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Dohare P, Kidwai A, Kaur J, Singla P, Krishna S, Klebe D, Zhang X, Hevner R, Ballabh P. GSK3β Inhibition Restores Impaired Neurogenesis in Preterm Neonates With Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3482-3495. [PMID: 30192926 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of prematurity in infants born at 23-28 weeks of gestation. Survivors exhibit impaired growth of the cerebral cortex and neurodevelopmental sequeale, but the underlying mechanism(s) are obscure. Previously, we have shown that neocortical neurogenesis continues until at least 28 gestational weeks. This renders the prematurely born infants vulnerable to impaired neurogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that neurogenesis is impaired by IVH, and that signaling through GSK3β, a critical intracellular kinase regulated by Wnt and other pathways, mediates this effect. These hypotheses were tested observationally in autopsy specimens from premature infants, and experimentally in a premature rabbit IVH model. Significantly, in premature infants with IVH, the number of neurogenic cortical progenitor cells was reduced compared with infants without IVH, indicating acutely decreased neurogenesis. This finding was corroborated in the rabbit IVH model, which further demonstrated reduction of upper layer cortical neurons after longer survival. Both the acute reduction of neurogenic progenitors, and the subsequent decrease of upper layer neurons, were rescued by treatment with AR-A014418, a specific inhibitor of GSK3β. Together, these results indicate that IVH impairs late stages of cortical neurogenesis, and suggest that treatment with GSK3β inhibitors may enhance neurodevelopment in premature infants with IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Hevner
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Dr, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience.,Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Yu Y, Li L, Shao X, Tian F, Sun Q. Establishing a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy by targeted ethanol injection. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3255-62. [PMID: 25206647 PMCID: PMC4146179 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.34.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic cerebral palsy is generally considered to result from cerebral cortical or pyramidal tract damage. Here, we precisely targeted the left pyramidal tract of 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats placed on a stereotaxic instrument under intraperitoneal anesthesia. Based on the rat brain stereotaxic map, a 1-mm hole was made 10 mm posterior to bregma and 0.8 mm left of sagittal suture. A microsyringe was inserted perpendicularly to the surface of the brain to a depth of 9.7 mm, and 15 μL of ethanol was slowly injected to establish a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy. After modeling, the rats appeared to have necrotic voids in the pyramidal tract and exhibited typical signs and symptoms of flexion spasms that lasted for a long period of time. These findings indicate that this is an effective and easy method of establishing a rat model of spastic cerebral palsy with good re-producibility. Ethanol as a chemical ablation agent specifically and thoroughly damages the pyramidal tract, and therefore, the animals display flexion spasms, which are a typical symptom of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xinzhong Shao
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fangtao Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qinglu Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
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Soylu H, Zhang D, Buist R, Martin M, Albensi BC, Parkinson FE. Intracortical injection of endothelin-1 induces cortical infarcts in mice: effect of neuronal expression of an adenosine transporter. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22409811 PMCID: PMC3329638 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Activation of adenosine A1 receptors has neuroprotective effects in animal stroke models. Adenosine levels are regulated by nucleoside transporters. In vitro studies showed that neuron-specific expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) decreases extracellular adenosine levels and adenosine A1 receptor activity. In this study, we tested the effect of hENT1 expression on cortical infarct size following intracerebral injection of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) or saline. Methods Mice underwent stereotaxic intracortical injection of ET-1 (1 μl; 400 pmol) or saline (1 μl). Some mice received the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 30 minutes prior to ET-1. Perfusion and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and subsequent infarct size, respectively. Results ET-1 reduced CBF at the injection site to 7.3 ± 1.3% (n = 12) in hENT1 transgenic (Tg) and 12.5 ± 2.0% (n = 13) in wild type (Wt) mice. At 48 hours following ET-1 injection, CBF was partially restored to 35.8 ± 4.5% in Tg and to 45.2 ± 6.3% in Wt mice; infarct sizes were significantly greater in Tg (9 ± 1.1 mm3) than Wt (5.4 ± 0.8 mm3) mice. Saline-treated Tg and Wt mice had modest decreases in CBF and infarcts were less than 1 mm3. For mice treated with caffeine, CBF values and infarct sizes were not significantly different between Tg and Wt mice. Conclusions ET-1 produced greater ischemic injury in hENT1 Tg than in Wt mice. This genotype difference was not observed in mice that had received caffeine. These data indicate that hENT1 Tg mice have reduced ischemia-evoked increases in adenosine receptor activity compared to Wt mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifi Soylu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
| | - Dali Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
