactions. The biomolecular cascade modification is caused especially in diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens. In fact, the injury in the anterior segment of the eye takes its origin from the perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and leads to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defence weakens with age. Furthermore, oxidative stress is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, apoptosis, and inflammation, which are involved in anterior ocular disease progression such as dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract. The different pathologies are interconnected through various mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress making the diagnostics more relevant in early stages. The end point of the molecular pathway is the release of different antioxidant biomarkers offering the potential of predictive diagnostics of the pathology. In this review, we have analysed the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the front of the eye to provide a better understanding of the pathomechanism, the importance of biomarkers for the diagnosis of eye diseases, and the recent treatment of anterior ocular diseases.
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5
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Di Girolamo N, Park M. Cell identity changes in ocular surface Epithelia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022:101148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hao XD, Gao H, Xu WH, Shan C, Liu Y, Zhou ZX, Wang K, Li PF. Systematically Displaying the Pathogenesis of Keratoconus via Multi-Level Related Gene Enrichment-Based Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:770138. [PMID: 35141241 PMCID: PMC8818795 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.770138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is an etiologically heterogeneous corneal ectatic disorder. To systematically display the pathogenesis of keratoconus (KC), this study reviewed all the reported genes involved in KC, and performed an enrichment analysis of genes identified at the genome, transcription, and protein levels respectively. Combined analysis of multi-level results revealed their shared genes, gene ontology (GO), and pathway terms, to explore the possible pathogenesis of KC. After an initial search, 80 candidate genes, 2,933 transcriptional differential genes, and 947 differential proteins were collected. The candidate genes were significantly enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM) related terms, Wnt signaling pathway and cytokine activities. The enriched GO/pathway terms of transcription and protein levels highlight the importance of ECM, cell adhesion, and inflammatory once again. Combined analysis of multi-levels identified 13 genes, 43 GOs, and 12 pathways. The pathogenic relationships among these overlapping factors maybe as follows. The gene mutations/variants caused insufficient protein dosage or abnormal function, together with environmental stimulation, leading to the related functions and pathways changes in the corneal cells. These included response to the glucocorticoid and reactive oxygen species; regulation of various signaling (P13K-AKT, MAPK and NF-kappaB), apoptosis and aging; upregulation of cytokines and collagen-related enzymes; and downregulation of collagen and other ECM-related proteins. These undoubtedly lead to a reduction of extracellular components and induction of cell apoptosis, resulting in the loosening and thinning of corneal tissue structure. This study, in addition to providing information about the genes involved, also provides an integrated insight into the gene-based etiology and pathogenesis of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Hao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Dan Hao
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- Department of Inspection, The Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chan Shan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Kun Wang
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Pei-Feng Li
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7
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Song Y, Overmass M, Fan J, Hodge C, Sutton G, Lovicu FJ, You J. Application of Collagen I and IV in Bioengineering Transparent Ocular Tissues. Front Surg 2021; 8:639500. [PMID: 34513910 PMCID: PMC8427501 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.639500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens represent a major group of structural proteins expressed in different tissues and display distinct and variable properties. Whilst collagens are non-transparent in the skin, they confer transparency in the cornea and crystalline lens of the eye. There are 28 types of collagen that all share a common triple helix structure yet differ in the composition of their α-chains leading to their different properties. The different organization of collagen fibers also contributes to the variable tissue morphology. The important ability of collagen to form different tissues has led to the exploration and application of collagen as a biomaterial. Collagen type I (Col-I) and collagen type IV (Col-IV) are the two primary collagens found in corneal and lens tissues. Both collagens provide structure and transparency, essential for a clear vision. This review explores the application of these two collagen types as novel biomaterials in bioengineering unique tissue that could be used to treat a variety of ocular diseases leading to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Song
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan Overmass
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiawen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Hodge
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Tissue Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Sutton
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Tissue Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingjing You
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cheung IM, Mcghee CN, Sherwin T. A new perspective on the pathobiology of keratoconus: interplay of stromal wound healing and reactive species‐associated processes. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 96:188-96. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella My Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Charles Nj Mcghee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
