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Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Markedly Reduces Chemoresistance of Advanced Bladder Cancer to Cisplatin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45983. [PMID: 28378811 PMCID: PMC5380992 DOI: 10.1038/srep45983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance to cisplatin is a principal cause of treatment failure and mortality of advanced bladder cancer (BC). The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, which hinders the development of preventive strategies. Recent data indicate that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme for Warburg effect, is strongly upregulated in BC. This study explores the role of PKM2 in chemoresistance and whether inhibiting PKM2 augments the chemosensitivity to cisplatin and reduces BC growth and progression. We found that Shikonin binds PKM2 and inhibits BC cell survival in a dose-dependent but pyruvate kinase activity-independent manner. Down-regulation of PKM2 by shRNA blunts cellular responses to shikonin but enhances the responses to cisplatin. Shikonin and cisplatin together exhibit significantly greater inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis than when used alone. Induced cisplatin-resistance is strongly associated with PKM2 overexpression, and cisplatin-resistant cells respond sensitively to shikonin. In syngeneic mice, shikonin and cisplatin together, but not as single-agents, markedly reduces BC growth and metastasis. Based on these data, we conclude that PKM2 overexpression is a key mechanism of chemoresistance of advanced BC to cisplatin. Inhibition of PKM2 via RNAi or chemical inhibitors may be a highly effective approach to overcome chemoresistance and improve the outcome of advanced BC.
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Tham SM, Esuvaranathan K, Mahendran R. A Murine Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and Tumor Detection System. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117816 DOI: 10.3791/55078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the generation of bladder tumors in female C57BL/6J mice using the murine bladder cancer cell line MB49, which has been modified to secrete human Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), and the procedure for the confirmation of tumor implantation. In brief, mice are anesthetized using injectable drugs and are made to lay in the dorsal position. Urine is vacated from the bladder and 50 µL of poly-L-lysine (PLL) is slowly instilled at a rate of 10 µL/20 s using a 24 G IV catheter. It is left in the bladder for 20 min by stoppering the catheter. The catheter is removed and PLL is vacated by gentle pressure on the bladder. This is followed by instillation of the murine bladder cancer cell line (1 x 105 cells/50 µL) at a rate of 10 µL/20 s. The catheter is stoppered to prevent premature evacuation. After 1 h, the mice are revived with a reversal drug, and the bladder is vacated. The slow instillation rate is important, as it reduces vesico-ureteral reflux, which can cause tumors to occur in the upper urinary tract and in the kidneys. The cell line should be well re-suspended to reduce clumping of cells, as this can lead to uneven tumor sizes after implantation. This technique induces tumors with high efficiency. Tumor growth is monitored by urinary PSA secretion. PSA marker monitoring is more reliable than ultrasound or fluorescence imaging for the detection of the presence of tumors in the bladder. Tumors in mice generally reach a maximum size that negatively impacts health by about 3 - 4 weeks if left untreated. By monitoring tumor growth, it is possible to differentiate mice that were cured from those that were not successfully implanted with tumors. With only end-point analysis, the latter may be mistakenly assumed to have been cured by therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System; Department of Urology, National University Hospital
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System;
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Sweeney SK, Luo Y, O'Donnell MA, Assouline J. Nanotechnology and cancer: improving real-time monitoring and staging of bladder cancer with multimodal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnol 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 27217840 PMCID: PMC4846680 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-016-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite being one of the most common cancers, bladder cancer is largely inefficiently and inaccurately staged and monitored. Current imaging methods detect cancer only when it has reached “visible” size and has significantly disrupted the structure of the organ. By that time, thousands of cells will have proliferated and perhaps metastasized. Repeated biopsies and scans are necessary to determine the effect of therapy on cancer growth. In this report, we describe a novel approach based on multimodal nanoparticle contrast agent technology and its application to a preclinical animal model of bladder cancer. The innovation relies on the engineering core of mesoporous silica with specific scanning contrast properties and surface modification that include fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. The