RESULTS OF TAPERED URETERAL REIMPLANTATION FOR PRIMARY MEGAURETER: EXTRAVESICAL VERSUS INTRAVESICAL APPROACH

Endoscopic dilatation/incision of primary obstructive megaureter. A systematic review. On behalf of the EAU paediatric urology guidelines panel

INTRODUCTION

Historically, ureteral reimplantation (UR) has been the gold standard for treatment of primary obstructive megaureter (POM) with declining renal function, worsening obstruction, or recurrent urinary tract infections. In infants, open surgery with reimplantation of a grossly dilated ureter into a small bladder, can be technically challenging with significant morbidity. Therefore, less invasive endoscopic management such as dilatation or incision of the ureter-vesical junction, has emerged as an alternative to reimplantation during the last decades.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically evaluate the effectivity, safety, and potential benefits of endoscopic treatment (dilatation with or without balloon or incision) of POM in comparison to UR.

STUDY DESIGN

A systematic review was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized comparative studies (NRSs), and single-arm case series including a minimum of 20 participants and a mean follow-up more than 12 months were eligible for inclusion.

RESULTS

Of 504 articles identified, 8 articles including 338 patients were eligible for inclusion (0 RCTs, 1 NRSs, and 7 case series). Age at time of surgery was minimum 15 days to a maximum of 192 months. Indications for endoscopic treatment (ET) included patients with loss of split renal function (>10%) and worsening of hydroureteronephrosis. The studies analysed reported a success rate ranging from 35% to 97%. Success was defined as stabilization of differential renal function without further procedures. A post-operative complication rate of 23-60% was reported (mostly transient haematuria, urinary tract infections and stent migration or intolerance). In 14% of the cases salvage UR following initial ET, was performed due to relapse of symptomatic POM.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic treatment for persistent or progressive POM in children is a minimally invasive alternative to UR with a long-term modest success rate. Additionally, it can be performed within a wide age span, with equal success rate and complication rates.

Primary repair vs Delayed staged repair in infants with primary obstructive megaureters and their long term outcomes - A single centre experience

BACKGROUND

There is paucity of literature in the management of infants with primary obstructive megaureters undergoing upfront primary repair with an extravesical technique of ureteral re implantation (with or without ureteral tailoring).

OBJECTIVE

To compare 2 different approaches in the management of infants with unilateral primary obstructive megaureters.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained data base between 2005 and 2021. Infants <1 year with unilateral primary obstructive megaureter were included. They were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent an upfront extravesical ureteric reimplantation with or without ureteral tailoring during infancy -Primary Repair (PR), and those who initially underwent a low end cutaneous ureterostomy during infancy followed by take down of ureterostomy and intravesical ureteric reimplantation after 1 year of age -Delayed staged repair (DSR). Children presenting with sepsis, in whom a diversion was imperative, were excluded. All children were followed up annually after their definitive repair with a renal ultrasound, diuretic renogram, estimated glomerular filtration rate and assessment of voiding dysfunction if present. The 1st year and 3rd year follow up details were collated and analysed. Failure was defined as persistent obstructive pattern on renogram with worsening differential renal function or presence of high grade reflux with recurrent breakthrough urinary tract infection; both of which necessitated a redo reimplantation following the definitive surgery.

RESULTS

There were 18 infants in Primary repair and 16 infants in Delayed Staged Repair. Urinary tract infections was the commonest presenting symptom amongst both groups i.e. > 50%.The post operative complication rate was 11% in Primary repair and 31% in Delayed Staged Repair. One child in each of the groups (2 girls) required redo reimplantation (5.8%). At the end of the 3rd year follow up (from the definitive repair) there was significant reduction in the hydronephrosis, improvement in the differential renal function with no evidence of obstruction and improvement in the estimated glomerular filtration rate amongst all in both groups which was statistically significant i.e. p < 0.05. The success rate was 94.4% in Primary Repair and 93.75% in Delayed Staged Repair. The mean follow up was 9.7 years amongst those undergone Primary Repair and 9 years amongst those undergone Delayed Staged Repair.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Primary extravesical ureteral reimplantation may be considered as the preferred line of management of unilateral obstructed megaureters during infancy.

High-pressure balloon dilatation of primary obstructive megaureter in children: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and complication rates of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation (HPBD) in treating primary obstructive megaureter (POM) in children based on current literature. Specifically, we wanted to clarify the evidence on the use of HPBD in children under one year of age.

METHODS

A systematic search of the literature was performed via several databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. The primary outcomes studied in this systematic review were the effectiveness of HBPD in relieving obstruction and reducing hydroureteronephrosis in children. The secondary outcome was to study the complication rate of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation. Studies that reported one or both of these outcomes (n = 13) were considered eligible for inclusion in this review.