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9
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Cheung IMY, Mcghee CNJ, Sherwin T. Beneficial effect of the antioxidant riboflavin on gene expression of extracellular matrix elements, antioxidants and oxidases in keratoconic stromal cells. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 97:349-55. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Charles N J Mcghee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
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10
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Puri S, Coulson-Thomas YM, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Distribution and Function of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in the Development, Homeostasis and Pathology of the Ocular Surface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:731. [PMID: 32903857 PMCID: PMC7438910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, which forms the interface between the eye and the external environment, includes the cornea, corneoscleral limbus, the conjunctiva and the accessory glands that produce the tear film. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) have been shown to play important roles in the development, hemostasis and pathology of the ocular surface. Herein we review the current literature related to the distribution and function of GAGs and PGs within the ocular surface, with focus on the cornea. The unique organization of ECM components within the cornea is essential for the maintenance of corneal transparency and function. Many studies have described the importance of GAGs within the epithelial and stromal compartment, while very few studies have analyzed the ECM of the endothelial layer. Importantly, GAGs have been shown to be essential for maintaining corneal homeostasis, epithelial cell differentiation and wound healing, and, more recently, a role has been suggested for the ECM in regulating limbal stem cells, corneal innervation, corneal inflammation, corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Reports have also associated genetic defects of the ECM to corneal pathologies. Thus, we also highlight the role of different GAGs and PGs in ocular surface homeostasis, as well as in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yvette M Coulson-Thomas
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Optimvia, LLC, Batavia, OH, United States
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Bhansali S, Bhansali A, Dutta P, Walia R, Dhawan V. Metformin upregulates mitophagy in patients with T2DM: A randomized placebo-controlled study. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2832-2846. [PMID: 31975558 PMCID: PMC7077543 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Metformin besides being an insulin sensitizer also induces autophagy; however, its effect on mitophagy and NLRP3 activation in patients with T2DM still remains elusive. Forty-five drug-naïve T2DM patients with HbA1C 7%-9% (53-75 mmol/mol) were randomly assigned to receive either metformin, voglibose, or placebo for 3 months, and were also recommended for lifestyle intervention programme (n = 15 each). Mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) parameters, qPCR and immunoblotting of mitophagy-related markers (PINK1, PARKIN, MFN2, NIX, LC3-II, LAMP2), p-AMPKα (T172), and NLRP3 proteins, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for assessing mitochondrial morphology were performed in the mononuclear cells of study patients. Both metformin and voglibose showed a similar efficacy towards the reduction in HbA1c and MOS indices. However, multivariate ANCOVA divulged that mRNA and protein expression of mitophagy markers, NLRP3 and p-AMPKα (T172), were significantly increased only with metformin therapy. Moreover, PINK1 expression displayed a significant positive association with HOMA-β indices, and TEM studies further confirmed reduced distortions in mitochondrial morphology in the metformin group only. Our observations underscore that metformin upregulates mitophagy and subsequently ameliorates the altered mitochondrial morphology and function, independent of its glucose-lowering effect. Further, restoration of normal mitochondrial phenotype may improve cellular function, including β-cells, which may prevent further worsening of hyperglycaemia in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Bhansali
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Bretaud S, Guillon E, Karppinen SM, Pihlajaniemi T, Ruggiero F. Collagen XV, a multifaceted multiplexin present across tissues and species. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100023. [PMID: 33543021 PMCID: PMC7852327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type XV collagen is a non-fibrillar collagen that is associated with basement membranes and belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. Collagen XV was initially studied because of its sequence homology with collagen XVIII/endostatin whose anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties were subjects of wide interest in the past years. But during the last fifteen years, collagen XV has gained growing attention with increasing number of studies that have attributed new functions to this widely distributed collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule. Despite the cumulative evidence of its functional pleiotropy and its evolutionary conserved function, no review compiling the current state of the art about collagen XV is currently available. Here, we thus provide the first comprehensive view of the knowledge gathered so far on the molecular structure, tissue distribution and functions of collagen XV in development, tissue homeostasis and disease with an evolutionary perspective. We hope that our review will open new roads for promising research on collagen XV in the coming years. Type XV collagen belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. It is evolutionarily conserved collagen and associated with basement membranes. This collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule contains an anti-angiogenic restin domain. It has important functions in the cardiovascular and the neuromuscular systems. Its expression is dysregulated in various diseases including cancers.
