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Tissue Pathogens and Cancers: A Review of Commonly Seen Manifestations in Histo- and Cytopathology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111410. [PMID: 34832566 PMCID: PMC8624235 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue pathogens are commonly encountered in histopathology and cytology practice, where they can present as either benign mimickers of malignancy or true malignancies. The aim of this review is to provide a timely synthesis of our understanding of these tissue pathogens, with an emphasis on pertinent diagnostic conundrums associated with the benign mimickers of malignancy that can be seen with viral infections and those which manifest as granulomas. The oncogenic pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are then discussed with relationship to their associated malignancies. Although not exhaustive, the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and histological findings are included, along with a short review of emerging therapies.
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Frey TR, Akinyemi IA, Burton EM, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, McIntosh MT. An Ancestral Retrovirus Envelope Protein Regulates Persistent Gammaherpesvirus Lifecycles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:708404. [PMID: 34434177 PMCID: PMC8381357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persist as life-long infections alternating between latency and lytic replication. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), via integration into the host genome, represent genetic remnants of ancient retroviral infections. Both show similar epigenetic silencing while dormant, but can reactivate in response to cell signaling cues or triggers that, for gammaherpesviruses, result in productive lytic replication. Given their co-existence with humans and shared epigenetic silencing, we asked if HERV expression might be linked to lytic activation of human gammaherpesviruses. We found ERVW-1 mRNA, encoding the functional HERV-W envelope protein Syncytin-1, along with other repeat class elements, to be elevated upon lytic activation of EBV. Knockdown/knockout of ERVW-1 reduced lytic activation of EBV and KSHV in response to various lytic cycle triggers. In this regard, reduced expression of immediate early proteins ZEBRA and RTA for EBV and KSHV, respectively, places Syncytin-1's influence on lytic activation mechanistically upstream of the latent-to-lytic switch. Conversely, overexpression of Syncytin-1 enhanced lytic activation of EBV and KSHV in response to lytic triggers, though this was not sufficient to induce lytic activation in the absence of such triggers. Syncytin-1 is expressed in replicating B cell blasts and lymphoma-derived B cell lines where it appears to contribute to cell cycle progression. Together, human gammaherpesviruses and B cells appear to have adapted a dependency on Syncytin-1 that facilitates the ability of EBV and KSHV to activate lytic replication from latency, while promoting viral persistence during latency by contributing to B cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R. Frey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ibukun A. Akinyemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eric M. Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael T. McIntosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Roshan R, Labo N, Trivett M, Miley W, Marshall V, Coren L, Cornejo Castro EM, Perez H, Holdridge B, Davis E, Matus-Nicodemos R, Ayala VI, Sowder R, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Fennessey C, Lifson J, Polizzotto MN, Douek D, Keele B, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R, Ohlen C, Ott D, Whitby D. T-cell responses to KSHV infection: a systematic approach. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109402-109416. [PMID: 29312617 PMCID: PMC5752530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies of T-cell responses to KSHV have included relatively few participants and focused on relatively few KSHV antigens. To provide a more comprehensive analysis, we investigated T-cell responses to the whole KSHV proteome using IFN-γ ELISpot. Using ∼7,500 overlapping 15mer peptides we generated one to three peptide pools for each of the 82 KSHV ORFs. IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of PBMCs from 19 patients with a history of KSHV-associated disease and 24 healthy donors (11 KSHV seropositive) detected widely varied responses. Fifty six of the 82 ORFs were recognized by at least one individual but there was little overlap between participants. Responses to at least one ORF pool were observed in all 19 patients and in 7 seropositive donors. Four seropositive donors and 10 seronegative donors had no detectable responses while 3 seronegative donors had weak responses to one ORF. Patients recognised more ORFs than the donors (p=0.04) but the response intensity (spot forming units: SFU per million cells) was similar in the two groups. In four of the responding donors, individual peptides eliciting the predominant responses were identified: three donors responded to only one peptide per ORF, while one recognized five. Using intracellular cytokine staining in four participant samples, we detected peptide-induced IFN-γ, MIP1-β, and TNF-α as well as CD107a degranulation, consistent with multifunctional effector responses in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Sequence analysis of TCRs present in peptide specific T-cell clones generated from two participants showed both mono- and multi-clonotypic responses. Finally, we molecularly cloned the KSHV specific TCRs and incorporated the sequences into retroviral vectors to transfer the specificities to fresh donor cells for additional studies. This study suggests that KSHV infected individuals respond to diverse KSHV antigens, consistent with a lack of shared immunodominance and establishes useful tools to facilitate KSHV immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lori Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena M. Cornejo Castro
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Perez
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Holdridge
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eliza Davis
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor I. Ayala
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Raymond Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen Aleman