RESULTS

HPBD significantly decreased both ureteral diameter (15.8 mm [range 2-30] to 8.0 mm [0-30], p = 0.00009) and anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis (16.7 mm [0-46] to 9.7 mm [0-36], p = 0.00107). The success rate was 71% after one HPBD and 79% after two HPBD. The median follow-up time was 3.6 years (interquartile range 2.2-6.4 years). A complication rate of 33% was observed, but no Clavien-Dindo grade IV-V complications were reported. Postoperative infections and VUR were detected in 12% and 7.8% of cases, respectively. For children under one year of age, outcomes of HPBD seem to be similar to those in older children.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that HPBD appears to be safe and can be used as the first-line treatment for symptomatic POM. Further comparative studies are needed addressing the effect of treatment in infants, and also long-term outcomes of the treatment. Due to the nature of POM, identifying those patients who will benefit from HPBD remains challenging.

Minimally Invasive Dismembered Extravesical Cross-Trigonal Ureteral Reimplantation for Obstructed Megaureter: A Multi-Institutional Study Comparing Robotic and Laparoscopic Approaches

OBJECTIVE

To compare 2 minimally invasive surgical options for the treatment of obstructed megaureter: robot assisted dismembered extravesical cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation (RADECUR) and laparoscopic dismembered extravesical cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation (LDECUR).

METHODS

A 2 arm retrospective comparative study, including all pediatric patients who underwent ureteral reimplantation of unilateral obstructed megaureter, either by RADECUR or LDECUR. Patient demographics, perioperative surgical data, complications, and results are described. The surgical technique in both arms was similar: dismembering of the ureter, performing an extravesical cross-trigonal detrusorotomy, and intracorporeal tailoring of the ureter when indicated, were the pivotal maneuvers utilized.

RESULTS

The study included 95 patients (48 and 47 in the RADECUR and LDECUR arms, respectively) operated between the years 2016 and 2019. Overall, median age at surgery was 24 months (IQR 12-48) and median weight was 14 kg (IQR 11-21). Median operative time was 93 minutes (IQR 90-120) for RADECUR and 130 minutes (IQR 105-160) for LDECUR (P< 0.001). Intracorporeal excisional tapering was performed in 11 of the RADECUR patients and 19 LDECUR patients. Grade 1-2 Clavien-Dindo complications occurred in 7 patients, and grade 3 complication in 1 patient in the RADECUR arm. In the LDECUR arm, grade 1-2 complications occurred in 2 patients, and 2 had a grade 3 complications. Surgical success was achieved in 97% and 94% in the RADECUR and LDECUR groups, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Unilateral robotic extravesical cross-trigonal ureteral re-implantation for treatment of obstructed megaureter in the pediatric population is safe and effective both for RADECUR and LDECUR. Operative time is significantly shorter for RADECUR.

Endoscopic balloon dilatation in primary obstructive megaureter: Long-term results

BACKGROUND

Open neoureterocystostomy is the traditional surgical treatment for primary obstructive megaureter (POM). Endoscopic balloon dilation is a new minimally invasive alternative. It has been shown to be a safe and effective endoscopic procedure over short-term follow-up; however, few studies have shown its long-term efficacy.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results and complications of balloon dilation for the treatment of primary obstructive megaureter in infants.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A retrospective review was performed of patients with primary obstructive megaureter treated with balloon dilation. The diagnosis was made through ultrasonography, diuretic isotopic renogram, and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). The indications for surgery were: worsening hydronephrosis, renal function impairment, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). All patients were followed 3 months after the endoscopic procedure with ultrasonography and MAG-3 renogram, and 6 months after surgery with VCUG and ultrasonography. Annual ultrasound and clinical follow-up were performed until present time.

RESULTS

Seven boys and six girls were treated (median age 9 months, range 2-24). Ten patients had a prenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis, and the diagnoses was made after UTI in three patients. No intraoperative complications were observed. One double-J stent was replaced after endoscopic procedure for malpositioning, and four patients developed UTIs after surgery. All patients had non-obstructive MAG-3 diuretic renogram 6 months after surgery. The mean washout on the renogram and the ultrasound pelvic diameter showed pre-operative and postoperative statistical differences (Summary Table). All patients maintained their results without recurrence or any other complications in the long-term follow-up. The median follow-up was 10.3 years (range 4.7-12.2).

DISCUSION

In 2014, Aparicio et al. first described balloon dilation being used as a definitive treatment for primary obstructive megaureter in infants. Bujons et al. also presented 20 cases with a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. The current study is the largest to date, with a median follow-up of 10.2 years. It demonstrated the value of balloon dilation as a definitive treatment for POM. Despite these results, it was difficult to establish endoscopic balloon dilation as a definitive treatment for POM, due to the absence of long-term studies like the current one.