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Key Words
- Animal models
- BM, basement membrane
- BMZ, basement membrane zone
- COL, collagenous domain
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- Collagen-related disease
- Collagens
- Development
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Evolution
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HFD, High fat diet
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- Multiplexin
- NC, non-collagenous domain
- TD, trimerization domain
- TSPN, Thrombospondin-1 N-terminal like domain
- dpf, day post-fertilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bretaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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Loukovitis E, Kozeis N, Gatzioufas Z, Kozei A, Tsotridou E, Stoila M, Koronis S, Sfakianakis K, Tranos P, Balidis M, Zachariadis Z, Mikropoulos DG, Anogeianakis G, Katsanos A, Konstas AG. The Proteins of Keratoconus: a Literature Review Exploring Their Contribution to the Pathophysiology of the Disease. Adv Ther 2019; 36:2205-2222. [PMID: 31363996 PMCID: PMC6822850 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keratoconus (KC) is a complex, genetically heterogeneous multifactorial degenerative disorder characterized by corneal ectasia and thinning. Its incidence is approximately 1/2000-1/50,000 in the general population. KC is associated with moderate to high myopia and irregular astigmatism, resulting in severe visual impairment. KC structural abnormalities primarily relate to the weakening of the corneal collagen. Their understanding is crucial and could contribute to effective management of the disease, such as with the aid of corneal cross-linking (CXL). The present article critically reviews the proteins involved in the pathophysiology of KC, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of collagen that pertain to CXL. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and GeneCards databases were screened for relevant articles published in English between January 2006 and June 2018. Keyword combinations of the words "keratoconus," "risk factor(s)," "genetics," "genes," "genetic association(s)," "proteins", "collagen" and "cornea'' were used. In total, 272 articles were retrieved, reviewed and selected, with greater weight placed on more recently published evidence. Based on the reviewed literature, an attempt was made to tabulate the up- and down-regulation of genes involved in KC and their protein products and to delineate the mechanisms involved in CXL. RESULTS A total of 117 proteins and protein classes have been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of KC. These have been tabulated in seven distinct tables according to their gene coding, their biochemistry and their metabolic control. CONCLUSION The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of KC remain enigmatic. Emerging evidence has improved our understanding of the molecular characteristics of KC and could further improve the success rate of CXL therapies.
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Familial association of keratoconus and granular corneal dystrophy: The familial case series. North Clin Istanb 2019; 6:176-183. [PMID: 31297486 PMCID: PMC6593915 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2018.08860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the coexistence of bilateral keratoconus and granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) in the members of a family. METHODS: A total of 22 patients were examined in four generations of the family tree in this family screening study. Visual acuity test, biomicroscopic examination, and fundus examination were performed in all patients. The diagnosis of granular dystrophy was based on biomicroscopic examination findings. Corneal topography was performed on the patients diagnosed with granular dystrophy and other family members aged >5 years with normal examination findings. Corneal photographs were obtained from all patients with granular dystrophy except one case. RESULTS: Keratoconus or subclinical keratoconus was detected in seven cases. In addition, GCD type 1 was found in six of the seven cases. All patients diagnosed with keratoconus and granular dystrophy were females. On the other hand, there was no ophthalmologic problem in the men of the family tree. Although an autosomal dominant inheritance was found, the onset of the disease only in women suggests that there may be a variant expression. CONCLUSION: The present study showed an association of GCD and keratoconus in four generations of a family. More research is required to further explain this association.