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mark N. Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S. Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Li X, Bhaduri-McIntosh S. A Central Role for STAT3 in Gammaherpesvirus-Life Cycle and -Diseases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1052. [PMID: 27458446 PMCID: PMC4937026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Having co-evolved with humans, herpesviruses have adapted to exploit the host molecular machinery to ensure viral persistence. The cellular protein Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is a leading example. STAT3 is a prominent transcription factor that functions in a variety of physiologic processes including embryonic development, inflammation, immunity, and wound healing. Generally activated via growth factor and cytokine signaling, STAT3 can transcriptionally drive oncoproteins, pro-survival and pro-proliferative proteins as well as angiogenic factors, thereby contributing to cancer. As in most non-viral cancers, STAT3 is constitutively active in EBV-related B and epithelial cell cancers and in animal models of KSHV-cancers. Again, similar to non-viral cancers, STAT3 contributes to gammaherpesvirus (EBV and KSHV)-mediated cancers by driving cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. Being herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV establish latency in humans with episodic lytic activation. Importantly, both viruses activate STAT3 almost immediately upon infection of primary cells. In the setting of infection of primary B cells by EBV, this rapidly activated STAT3 plays a key role in suppressing the DNA damage response (DDR) to EBV-oncogene triggered replication stress, thereby facilitating B cell proliferation and ultimately establishment of latency. STAT3 also contributes to maintenance of latency by curbing lytic activation of EBV and KSHV in latent cells that express high levels of STAT3. In this way, gammaherpesviruses exploit STAT3 to overcome cellular anti-proliferative and anti-lytic barriers to promote viral persistence. These investigations into gammaherpesviruses and STAT3 have simultaneously revealed a novel function for STAT3 in suppression of the DDR, a process fundamental to physiologic cell proliferation as well as development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Li
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University School of MedicineStony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of MedicineStony Brook, NY, USA
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Cellular STAT3 functions via PCBP2 to restrain Epstein-Barr Virus lytic activation in B lymphocytes. J Virol 2015; 89:5002-11. [PMID: 25717101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A major hurdle to killing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected tumor cells using oncolytic therapy is the presence of a substantial fraction of EBV-infected cells that does not support the lytic phase of EBV despite exposure to lytic cycle-promoting agents. To determine the mechanism(s) underlying this refractory state, we developed a strategy to separate lytic from refractory EBV-positive (EBV(+)) cells. By examining the cellular transcriptome in separated cells, we previously discovered that high levels of host STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) curtail the susceptibility of latently infected cells to lytic cycle activation signals. The goals of the present study were 2-fold: (i) to determine the mechanism of STAT3-mediated resistance to lytic activation and (ii) to exploit our findings to enhance susceptibility to lytic activation. We therefore analyzed our microarray data set, cellular proteomes of separated lytic and refractory cells, and a publically available STAT3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data set to identify cellular PCBP2 [poly(C)-binding protein 2], an RNA-binding protein, as a transcriptional target of STAT3 in refractory cells. Using Burkitt lymphoma cells and EBV(+) cell lines from patients with hypomorphic STAT3 mutations, we demonstrate that single cells expressing high levels of PCBP2 are refractory to spontaneous and induced EBV lytic activation, STAT3 functions via cellular PCBP2 to regulate lytic susceptibility, and suppression of PCBP2 levels is sufficient to increase the number of EBV lytic cells. We expect that these findings and the genome-wide resources that they provide will accelerate our understanding of a longstanding mystery in EBV biology and guide efforts to improve oncolytic therapy for EBV-associated cancers. IMPORTANCE Most humans are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a cancer-causing virus. While EBV generally persists silently in B lymphocytes, periodic lytic (re)activation of latent virus is central to its life cycle and to most EBV-related diseases. However, a substantial fraction of EBV-infected B cells and tumor cells in a population is refractory to lytic activation. This resistance to lytic activation directly and profoundly impacts viral persistence and the effectiveness of oncolytic therapy for EBV(+) cancers. To identify the mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to EBV lytic activation, we used host gene and protein expression profiling of separated lytic and refractory cells. We find that STAT3, a transcription factor overactive in many cancers, regulates PCBP2, a protein important in RNA biogenesis, to regulate susceptibility to lytic cycle activation signals. These findings advance our understanding of EBV persistence and provide important leads on devising methods to improve viral oncolytic therapies.
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Abstract
We report a 2.5-year-old boy with an X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) phenotype who presented with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). XLP is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by extreme susceptibility to herpes viruses, mainly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Approximately 60% of patients with XLP present with fulminant mononucleosis associated with HLH, whereas remaining patients present with hypogammaglobulinemia or lymphoproliferative disease. Most commonly, one of the XLP phenotypes appears after exposure to EBV, but at least 12% of affected individuals developed symptoms without an evidence of EBV infection. Rarely, patients with XLP may present with central nervous system vasculitis or aplastic anemia. HHV-8 is lymphotrophic and it is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders and Kaposi sarcoma in immunodeficient hosts. Kaposi sarcoma rarely occurs in children with well-defined primary immunodeficiency. Also, HHV-8-related HLH was previously reported in 2 siblings with a perforin gene deficiency. Recently, it became evident that besides EBV, other viruses may trigger the symptoms in XLP. We report for the first time HHV-8-related HLH in EBV-negative pediatric patient with an XLP phenotype.
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Omeis I, Siems AL, Harrington W, Johnson LS, Destian S, DeMattia JA. Spinal Kaposi sarcoma presenting without cutaneous manifestations. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2007; 7:558-61. [PMID: 17977200 DOI: 10.3171/spi-07/11/558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is one of the most common tumors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which characteristically presents with cutaneous lesions. The authors report a rare case of spinal KS with no cutaneous manifestation in a 32-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with abdominal pain. A computed tomography scan revealed incidental lesions in his lumbar spine, and additional imaging studies revealed numerous lesions in the lumbosacral spine and pelvis. An open biopsy was performed, and histopathological examination of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of KS. At the time of presentation, the patient had no skin lesion or any other manifestation indicative of KS. The authors suggest that in HIV-positive patients who present with spinal lesions, KS should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Omeis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College and St. Vincent's Medical Center, Valhalla 10595, USA.
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