CONCLUSION

Balloon dilation can be a safe and effective endoscopic procedure for the treatment of primary obstructive megaureter in infants, and has shown good outcomes in long-term follow-up. More studies are needed to demonstrate these results.

An Inguinal Approach to Complex Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience in applying the Lich-Gregoir extravesical ureteral reimplantation (EVR) approach to complex cases (megaureter, duplex systems) through a small inguinal incision, with the goal of minimizing invasiveness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent common sheath or tapered EVR through an inguinal incision. Patient characteristics and reflux grade were obtained, and outcomes were assessed. The technique involved a 2-cm incision made in the lowest inguinal skin crease, standard cord exposure and lateral retraction, and opening the floor of the canal to isolate the ureter. Excisional tapering was performed with the ureter dismembered from the bladder and then reimplanted via detrusorrhaphy, whereas common sheath reimplantation was performed with advancement fixation sutures and the ureters in situ.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight patients (15 males and 13 females) with a median age of 1.7 years (range: 0.9-4.8 years) were included. Fifteen patients had ureteral tapering, 12 underwent common sheath reimplantation, and 1 child had both. Success was seen in 94% for tapering and 92% for common sheath reimplants, with a mean follow-up of 29.6 months. There were no postoperative obstructions, urinary leaks, or wound infections.

CONCLUSION

The inguinal approach can safely and effectively be applied to cases of extravesical ureteral tapering and common sheath reimplantation.

Modified ureteral orthotopic reimplantation method for managing infant primary obstructive megaureter: a preliminary study

PURPOSE

To describe a modified ureteral orthotopic reimplantation method in infant with primary obstructive megaureter (POM) and report our initial experience.

METHODS

Thirteen children with POM (range 1-7 months) underwent modified transvesical ureteral implantation surgery. Treatment consists of transecting the ureter proximal to the obstruction and performing orthotopic reimplantation in end freely fashion with distal ureter protruding into the bladder, providing dilated ureteral diameter: ureteral exposure length in bladder ratio of 1:1.5-2. All patients underwent repeat ultrasound, radionuclide imaging and voiding cystourethrography. Cystoscopy was conducted in patients at 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS

The mean operating time was 40 min. There were one redo this procedure for recurrent obstruction and one Cohen reimplantation for Grade 5 vesico-ureteral reflux in one bilateral POM. Hydroureteronephrosis improved in other 11 patients, and the ureter diameter was significantly reduced from preoperative measurements. At the time of cystoscopy, thick and large volcanic-shaped ureteral orifice was found and urine ejected intermittently.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed 'modified ureteral orthotopic reimplantation' with no tapering or advancement for POM in infants is a simple, feasible and less invasive procedure that had good success rates in this small series. Further, larger studies are required to support or negate the usefulness of this technique.

The embedded nipple: An optimal technique for re-implantation of primary obstructed megaureter in children

Objectives

To present a novel ureteric re-implantation technique for primary obstructed megaureter (POM) that ensures success in the short- and long-term, as conventional techniques are not ideal for megaureters especially in children, with ureteric stenosis and reflux being common complications after re-implantation.

Patients and methods

Between 2009 and 2012, 22 paediatric patients with POM were enrolled. We performed a new technique for re-implantation of these ureters to ensure minimal incidence of ureteric strictures and easy subsequent endoscopic access. We performed follow-up voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) at 6 months postoperatively.

Results

The cohort comprised 14 boys and eight girls, with a median age of 22 months. Six patients underwent bilateral re-implantation. The mean (range) duration of indwelling ureteric catheterisation was 7.8 (4–14) days. There were no complications in the perioperative and postoperative periods. There was no reflux on follow-up VCUG in any of the patients. One patient developed Grade I reflux after 1 year and presented with a urinary tract infection. Diagnostic cystoscopy was performed in 13 patients showing that the nipple was directed similarly to the native ureteric orifice.

Conclusion

The embedded-nipple technique for re-implantation of POM guarantees successful results and permits easy subsequent ureteroscopic access when needed.

Outcomes of complex robot-assisted extravesical ureteral reimplantation in the pediatric population

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

While open ureteral reimplantation remains the gold standard for surgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), minimally invasive approaches offer potential benefits. This study evaluated the outcomes of children undergoing complex robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation (RALUR) for failed previous anti-reflux surgery, complex anatomy, or ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJO), and compared them with patients undergoing open extravesical repair.

STUDY DESIGN

Children undergoing complex RALUR or open extravesical ureteral reimplantation (OUR) were identified. Reimplantation was classified as complex if ureters: 1) had previous anti-reflux surgery, 2) required tapering and/or dismembering, or 3) had associated duplication or diverticulum.