overall dimensions of the nano-device are preset at 80–180 nm, depending on composition with a pore size of 2 nm. Methods To facilitate and expedite discoveries, we combined a well-known model of bladder cancer and our novel technology. We exposed nanoparticles to MB49 murine bladder cancer cells in vitro and found that 70 % of the cells were labeled by nanoparticles as measured by flow cytometry. The in vivo mouse model for bladder cancer is particularly well suited for T1- and T2-weighted MRI. Results Under our experimental conditions, we demonstrate that the nanoparticles considerably improve tumor definition in terms of volumetric, intensity and structural characteristics. Important bladder tumor parameters can be ascertained, non-invasively, repetitively, and with great accuracy. Furthermore, since the particles are not biodegradable, repetitive injection is not required. This feature allows follow-up diagnostic evaluations during cancer treatment. Changes in MRI signals show that in situ uptake of free particles has predilection to tumor cells relative to normal bladder epithelium. The particle distribution within the tumors was corroborated by fluorescent microscopy of sections of excised bladders. In addition, MRI imaging revealed fibrous finger-like projections into the tumors where particles insinuated themselves deeply. This morphological characteristic was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions These findings may present new options for therapeutic intervention. Ultimately, the combination of real-time and repeated MRI evaluation of the tumors enhanced by nanoparticle contrast may have the potential for translation into human clinical studies for tumor staging, therapeutic monitoring, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, 1402 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ; NanoMedTrix, LLC, 2500 Crosspark Road, Suite E119, Coralville, IA 52241-4710 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 3204 Medical Education Research Facility, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jose Assouline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, 1402 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ; NanoMedTrix, LLC, 2500 Crosspark Road, Suite E119, Coralville, IA 52241-4710 USA
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SUN ERLIN, FAN XIAODONG, WANG LINING, LEI MINGDE, ZHOU XIAODONG, LIU CHUNYU, LU BINGXIN, NIAN XUEWU, SUN YAN, HAN RUIFA. Recombinant h IFN-α2b-BCG inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of bladder cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:183-94. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Newton MR, Askeland EJ, Andresen ED, Chehval VA, Wang X, Askeland RW, O'Donnell MA, Luo Y. Anti-interleukin-10R1 monoclonal antibody in combination with bacillus Calmette--Guérin is protective against bladder cancer metastasis in a murine orthotopic tumour model and demonstrates systemic specific anti-tumour immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:261-8. [PMID: 24593764 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment of bladder cancer with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) depends on the induction of a T helper type (Th) 1 immune response. Interleukin (IL)-10 down-regulates the Th1 response and is associated with BCG failure. In this study, we investigated whether blocking IL-10 signalling could enhance the BCG-induced Th1 response and anti-tumour immunity in a murine orthotopic tumour model. Treatment with BCG and anti-IL-10 receptor 1 monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-10R1 mAb) increased the interferon (IFN)-γ to IL-10 ratio in both splenocyte cultures and urine. Mice bearing luciferase-expressing MB49 (MB49-Luc) tumours were treated and followed for tumour growth by bioluminescent imaging, bladder weight and histology. Mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group 1), BCG plus control immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 (group 2) or BCG plus anti-IL-10R1 mAb (group 3) showed 0, 6 and 22% tumour regression, respectively. The mean bladder weight of group 3 mice was substantially lower than those of groups 1 and 2 mice. Remarkably, 36% of group 1 and 53% of group 2 mice but no group 3 mice developed lung metastasis (P = 0·02). To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of combination therapy, splenocytes were stimulated with S12 peptide (serine mutation at codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene) known to be expressed in MB49-Luc cells. Induction of ras mutation-specific IFN-γ and cytotoxicity was observed in mice treated with combination therapy. These observations indicate that BCG, in combination with anti-IL-10R1 mAb, induces enhanced anti-tumour immunity that is protective against lung metastasis. Anti-IL-10R1 mAb demonstrates systemic effects and may prove useful in clinical practice for treating bladder cancer in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Newton
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kasman L, Voelkel-Johnson C. An orthotopic bladder cancer model for gene delivery studies. J Vis Exp 2013:50181. [PMID: 24326612 DOI: 10.3791/50181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kasman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina