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Suri F, Yazdani S, Chapi M, Safari I, Rasooli P, Daftarian N, Jafarinasab MR, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Alehabib E, Darvish H, Klotzle B, Fan JB, Turk C, Elahi E. COL18A1 is a candidate eye iridocorneal angle-closure gene in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3772-3786. [PMID: 30007336 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a common form of glaucoma in the Far East. Its defining feature is iridocorneal angle closure. In addition to PACG, indications of angle closure are included in the diagnostic criteria of related conditions primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) and primary angle closure (PAC). To the best of our knowledge, a causative gene for iridocorneal angle closure in humans has not been identified. This study aimed to identify the genetic cause of iridocorneal angle closure in a pedigree with at least 10 individuals diagnosed with PACS, PAC or PACG. Results of linkage analysis, segregation analysis of 44 novel variations, whole exome sequencing of 10 individuals, screenings of controls and bioinformatics predictions identified a mutation in COL18A1 that encodes collagen type XVIII as the most likely cause of angle closure in the pedigree. The role of COL18A1 in the etiology of Knobloch syndrome (KS) that is consistently accompanied by optic anomalies, available functional data on the encoded protein and the recognized role of collagens and the extracellular matrix in glaucoma pathogenesis supported the proposed role of the COL18A1 mutation in the pedigree. Subsequent identification of other COL18A1 mutations in PACS affected individuals of two unrelated families further supported that COL18A1 may affect angle closure. These PACS individuals were parents and grandparents of KS-affected children. In conclusion, a gene that affects angle closure in humans, a critical feature of PACG, has been identified. The findings also reinforce the importance of collagens in eye features and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Suri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Chapi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Safari
- School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Rasooli
- School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Jafarinasab
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Alehabib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Nita M, Grzybowski A. The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3164734. [PMID: 26881021 PMCID: PMC4736974 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3164734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) form under normal physiological conditions and may have both beneficial and harmful role. We search the literature and current knowledge in the aspect of ROS participation in the pathogenesis of anterior and posterior eye segment diseases in adults. ROS take part in the pathogenesis of keratoconus, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, and granular corneal dystrophy type 2, stimulating apoptosis of corneal cells. ROS play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma stimulating apoptotic and inflammatory pathways on the level of the trabecular meshwork and promoting retinal ganglion cells apoptosis and glial dysfunction in the posterior eye segment. ROS play a role in the pathogenesis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and traumatic optic neuropathy. ROS induce apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells. ROS promote apoptosis of vascular and neuronal cells and stimulate inflammation and pathological angiogenesis in the course of diabetic retinopathy. ROS are associated with the pathophysiological parainflammation and autophagy process in the course of the age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nita
- Domestic and Specialized Medicine Centre “Dilmed”, Ulica Bohaterów Monte Cassino 3, 40-231 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan City Hospital, Ulica Szwajcarska 3, 61-285 Poznań, Poland
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Warmia and Mazury, Ulica Żołnierska 14 C, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Massoudi D, Malecaze F, Galiacy SD. Collagens and proteoglycans of the cornea: importance in transparency and visual disorders. Cell Tissue Res 2015. [PMID: 26205093 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cornea represents the external part of the eye and consists of an epithelium, a stroma and an endothelium. Due to its curvature and transparency this structure makes up approximately 70% of the total refractive power of the eye. This function is partly made possible by the particular organization of the collagen extracellular matrix contained in the corneal stroma that allows a constant refractive power. The maintenance of such an organization involves other molecules such as type V collagen, FACITs (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices) and SLRPs (small leucine-rich proteoglycans). These components play crucial roles in the preservation of the correct organization and function of the cornea since their absence or modification leads to abnormalities such as corneal opacities. Thus, the aim of this review is to describe the different corneal collagens and proteoglycans by highlighting their importance in corneal transparency as well as their implication in corneal visual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francois Malecaze
- EA4555, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephane D Galiacy
- EA4555, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Toulouse, France.