RESULTS

Seventeen children underwent complex RALUR during a 24-month period, compared with 41 OUR. The mean follow-up was 16.6 ± 6.5 months. The RALUR children were significantly older (9.3 ± 3.7 years) than the OUR patients (3.1 ± 2.7 years; P < 0.001). All RALUR patients were discharged on postoperative day one, while 24.4% of children in the open group required longer hospitalization (mean 1.3 ± 0.7 days; P = 0.03). Adjusting for age, there was no significant difference in inpatient analgesic usage between the two cohorts. Three OUR patients (7.3%) developed postoperative febrile urinary tract infection compared with a single child (5.9%) undergoing RALUR (P = 1.00). There was no significant difference in complication rate between the two groups (12.2% OUR versus 11.8% RALUR; P = 1.00). A postoperative cystogram was performed in the majority of RALUR patients, with no persistent VUR detected, and one child (6.7%) was diagnosed with contralateral reflux.

DISCUSSION

Reported VUR resolution rates following robot-assisted ureteral reimplantation are varied. In the present series, children undergoing RALUR following failed previous anti-reflux surgery, with complex anatomy, or UVJO experienced a shorter length of stay but had similar analgesic requirements to those undergoing open repair. Radiographic, clinical success rates and complication risk were comparable. This study had several limitations, aside from lack of randomization. Analgesic use was limited to an inpatient setting, and pain scores were not assessed. Not all children underwent a postoperative VCUG, so the true radiographic success rate is unknown. A larger patient cohort with longer follow-up is necessary to determine predictors of radiographic and clinical failure.

CONCLUSION

Older children with a previous history of anti-reflux surgery were more likely to undergo RALUR. These children had success and complication rates comparable to younger patients following complex open extravesical reimplantation, which underscores the expanding role of robot-assisted lower urinary tract reconstructive surgery in the pediatric population.

Evaluation and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in children: state of the art

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent an important cause of febrile illness in young children and can lead to renal scarring and kidney failure. However, diagnosis and treatment of recurrent UTI in children is an area of some controversy. Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and European Society of Paediatric Radiology differ from each other in terms of the diagnostic algorithm to be followed. Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux and antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of recurrent UTI are also areas of considerable debate. In this review, we collate and appraise recently published literature in order to formulate evidence-based guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent UTI in children.

British Association of Paediatric Urologists consensus statement on the management of the primary obstructive megaureter

INTRODUCTION

It is well-known that the majority of congenital megaureters may be managed conservatively, but the indications and surgical options in patients requiring intervention are less well defined. Hence this topic was selected for discussion at the 2012 consensus meeting of the British Association of Paediatric Urologists (BAPU). Our aim was to establish current UK practice and derive a consensus management strategy.

METHODS

An evidence-based literature review on a predefined set of questions on the management of the primary congenital megaureter was presented to a panel of 56 Consultant Surgeon members of the British Association of Paediatric Urologists (BAPU), and current opinion and practice established. Each question was discussed, and a show of hands determined whether the panel reached a consensus (two-thirds majority).

RESULTS

The BAPU defined a ureteric diameter over 7 mm as abnormal. The recommendation was for newborns with prenatally diagnosed hydroureteronephrosis to receive antibiotic prophylaxis and be investigated with an ultrasound scan and micturating cystourethrogram, followed by a diuretic renogram once VUR and bladder outlet obstruction had been excluded. Initial management of primary megaureters is conservative. Indications for surgical intervention include symptoms such as febrile UTIs or pain, and in the asymptomatic patient, a DRF below 40% associated with massive or progressive hydronephrosis, or a drop in differential function on serial renograms. The BAPU recommended a ureteral reimplantation in patients over 1 year of age but recognized that the procedure may be challenging in infancy. Proposed alternatives were the insertion of a temporary JJ stent or a refluxing reimplantation.

CONCLUSION

A peer-reviewed consensus guideline for the management of the primary megaureter has been established. The guideline is based on current evidence and peer practice and the BAPU recognized that new techniques requiring further studies may have a role in future management.

Use of high-pressure balloon dilatation of the ureterovesical junction instead of ureteral reimplantation to treat primary obstructive megaureter: is it justified?

OBJECTIVE

To compare outcomes between high-pressure balloon dilatation of the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) and ureteral reimplantation with ureteral tapering to treat primary obstructive megaureter (POM).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective review of clinical data from patients who underwent surgical treatment of POM from 2005 to 2010. Patients were divided into two groups: endoscopic treatment (ET) with UVJ dilatation and ureteral reimplantation (UR) with Cohen's or Leadbetter-Politano neoureterocystostomy and Hendren's tapering. Preoperative studies included ultrasound scan (US), voiding cystourethrography, and diuretic isotopic renogram. Outcome parameters were US, differential renal function (DRF), presence of postoperative vesicoureteral reflux, need for secondary reimplantation and complications.