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Anti-Interleukin-10R1 Monoclonal Antibody Enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induced T-Helper Type 1 Immune Responses and Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Orthotopic Model of Bladder Cancer. J Urol 2012; 187:2228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chade DC, Andrade PM, Borra RC, Leite KR, Andrade E, Villanova FE, Srougi M. Histopathological characterization of a syngeneic orthotopic murine bladder cancer model. Int Braz J Urol 2008; 34:220-6; discussion 226-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382008000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bolenz C, Wenzel M, Cao Y, Trojan L, Häcker A, Arancibia MF, Alken P, Michel MS. Newly developed mini-endoscope for diagnosis and follow-up of orthotopic bladder transitional-cell carcinoma in vivo. J Endourol 2007; 21:789-94. [PMID: 17705773 DOI: 10.1089/end.2006.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Orthotopic models of bladder transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) are indispensable to the development of new intravesical agents for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive disease. Visual inspection of induced tumors and normal urothelium is of crucial interest when evaluating growth patterns and the potential effects of instillation therapies. The aim of our study was to test the practicability of a newly developed mini-endoscope in terms of the benefit and reproducibility of repeated diagnostic cystoscopy in a rat model, thus mimicking standard procedures in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 24 Foxn(rnu) athymic nude rats. In 18 animals, a suspension of the human TCC cell line UMUC-3 was instilled into the urinary bladder after trypsinization. Six animals underwent bladder trypsinization only and served as a control group. Follow-up cystoscopy was performed weekly. A newly developed semirigid mini-endoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), 0.89 mm in diameter, was used. RESULTS In total, 213 cystoscopies were performed. Each animal underwent at least seven procedures at weekly intervals over a period of 2 months. All tumors were detected by the mini-endoscope within 14 days of tumor-cell implantation. Cystoscopy provided visibility of the entire lower urinary tract (LUT), with the smallest detectable lesion being 0.5 mm in diameter. The regularly performed cystoscopy was tolerated without any significant procedure-related morphologic alterations in the LUT. CONCLUSIONS The new mini-endoscope constitutes a practicable and reliable tool for diagnosis and regular follow-up cystoscopy in rats. This instrument can contribute to the preclinical development of experimental intravesical antitumor agents when used for regular evaluations of morphologic drug effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Johnson AM, Conover DL, Huang J, Messing EM, Ning R, O'Connell MJ, Rossi MA, Sun TT, Wood RW, Wu XR, Reeder JE. Early detection and measurement of urothelial tumors in mice. Urology 2006; 67:1309-14. [PMID: 16765196 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish reliable noninvasive in vivo methods to detect, measure, and monitor experimentally induced urothelial tumors in mice. METHODS UPII-SV40T transgenic mice reliably develop bladder tumors by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen specifically in bladder urothelium through the use of the uroplakin II promoter. Two wild-type and 10 UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were monitored for microhematuria two to three times weekly using dipstick analysis. A unique flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography (FPD-CBCT) system imaged the urinary tracts of anesthetized mice after tail vein injection of an iodinated contrast agent (Omnipaque) that is excreted in urine. Within 10 seconds, the FPD-CBCT system acquired 290 two-dimensional images, which produced three-dimensional volumes with true isotropic resolution (180 microm)3 using a filtered back projection-based modified Feldkamp reconstruction algorithm. Amira, version 3.1.1-1, for MacOSX was used for data analysis and advanced visualization of the three-dimensional reconstructed FPD-CBCT images. RESULTS Hematuria was present in UPII-SV40T transgenic mice at 32 days of age; the wild-type animals exhibited no hematuria. Filling defects, associated with histologically confirmed tumors, in the bladders of the UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were visualized in the reconstructed FPD-CBCT images 1 to 45 minutes after contrast agent injection. Longitudinal FPD-CBCT imaging sessions showed the tumor position, volume, and growth. CONCLUSIONS The combination of early detection of hematuria and high-resolution in vivo FPD-CBCT imaging of murine bladder tumors enabled accurate longitudinal assessment of tumor growth and progression in individual animals. This approach could provide an important alternative to serial sacrifice experimental designs, while refining statistical power and reducing animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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