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Galvis V, Sherwin T, Tello A, Merayo J, Barrera R, Acera A. Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder? Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:843-59. [PMID: 25931166 PMCID: PMC4506344 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus has been classically defined as a progressive, non-inflammatory condition, which produces a thinning and steepening of the cornea. Its pathophysiological mechanisms have been investigated for a long time. Both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the disease. Recent studies have shown a significant role of proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and free radicals; therefore, although keratoconus does not meet all the classic criteria for an inflammatory disease, the lack of inflammation has been questioned. The majority of studies in the tears of patients with keratoconus have found increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Eye rubbing, a proven risk factor for keratoconus, has been also shown recently to increase the tear levels of MMP-13, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the tear fluid of patients with ocular rosacea, IL-1α and MMP-9 have been reported to be significantly elevated, and cases of inferior corneal thinning, resembling keratoconus, have been reported. We performed a literature review of published biochemical changes in keratoconus that would support that this could be, at least in part, an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Galvis
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - T Sherwin
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Tello
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - J Merayo
- Instituto Oftalmologico Fernandez-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - R Barrera
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - A Acera
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Derio, Spain
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Schlatter B, Beck M, Frueh BE, Tappeiner C, Zinkernagel M. Evaluation of scleral and corneal thickness in keratoconus patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:1073-80. [PMID: 25935338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the scleral stroma is affected as much as the corneal stroma in keratoconus. SETTING University Eye Clinic, Bern, Switzerland. DESIGN Comparative case-control study. METHODS Eyes with keratoconus (keratoconus group) and eyes of age-, sex-, and axial length-matched controls (control group) were analyzed. Corneal videokeratometry and pachymetry were performed using a Scheimpflug tomographer (Pentacam). For measurements of the peripheral cornea and the anterior sclera, a spectral-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography device (Spectralis) was used. RESULTS The study group comprised 51 eyes and the control group, 50 eyes. The mean central corneal thickness in the keratoconus group was statistically significantly lower than in the control group (447.8 μm ± 57.8 [SD] versus 550.5 ± 35.5 μm) (P < .0001). No significant difference in the mean anterior scleral thickness was found between the keratoconus group and the control group (479.1 ± 43.7 μm versus 474.2 ± 43.0 μm) (P =.57). CONCLUSION Although corneal thinning was observed in keratoconus patients, the anterior scleral stroma thickness in these patients seemed to be similar to that in healthy control eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schlatter
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Beck
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice E Frueh
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Tappeiner
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zinkernagel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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21
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Kriszt Á, Losonczy G, Berta A, Vereb G, Takács L. Segregation analysis suggests that keratoconus is a complex non-mendelian disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e562-8. [PMID: 24629050 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complex segregation analysis of 60 unrelated sporadic keratoconus (KC) families was performed to reveal the presumed mode of inheritance in our dataset. METHODS Sixty probands, 212 family members and 212 age and gender matched healthy controls underwent clinical and videokeratographic examination. Family aggregation and distribution of videokeratography parameters were examined. Segregation of KSI, KISA and 6mm Fourier asymmetry alone or in covariate analysis with gender or the presence of Fleischer ring, exploring mendelian and non-mendelian models of inheritance was tested using complex segregation analysis with the S.A.G.E. program package. RESULTS In 145 relatives of probands, the estimated prevalence of manifest KC was 7.6% (95% CI: 3.3-11.9) based on KISA index, indicating strong familial aggregation. All examined videokeratography indices were able to differentiate between KC and non-KC family members as well as normal controls (anova p < 0.001). Hypotheses accepted as most parsimonius models of inheritance (p > 0.1) for all indices indicated the presence of a non-mendelian major gene effect (MG). Inclusion of Fleischer ring as covariate improved the fit of MG models. Mendelian, Sporadic and polygenic models were consistently rejected. CONCLUSIONS Complex segregation analysis indicates a strong genetic contribution to the transmission of keratoconus. Inheritance is most probably due to a non-mendelian major gene effect. Low genotype-phenotype correlation in sporadic KC families can make linkage studies difficult, thus genome wide association studies, epigenetic and pathway analyses may provide more information on disease pathogenesis in non-familial keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Kriszt