RESULTS ET

13 patients with a median age of 7 (4-24) months; UR: 12 patients with a median age of 14 (7-84) months, with no statistical differences in age and gender between groups. Preoperative US parameters were similar. ET: mean diameter of renal pelvis, calices and ureter was 23.5 mm, 13.46 mm and 15.77 mm respectively. UR: mean diameter of renal pelvis, calices and ureter was 22.25 mm, 11.75 mm, and 19.08 mm, respectively. Preoperative DRF was 45.62% and 39.33% for ET and UR, respectively (p > 0.05). Significant improvement of hydroureteronephrosis was observed in 11/13 patients of ET and 11/12 patients of UR (p > 0.05). Postoperative DRF was 42% and 48% for ET and UR, respectively (p > 0.05). Postoperative vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 2 patients of ET and 1 of UR (p > 0.05). Secondary ureteral reimplantation was needed in 3 patients of ET and 2 of UR (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic treatment of POM is as effective as ureteral reimplantation but further randomized clinical trials are needed to support these results.

Result of endoureterotomy in the management of primary obstructive megaureter in the first year of life: preliminary report

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of endoureterotomy in patients who were less than 1-year-old with primary obstructive megaureter (POMU).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Three of 10 patients with POMU aged between 2 and 12 months for whom conservative management was not applicable had recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and urosepsis, while the rest had decreased renal function. After obtaining the clinical history and performing physical examinations and imaging studies (ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), radionuclide renal scan), the patients underwent endoureterotomy using a neonatal ureteroscope (4.5F) and Bugbee electrode with pure cutting current at the 6 o'clock position. A Double-J stent was inserted and removed 1 week later. This was followed by serial physical examination, renal function test, urine analysis, urine culture, and imaging studies in the 1st month and every 3 months after Double-J stent removal.

RESULTS

Hydroureteronephrosis was significantly decreased in nine patients. Postoperative VCUG revealed no sign of iatrogenic vesicoureteral reflux. In addition, a follow-up renal scan showed remarkable improvement in the renal function in the patients who had decreased renal function, except for one patient in whom uncontrolled urosepsis developed in the follow-up; the patient underwent cutaneous ureterostomy. No UTI was detected in the group who presented with recurrent UTI and urosepsis.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of our study, endoureterotomy may be an alternative in management of POMU. Of course, further studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm the applicability of this method in patients younger than 1 year.

A modified technique for ureteral reimplantation: intravesical detrusorrhaphy

PURPOSE

To describe the surgical procedure of intravesical detrusorrhaphy, a modified technique of ureteral reimplantation, and report our initial experience.

METHODS

From October 2007 to March 2012, 55 children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and 13 children with obstructive megaureter (OM) underwent intravesical detrusorrhaphy. All surgical procedures were performed via an open intravesical approach. The ureter was mobilized, and the bladder mucosa was separated from the detrusor in a cephalad direction. The separated detrusor was incised vertically and repaired underneath the mobilized ureter to create the submucosal tunnel. The ureteral orifice was anastomosed to its orthotopic position.

RESULTS

Of 31 patients treated with bilateral intravesical detrusorrhaphy, no patient had postoperative urinary retention. Follow-up voiding cystourethrography was performed in 45 patients with 72 reimplanted ureters. VUR was resolved in 41 patients (91.1%) with 68 ureters (94.4%). Among 13 patients with 14 ureters treated for OM, hydroureteronephorosis improved in 11 patients (84.6%) with 12 ureters (85.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Intravesical detrusorrhaphy is modified technique of ureteral reimplantation, which recreates the neo-ureteric orifice in the orthotopic position and does not produce postoperative urinary retention in bilateral cases. Intravesical detrusorrhaphy is safe and effective in treating patients with VUR or OM.

[Primary megaureter]

A primary megaureter is an anomaly with a prevesical or overall dilated ureter of more than 6 mm in diameter. It is important to distinguish between cases of primary non-refluxing and primary obstructive-refluxing megaureters, as the treatment of both is completely different. The basic diagnostic work-up includes ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography. Diuretic renography is used to detect split renal function and the degree of upper urinary tract obstruction. In most cases of primary non-refluxing megaureter surgical treatment is unnecessary due to the high remission rate, whereas obstructive refluxing megaureters commonly only need to be corrected. Antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated in infants with a primary obstructive megaureter during the first 6 months of life due to a higher risk of complications due to pyelonephritis especially in this age group.