| | - Richard Buist
- Departments of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Melanie Martin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6.,Departments of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Fiona E Parkinson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A404, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0 T6
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Leger PL, De Paulis D, Branco S, Bonnin P, Couture-Lepetit E, Baud O, Renolleau S, Ovize M, Gharib A, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Evaluation of cyclosporine A in a stroke model in the immature rat brain. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bouet V, Freret T, Ankri S, Bezault M, Renolleau S, Boulouard M, Jacotot E, Chauvier D, Schumann-Bard P. Predicting sensorimotor and memory deficits after neonatal ischemic stroke with reperfusion in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2010; 212:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Villapol S, Bonnin P, Fau S, Baud O, Renolleau S, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Unilateral blood flow decrease induces bilateral and symmetric responses in the immature brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2111-20. [PMID: 19815715 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hemodynamic changes in the developing brain have yet to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between perturbations of the cerebral blood flow in the developing brain via unilateral hypoperfusion in P7 rats. As expected, nuclear caspase-3 (casp3) cleavage and DNA fragmentation were detected at 48 hours after stroke in the injured cortex. Surprisingly, casp3 was also cleaved in the contralateral cortex, although without cell death markers. Delayed (48 hours) casp3 cleavage without DNA fragmentation was also identified after unilateral common carotid artery occlusion, both in the hypoperfused cortex and the unaffected cortex, producing mirror images. Upstream calpain activation, caspase-2 cleavage, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release initiated casp3 cleavage, but did not produce preconditioning. The neuronal marker NeuN co-localized with cleaved casp3 in cortical layers II-III and VI and with gaba-amino butyric acid in layer III. Indeed, collateral supply was provided from the opposite side during carotid artery occlusion but not after reperfusion, and the number of cleaved casp3-positive cells significantly negatively correlated with the common carotid artery immediate reperfusion percentage. In summary, unilateral hypoperfusion, while insufficient to induce cell death, may active bilateral and symmetric casp3 in the P7 rat brain. Additionally, the opposite healthy hemisphere is altered due to the injury and thus should not be used as an internal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- UMR-Centre de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe Hypoxie et Ischemie du Cerveau en Development, Paris, France
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Gubern C, Hurtado O, Rodríguez R, Morales JR, Romera VG, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Serena J, Mallolas J. Validation of housekeeping genes for quantitative real-time PCR in in-vivo and in-vitro models of cerebral ischaemia. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:57. [PMID: 19531214 PMCID: PMC2706836 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of gene expression in experimental cerebral ischaemia models can contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of brain ischaemia and to identifying prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. The normalization of relative qRT-PCR data using a suitable reference gene is a crucial prerequisite for obtaining reliable conclusions. No validated housekeeping genes have been reported for the relative quantification of the mRNA expression profile activated in in-vitro ischaemic conditions, whereas for the in-vivo model different reference genes have been used. The present study aims to determine the expression stability of ten housekeeping genes (Gapdh, β2m, Hprt, Ppia, Rpl13a, Oaz1, 18S rRNA, Gusb, Ywhaz and Sdha) to establish their suitability as control genes for in-vitro and in-vivo cerebral ischaemia models. Results The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was evaluated using the 2-ΔC'T method and ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. For the in-vitro model using primary cultures of rat astrocytes, all genes analysed except for Rpl13a and Sdha were found to have significantly different levels of mRNA expression. These different levels were also found in the case of the in-vivo model of pMCAO in rats except for Hprt, Sdha and Ywhaz mRNA, where the expression did not vary. Sdha and Ywhaz were identified by geNorm and NormFinder as the two most stable genes. Conclusion We have validated endogenous control genes for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in in-vitro and in-vivo cerebral ischaemia models. For normalization purposes, Rpl13a and Sdha are found to be the most suitable genes for the in-vitro model and Sdha and Ywhaz for the in-vivo model. Genes previously used as housekeeping genes for the in-vivo model in the literature were not validated as good control genes in the present study, showing the need for careful evaluation for each new experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Gubern
- Servei de Neurologia, Fundació Privada Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr, Josep Trueta (IdIBGi), Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr, Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
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Effect of the reperfusion after cerebral ischemia in neonatal rats using MRI monitoring. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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