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gergely Losonczy
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
| | - András Berta
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lili Takács
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center; Debrecen Hungary
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Cheung IM, McGhee CN, Sherwin T. Deficient repair regulatory response to injury in keratoconic stromal cells. Clin Exp Optom 2013; 97:234-9. [PMID: 24147544 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus manifests as a conical protrusion of the cornea and is characterised by stromal thinning. This causes debilitating visual impairment, which may necessitate corneal transplantation. Hypothetically, many of the pathological features in keratoconus may be manifestations of defects in wound healing; however, as the pathobiology remains unclear, therapeutic targets related to disease mechanisms are currently lacking. This study investigated the protein expression of cytokines which may control stromal wound healing and the effect of an induced secondary injury (SI) on stromal cells from ex vivo human keratoconus and control corneas. METHODS Total protein was extracted from stromal cells from human keratoconic and non-keratoconic central corneas (n = 12) with (+SI) and without (-SI) an ex vivo corneal incision wound. The levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), nerve growth factor beta (β-NGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were quantified using chemiluminescence-based immunoarrays. RESULTS In stromal cells from -SI keratoconic corneas (compared with -SI normal corneas), the levels of IL-1α, IGF-1, TNF-α and TGF-β1 were increased and the levels of HGF and β-NGF were reduced. These alterations were also observed in +SI non-keratoconic corneas (compared with -SI non-keratoconic corneas). In stromal cells from +SI keratoconic corneas (compared with -SI keratoconic corneas), the quantities of IL-1α, FGF-2, TNF-a, EGF, TGF-a1 and PDGF were decreased. CONCLUSION The repair-modulating milieu in keratoconic corneas appears comparable to that in wounded normal corneas. Moreover, wounded keratoconic corneas may be less capable of orchestrating a normal reparative response. These novel findings may improve our understanding of the pathobiology and may facilitate the identification of potential biological targets and therapeutic agents to advance the clinical management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella My Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Torricelli AAM, Singh V, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. The corneal epithelial basement membrane: structure, function, and disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6390-400. [PMID: 24078382 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelial basement membrane (BM) is positioned between basal epithelial cells and the stroma. This highly specialized extracellular matrix functions not only to anchor epithelial cells to the stroma and provide scaffolding during embryonic development but also during migration, differentiation, and maintenance of the differentiated epithelial phenotype. Basement membranes are composed of a diverse assemblage of extracellular molecules, some of which are likely specific to the tissue where they function; but in general they are composed of four primary components--collagens, laminins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and nidogens--in addition to other components such as thrombospondin-1, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 and even fibronectin in some BM. Many studies have focused on characterizing BM due to their potential roles in normal tissue function and disease, and these structures have been well characterized in many tissues. Comparatively few studies, however, have focused on the function of the epithelial BM in corneal physiology. Since the normal corneal stroma is avascular and has relatively low keratocyte density, it is expected that the corneal BM would be different from the BM in other tissues. One function that appears critical in homeostasis and wound healing is the barrier function to penetration of cytokines from the epithelium to stroma (such as transforming growth factor β-1), and possibly from stroma to epithelium (such as keratinocyte growth factor). The corneal epithelial BM is also involved in many inherited and acquired corneal diseases. This review examines this structure in detail and discusses the importance of corneal epithelial BM in homeostasis, wound healing, and disease.