Laparoscopic reconstruction for obstructive megaureter: single institution experience with short- and intermediate-term outcomes

PURPOSE

To narrate our experience with laparoscopic reconstruction of obstructive megaureter (MGU) and assess the intermediate-term outcome achieved.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients were evaluated in detail including presenting complaints, biochemical profile, and imaging (ultrasonography [USG], diuretic renography [DR], magnetic resonance urography [MRU], and voiding cystourethrography [VCUG]). All patients with a diagnosis of obstructive MGU and salvageable renal unit were offered laparoscopic reconstruction. The standard laparoscopic exercise included ureteral adhesiolysis until the pathologic segment, dismemberment, straightening of the lower ureter, excisional tapering, and a nonrefluxing ureteroneocystostomy. Operative and postoperative parameters were recorded. Patients were evaluated postprocedure on a 3-month schedule. Follow-up imaging included USG and VCUG at 6 months and 1 year postprocedure and then at yearly intervals. MRU and DR were repeated at 1 year postprocedure.

RESULTS

Twelve patients (13 units-11 unilateral, and 1 bilateral) underwent laparoscopic tailoring and reimplantation for obstructive MGU. Mean age was 98.6 months. All patients were male. Mean body mass index was 17.69 kg/m(2). Presenting complaints were flank pain (n=8) and recurrent urinary infection (n=12). All procedures were completed via a laparoscopic approach. Mean operation duration was 183 minutes, and mean blood loss was 75 mL. Mean duration of hospital stay was 2.1 days. No major intraoperative or postoperative happenings were recorded. All patients were asymptomatic at follow-up with stable renal profile. Follow-up MRU revealed a decrease in ureteral and upper tract dilatation with satisfactory drainage in all. Follow-up VCUG demonstrated grade I vesicoureteral reflux in one patient. Eight patients completed 3-year follow-up with a satisfactory outcome.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic reconstruction of obstructive MGU offers satisfactory immediate- and intermediate-term outcome without undue prolonged morbidity.

High pressure balloon dilation of the ureterovesical junction--first line approach to treat primary obstructive megaureter?

PURPOSE

We describe the efficacy of dilation of the ureterovesical junction to treat primary obstructive megaureter.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 13 patients with primary obstructive megaureter were treated from May 2008 to December 2010. Of these patients 8 were diagnosed prenatally and the others were diagnosed after a urinary tract infection. Preoperative studies included ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography despite vesicoureteral reflux and diuretic isotopic renogram (mercaptoacetyltriglycine). With the patient under general anesthesia, high pressure balloon dilation of the ureterovesical junction was performed under direct and fluoroscopic vision until the disappearance of the narrowed ring. A Double-J(®) catheter was positioned, and 2 months later it was withdrawn and the ureterovesical junction was reviewed. A secondary treatment was performed in those in whom the ureterovesical junction was still narrow. Followup was performed with ultrasonography, cystourethrography and isotopic diuretic renography.

RESULTS

A total of 18 procedures were performed in 13 patients (median age 7 months, range 4 to 24). Median diameter of the distal ureter was 14 mm (range 10 to 26), and median diameter of the renal pelvis and calyx was 27 mm (range 10 to 47) and 12 mm (range 9 to 26), respectively. Significant postoperative improvement of hydroureteronephrosis was observed in 11 of 13 patients and vesicoureteral reflux was found in 2. Only 3 patients needed ureteral reimplantation after endoscopic treatment due to hydroureteronephrosis in 2 and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in 1.

CONCLUSIONS

High pressure balloon dilation of the ureterovesical junction is effective in treating primary obstructive megaureter, but long-term followup is needed.

Endoscopic management and the role of double stenting for primary obstructive megaureters

PURPOSE

We determined the efficacy and potential complications of endoscopic incision and balloon dilation with double stenting for the treatment of primary obstructive megaureter in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We prospectively reviewed cases of primary obstructive megaureter requiring repair due to pyelonephritis, renal calculi and/or loss of renal function. A total of 17 patients were identified as candidates for endoscopy. Infants were excluded from study. All patients underwent cystoscopy and retrograde ureteropyelography to start the procedure. In segments less than 2 cm balloon dilation was performed, and for those 2 to 3 cm laser incision was added. Two ureteral stents were placed within the ureter simultaneously and left indwelling for 8 weeks. Imaging was performed 3 months after stent removal and repeated 2 years following intervention.

RESULTS

Mean patient age was 7.0 years (range 3 to 12). Of the patients 12 had marked improvement of hydroureteronephrosis on renal and bladder ultrasound. The remaining 5 patients had some improvement on renal and bladder ultrasound, and underwent magnetic resonance urography revealing no evidence of obstruction. All patients were followed for at least 2 years postoperatively and were noted to be symptom-free with stable imaging during the observation period.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopic management appears to be an alternative to reimplantation for primary obstructive megaureter with a narrowed segment shorter than 3 cm. Double stenting seems to be effective in maintaining patency of the neo-orifice. Followup into adolescence is needed.

Concomitant endoureterotomy and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid subureteral injection for management of obstructive refluxing megaureter

PURPOSE

To present the results of our experience with combined endoureterotomy and endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Deflux) for the treatment of primary obstructive refluxing megaureter (PORM).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eighteen children (12 female, 6 male; mean age-14 months) with 20 PORM units underwent concomitant endoureterotomy and endoscopic subureteral Deflux injection. All patients underwent endoureterotomy at the 6-o'clock position with insertion of a 3F Double-J ureteral stent into the obstructed segment of ureter and subureteral injection of Deflux at the 5-o'clock and 7-o'clock positions. The Double-J stent was left in place with its distal tip fixed with a single knot to the external genitalia for easy removal after 1 week. Patients with refluxing nonobstructive ureter on the contralateral side of the PORM unit (seven children) underwent simultaneous endoscopic subureteral injection of Deflux. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) was performed at 6 months, and ultrasonography was performed at 1 week 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

With a mean follow-up of 30 months, the procedure was uneventful in all patients. Follow-up VCUG showed no evidence of reflux in 15 ureterorenal (75%), significant decrease in reflux grade in 2 (10%), and no change in 3 (15%) in the endoscopic treated PORM units. No evidence of reflux was observed in the treated contralateral refluxing nonobstructive ureters. Ultrasonography revealed no ureterovesical junction obstruction. In 19 ureterorenal (95%) units, there was a complete resolution or decrease in hydroureteronephrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study demonstrate that combined endoureterotomy and subureteral injection of Deflux is safe and effective in the treatment of PORM in selected patients.

Combination of vesicoureteric reflux and vesicoureteric junction obstruction

OBJECTIVE

This study analysed the association of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and vesicoureteric junction obstruction (VUJO) requiring surgical interventions in infants and children.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Over 30 years (1975-2004) 423 infants and children were operated on because of VUR, 163 owing to VUJO and 25 patients (33 ureters) with a combination of VUR and obstruction of the vesicoureteric junction on the same side. For both pathological entities ureteral reimplantation was performed along with excision of the narrowed and refluxing distal ureteric segment. The age of patients at surgery ranged from 3 months to 11 years (average 2.6 years). The female to male ratio was 1.4:1.

RESULTS

Out of the 25 patients (33 ureters), both entities were diagnosed before surgery in 10 of them (15 ureters). In 15 cases (18 ureters), only the VUR was preoperatively diagnosed; however, the VUJO was only suspected and confirmed during the operation. In one refluxing ureter, the obstruction was not diagnosed during subureteric endoscopic injection of the orifice. In five of the 33 ureters, redo reimplantation was necessary because of obstruction (four ureters) or reflux (one ureter).

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of VUR and VUJO should be taken into consideration in a patient with proven reflux, where the ureter is dilated and tortuous and following urination the hydronephrosis and hydroureter persist or slowly decrease. In such cases long-term prophylaxis and endoscopic treatment are contraindicated but open surgery (reimplantation) is recommended.

Primary obstructive megaureter: initial experience with endoscopic dilatation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Primary obstructive megaureter (POM) without vesicoureteral reflux has classically been managed by open surgery with ureteral reimplantation. We present seven patients with POM who were treated endoscopically with balloon dilatation of the distal ureter.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Six boys and one girl with POM were treated from June 2000 through July 2004. Six of the cases were diagnosed prenatally when ectasia of the urinary tract was seen on ultrasound scans. The postnatal diagnosis was also achieved by ultrasonography, along with a diuretic isotopic renogram with MAG-3, intravenous urography, and filling cystography. The age at surgery was 1 to 3 years. In all cases, a compact 10F infant cystoscope with a 5F working channel was used. Dilatation of the stenotic area was performed under fluoroscopic monitoring. A 4F dilating balloon was used, which was insufflated to between 12 and 14 atm for 3 to 5 minutes, and disappearance of the narrowed ring was verified. A Double-J catheter was positioned and withdrawn 2 months after the procedure. Clinical, analytical, and imaging follow-up was carried out with ultrasonography and MAG-3 renography.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up of the patients is 31 months (range 12-56 months). Their clinical progress was highly satisfactory. Five patients exhibited reduced obstruction at MAG-3. One patient needed a second dilatation, and the obstructive curve improved after this additional procedure. One of the patients presented with a febrile urinary infection after the dilatation, but there were no other complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopic management of POM by balloon dilatation has yielded very good results in the short term. Longer follow-up will enable us to determine the final indications for this treatment.