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Wiggs JL, Howell GR, Linkroum K, Abdrabou W, Hodges E, Braine CE, Pasquale LR, Hannon GJ, Haines JL, John SWM. Variations in COL15A1 and COL18A1 influence age of onset of primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Genet 2013; 84:167-74. [PMID: 23621901 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically and phenotypically complex disease that is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Previously we completed a genome-wide scan for early-onset POAG that identified a locus on 9q22 (GLC1J). To identify potential causative variants underlying GLC1J, we used targeted DNA capture followed by high throughput sequencing of individuals from four GLC1J pedigrees, followed by Sanger sequencing to screen candidate variants in additional pedigrees. A mutation likely to cause early-onset glaucoma was not identified, however COL15A1 variants were found in the youngest affected members of 7 of 15 pedigrees with variable disease onset. In addition, the most common COL15A1 variant, R163H, influenced the age of onset in adult POAG cases. RNA in situ hybridization of mouse eyes shows that Col15a1 is expressed in the multiple ocular structures including ciliary body, astrocytes of the optic nerve and cells in the ganglion cell layer. Sanger sequencing of COL18A1, a related multiplexin collagen, identified a rare variant, A1381T, in members of three additional pedigrees with early-onset disease. These results suggest genetic variation in COL15A1 and COL18A1 can modify the age of onset of both early and late onset POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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Kuvaja P, Hulkkonen S, Pasanen I, Soini Y, Lehtonen S, Talvensaari-Mattila A, Pääkkö P, Kaakinen M, Autio-Harmainen H, Hurskainen T, Lehenkari P, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Tumor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in hormone-independent breast cancer might originate in stromal cells, and improves stratification of prognosis together with nodal status. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1094-103. [PMID: 22465225 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is shown to be a potential marker for poor prognosis in breast cancer, but the biology of TIMP-1 is only partially understood. In this study, TIMP-1 production was studied in a co-culture model of hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines and mesenchymal stem cells mimicking the stromal components of the tumor. In addition, the prognostic value of TIMP-1 was histologically evaluated in a clinical material of 168 patients with hormone-independent breast tumors. The hormone-independent breast cancer (BC) cell lines MDA-MB-231, M4A4 and NM2C5 did not produce TIMP-1 protein in measureable quantities. Six tested primary mesenchymal stem cell lines all produced TIMP-1. Co-culturing of mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cells resulted in positive immunocytochemical diffuse staining for TIMP-1 for both cell types. Culturing breast cancer cells with MSC-conditioned media resulted in a positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for TIMP-1, and TIMP-1 protein concentration in cell lysates increased 2.7-fold (range 1.1-4.7). The TIMP-1 mRNA levels remained unaffected in BC cells. This might suggest that breast cancer cells can take up TIMP-1 produced by stromal cells and are thus displaying cellular immunoreactivity. In addition, TIMP-1 was shown to improve stratification of prognosis in clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kuvaja
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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Romero-Jiménez M, Santodomingo-Rubido J, Wolffsohn JS. Keratoconus: a review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2010; 33:157-66; quiz 205. [PMID: 20537579 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus is the most common primary ectasia. It usually occurs in the second decade of life and affects both genders and all ethnicities. The estimated prevalence in the general population is 54 per 100,000. Ocular signs and symptoms vary depending on disease severity. Early forms normally go unnoticed unless corneal topography is performed. Disease progression is manifested with a loss of visual acuity which cannot be compensated for with spectacles. Corneal thinning frequently precedes ectasia. In moderate and advance cases, a hemosiderin arc or circle line, known as Fleischer's ring, is frequently seen around the cone base. Vogt's striaes, which are fine vertical lines produced by Descemet's membrane compression, is another characteristic sign. Most patients eventually develop corneal scarring. Munson's sign, a V-shape deformation of the lower eyelid in downward position; Rizzuti's sign, a bright reflection from the nasal area of the limbus when light is directed to the limbus temporal area; and breakages in Descemet's membrane causing acute stromal oedema, known as hydrops, are observed in advanced stages. Classifications based on morphology, disease evolution, ocular signs and index-based systems of keratoconus have been proposed. Theories into the genetic, biomechanical and biochemical causes of keratoconus have been suggested. Management varies depending on disease severity. Incipient cases are managed with spectacles, mild to moderate cases with contact lenses and severe cases can be treated with keratoplasty. This article provides a review on the definition, epidemiology, clinical features, classification, histopathology, aetiology and pathogenesis, and management and treatment strategies for keratoconus.