Radiographic changes following excisional tapering and reimplantation of megaureters in childhood: long-term outcome in 46 renal units

PURPOSE

Despite the routine use of renal ultrasonography to document progressive improvement in hydronephrosis following ureteral tailoring and reimplantation of megaureters, there have been few reports characterizing the serial radiographic changes to be expected following this procedure. We evaluated the radiographic outcomes following surgical repair of megaureters at single institution, and assessed potential preoperative factors for predicting outcome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent surgical correction of clinically significant megaureters at our center between 1996 and 2003. Demographic data, indications for surgery, and preoperative and postoperative radiographic imaging data were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 46 megaureters (39 patients) were tapered and reimplanted. Average patient age at surgery was 4.0 years (range 5 months to 19 years). Indications for surgery included recurrent or breakthrough urinary tract infections, decreased renal function and increased hydroureteronephrosis. Mean followup was 3.9 years (range 4 months to 7 years). Postoperative voiding studies showed vesicoureteral reflux in 3 reimplanted ureters (7%). There was no evidence of obstruction on postoperative nuclear renal scans in any patient. Renal ultrasonography revealed improvement or resolution of hydroureteronephrosis in 29 reimplanted units (63%). In general, male patients, those operated on at a younger age and those with a lower preoperative grade of hydronephrosis were most likely to demonstrate improvement or resolution of hydronephrosis. The best results were seen in ectopic megaureters, followed in decreasing order by refluxing megaureters, megaureters associated with ureteroceles and primary obstructive megaureters.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite functional improvement on postoperative radiographic imaging, it is not uncommon to see persistent hydroureteronephrosis following excisional tapering and reimplantation of megaureters in childhood.

Endoureterotomy for Treatment of Primary Obstructive Megaureter in Children

PURPOSE

To describe a new approach to the treatment of primary obstructive megaureter (POMU) using endoscopic endoureterotomy. The results obtained with this technique are reviewed with long-term follow-up.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 47 children (mean age 3.7 years) with 52 POMU units and a history of failed conservative management underwent endoureterotomy of obstructed juxtavesical and intramural ureter. A 3F Double-J ureteral stent was introduced up to the obstructed segment of ureter. Then a zebra catheter was inserted into the affected ureter beside the stent, followed by a neonatal-size ureteroscope. Following delineation of the length of the narrowed portion of the ureter, a guidewire with a plastic sheath replaced the zebra catheter. A longitudinal incision was made through the detrusor muscle at the 6 o'clock position, leaving the bladder adventitia untouched. The Double-J stent was left in place, while its distal tip was fixed by long nylon suture and single knot to the external genitalia to permit easy removal 1 week after the procedure.

RESULTS

With a mean follow-up of 39 months (range 14-62 months), no leakage, ureteral-orifice obstruction, or reflux was observed. The postoperative success rate was 90% (47 of 52 ureters), defined as resolution or decrease in hydroureteronephrosis and improvement or stability of renal function determined by renal scan. In 37 ureterorenal units (71%), there was complete resolution of hydroureteronephrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of previous studies demonstrating the value of endoureterotomy with stenting for the treatment of benign ureteral strictures in adults, we developed a modified endoscopic approach for the treatment of POMU and applied this technique in meticulously selected cases. Our results showed that this approach is a valid option for the treatment of children with POMU.

A MODIFIED TECHNIQUE OF URETEROPLASTY FOR MEGAURETER IN CHILDREN

PURPOSE

Excisional ureteroplasty carries the risks of jeopardizing the ureteral vasculature and leakage from the suture. The folding techniques are theoretically less prone to these risks, although they have other disadvantages due to the bulky ureter. According to the literature, these 2 approaches have similar complication rates of 4% to 25%, to include stenosis, reflux and leakage. We introduce a modified ureteroplasty technique with the aim of ensuring effective reduction of the ureteral diameter with minor risks to the vasculature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 42 consecutive patients underwent ureteroplasty and reimplantation (Cohen 16, Politano-Leadbetter 3, psoas hitch 23) between 1994 and 2004, and were followed for 1 to 9 years. The ureter was opened longitudinally on its less vascularized area. Two parallel longitudinal incisions were made from the luminal side up to the musculature layer, leaving the adventitia untouched. The mucosal aspects lateral to these lines were discarded. The inner layer was closed with a running suture. The adventitial layer was closed with single stitches.

RESULTS

No leakage, stenosis or reflux was observed. In 3 ureters persistent dilatation was observed, without obstruction or reflux.

CONCLUSIONS

Our modification combines some principles of the 2 classic techniques, with the purpose of decreasing the risks and disadvantages of both. We believe that our approach affords better preservation of the ureteral vasculature because the adventitia is preserved untouched, as well as effective caliber reduction so that the bulking problem is avoided. In addition, the technique is associated with a minor risk of leakage. Our results show that this approach is a valid option for megaureter correction in children.