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27
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Kabosova A, Azar DT, Bannikov GA, Campbell KP, Durbeej M, Ghohestani RF, Jones JCR, Kenney MC, Koch M, Ninomiya Y, Patton BL, Paulsson M, Sado Y, Sage EH, Sasaki T, Sorokin LM, Steiner-Champliaud MF, Sun TT, Sundarraj N, Timpl R, Virtanen I, Ljubimov AV. Compositional differences between infant and adult human corneal basement membranes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:4989-99. [PMID: 17962449 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult human corneal epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and Descemet's membrane (DM) components exhibit heterogeneous distribution. The purpose of the study was to identify changes of these components during postnatal corneal development. METHODS Thirty healthy adult corneas and 10 corneas from 12-day- to 3-year-old children were studied by immunofluorescence with antibodies against BM components. RESULTS Type IV collagen composition of infant corneal central EBM over Bowman's layer changed from alpha1-alpha2 to alpha3-alpha4 chains after 3 years of life; in the adult, alpha1-alpha2 chains were retained only in the limbal BM. Laminin alpha2 and beta2 chains were present in the adult limbal BM where epithelial stem cells are located. By 3 years of age, beta2 chain appeared in the limbal BM. In all corneas, limbal BM contained laminin gamma3 chain. In the infant DM, type IV collagen alpha1-alpha6 chains, perlecan, nidogen-1, nidogen-2, and netrin-4 were found on both faces, but they remained only on the endothelial face of the adult DM. The stromal face of the infant but not the adult DM was positive for tenascin-C, fibrillin-1, SPARC, and laminin-332. Type VIII collagen shifted from the endothelial face of infant DM to its stromal face in the adult. Matrilin-4 largely disappeared after the age of 3 years. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of laminin gamma3 chain, nidogen-2, netrin-4, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 is described in the cornea for the first time. The observed differences between adult and infant corneal BMs may relate to changes in their mechanical strength, corneal cell adhesion and differentiation in the process of postnatal corneal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kabosova
- Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007; 18:342-50. [PMID: 17568213 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e3282887e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Määttä M, Heljasvaara R, Pihlajaniemi T, Uusitalo M. Collagen XVIII/endostatin shows a ubiquitous distribution in human ocular tissues and endostatin-containing fragments accumulate in ocular fluid samples. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 245:74-81. [PMID: 16612638 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 11/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endostatin domain of type XVIII collagen (ColXVIII) inhibits neovascularization and regulates cell migration and matrix turnover. This study was designed to demonstrate the protein and gene expression patterns of ColXVIII/endostatin in the human eye and to ascertain whether endostatin is detectable in ocular fluid samples. METHODS Twenty human eyes enucleated on account of choroidal melanoma were used for immunohistochemical stainings with antibodies against ColXVIII and endostatin. In situ hybridization was used to localize cells responsible for the production of mRNA for ColXVIII. Tear fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous gel samples were used for Western immunoblotting to detect endostatin fragments in these samples. RESULTS ColXVIII was immunolocalized to almost all ocular structures, namely the basement membranes (BMs) of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, Descement's membrane, the anterior border layer and posterior pigmented epithelium of the iris, the BMs of the pigmented and non-pigmented ciliary epithelia, the internal wall of Schlemm's canal and trabeculae, the ciliary and iris muscle cells, the BMs of the pigment epithelium of the retina, and the internal limiting membrane. Universal expression was seen in the BMs of vascular endothelial cells, and in fibroblasts located in the conjunctiva, the iris, and the ciliary body. Endostatin showed a corresponding pattern, but additional immunostaining was present in the corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Most epithelial and mesenchymal cells expressed the mRNA for ColXVIII. Endostatin-containing fragments varying in size were detected in tear fluid, aqueous humor and vitreous gel samples. CONCLUSIONS Practically all structures of the human eye contain ColXVIII/endostatin, emphasizing its possible important structural and functional role in the human eye. Furthermore, ocular fluid samples contain endostatin fragments, which may contribute to the antiangiogenic properties of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Määttä
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 220, 00029 Helsinki, HUS, Finland.
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