ANASTOMOTIC CONTRACTURE AND INCONTINENCE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: A GRADED APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT

Post-prostatectomy anastomotic stenosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic treatment

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic procedures for treating vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) after prostatectomy, as initial VUAS management remains unclear.

METHODS

A search of the MEDLINE database, the Cochrane database, and clinicaltrials.gov was performed (last search February 2023) using the following query: (['bladder neck' OR 'vesicourethral anastomotic' OR 'anastomotic'] AND ['stricture' OR 'stenosis' OR 'contracture'] AND 'prostatectomy'). The primary outcome was the success rate of VUAS treatment, defined by the proportion (%) of patients without VUAS recurrence at the end of follow-up.

RESULTS

The literature search identified 420 studies. After the screening, 78 reports were assessed for eligibility, and 40 studies were included in the review. The pooled characteristics of the 40 studies provided a total of 1452 patients, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 23.7 (13-32) months and age of 66 (64-68) years. The overall success rate (95% confidence interval [CI]) of all endoscopic procedures for VUAS treatment was 72.8% (64.4%-79.9%). Meta-regression models showed a negative influence of radiotherapy on the overall success rate (P = 0.012). After trim-and-fill (addition of 10 studies), the corrected overall success rate (95% CI) was 62.9% (53.6%-71.4%).

CONCLUSION

This first meta-analysis of endoscopic treatment success rate after VUAS reported an overall success rate of 72.8%, lowered to 62.9% after correcting for significant publication bias. This study also highlighted the need for a more thorough reporting of post-prostatectomy VUAS data to understand the treatment pathway and provide higher-quality evidence-based care.

Robotic Management of Complex Vesicourethral Anastomosis Stenosis With Transperineal Urethral Advancement: A Step-by-Step Technique

BACKGROUND

Vesicourethral anastomosis stenosis (VUAS) refers to the diameter narrowing of a vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). It is a known complication after radical prostatectomy that nowadays presents in less than 1% of these cases. When the lumen narrows sufficiently to impede urine flow, obstructive symptoms arise. While the incidence of VUAS used to be notably higher prior to the widespread use of the robotic approach, traditional procedures still fail in up to 42% of cases. Initial management typically involves endoscopic procedures, such as dilation, incision, or resection. If these approaches prove ineffective, VUA reconstruction is warranted. Following the resection of the unhealthy urethra, a potential drawback is the insufficient length of the healthy proximal urethral to reach the bladder without tension. In such cases, urinary diversion with an ileal conduit is an option. However, when the patient prefers to maintain an orthotopic urinary tract configuration, there is limited guidance in the literature regarding surgical techniques.

OBJECTIVE

To outline the indications, describe the step-by-step technique, and evaluate the outcomes of transperineal urethral advancement to facilitate a tension-free VUA.

MATERIALS

We first discuss the indications to identify which patients are candidates for this procedure. Then, a step-by-step description of the robotic VUA revision assisted by transperineal urethral mobilization is presented. Detailed steps and helpful hints are included. Finally, we outline the postoperative pathway and expected outcomes.

RESULTS

This technique allows patients with VUAS to preserve the orthotopic configuration of the urinary tract when a tension-free anastomosis proves challenging. Although urinary incontinence is expected, an artificial urinary sphincter could be placed in the following months.

CONCLUSION

The robotic management of complex vesicourethral anastomosis stenosis with transperineal urethral advancement is a feasible and safe procedure that requires the interdisciplinary management of robotic and reconstructive urologists.

Synchronous Bladder Neck Contracture Dilation at the Time of Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement Is Safe and Effective

OBJECTIVE

To treat men with bladder neck contracture (BNC) and stress urinary incontinence, neither long-term nor comparative data exist to support the superiority of simultaneous BNC intervention at the time of artificial urinary sphincter placement (synchronous) or staged BNC intervention followed by artificial urinary sphincter placement (asynchronous). This study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients treated with synchronous and asynchronous protocols.

METHODS

Using a prospectively maintained quality improvement database, we identified all men between the years of 2001-2021 with a history of BNC and artificial urinary sphincter placement. Baseline patient characteristics and outcome measures were collected. Categorical data were assessed with Pearson's Chi-square, and continuous data were assessed using independent sample t tests or the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test.

RESULTS

In total, 112 men met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two patients were treated synchronously, and 80 were treated asynchronously. There were no significant differences between groups across 15 relevant variables. Overall follow-up duration was 7.1 (2.8, 13.1) years. Three (9.3%) in the synchronous group and 13 (16.2%) in the asynchronous group experienced an erosion. There were no significant differences in frequency of erosion, time to erosion, artificial sphincter revision, time to revision, or BNC recurrence. BNC recurrences after artificial sphincter placement were treated with serial dilation with no early device failure or erosion.

CONCLUSION

Similar outcomes are achieved following synchronous and asynchronous treatment of BNC and stress urinary incontinence. Synchronous approaches should be considered safe and effective for men with stress urinary incontinence and BNC.

Management of Medium and Long Term Complications Following Prostate Cancer Treatment Resulting in Urinary Diversion - A Narrative Review

The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss and highlight recently published studies regarding the surgical management of patients suffering from prostate cancer treatment complications. Focus will be put on the recalcitrant and more complex cases which might lead to urinary diversion as a definite, last resort treatment. It is in the nature of every treatment, that complications will occur and be bothersome for both patients and physicians. A small percentage of patients following prostate cancer treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or other focal therapies) will suffer side effects and thus, will experience a loss of quality of life. These side effects can persist for months and even years. Often, conservative management strategies fail resulting in recalcitrant recurrences. Prostate cancer patients with "end-stage bladder," "devastated outlet," or a history of multiple failed interventions, are fortunately rare, but can be highly challenging for both patients and Urologists. In a state of multiple previous surgical procedures and an immense psychological strain for the patient, urinary diversion can offer a definite, last resort surgical solution for this small group of patients. Ideally, they should be transferred to centers with experience in this field and a careful patient selection is needed. As these cases are highly complex, a multidisciplinary approach is often necessary in order to guarantee an improvement of quality of life.

Management of Bladder Neck Contracture in the Age of Robotic Prostatectomy: An Evidence-based Guide

The incidence of bladder neck contracture (BNC), or postprostatectomy vesicourethral anastomosis, has declined since the advent of robotic surgery. However, men with peripheral vascular comorbidities, among other factors, still have a high risk of developing this complication after any surgery that involves manipulation of the prostate. The best strategy for BNC management remains uncertain because of inconsistency in success for different approaches across studies. We reviewed the available evidence on BNC, including the results for endoscopic treatments, scar modulation therapies, and open and robotic bladder neck reconstruction. On the basis of these data, we propose a management flowchart. Patient baseline status and subjective goals and preferences remain crucial in management choices. PATIENT SUMMARY: Contracture of the bladder neck can occur as a complication after surgery to the prostate. We reviewed the evidence for various treatment approaches and propose a flowchart for management of this condition.

Contemporary Management of Vesico-Urethral Anastomotic Stenosis After Radical Prostatectomy

Vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis is a well-known sequela after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and has significant impact on quality of life. This review aims to summarize contemporary therapeutical approaches and to give an overview of the available evidence regarding endoscopic interventions and open reconstruction. Initial treatment may include dilation, incision or transurethral resection. In treatment-refractory stenoses, open reconstruction via an abdominal (retropubic), transperineal or combined abdominoperineal approach is a viable option with high success rates. All of the open surgical procedures are generally accompanied by a high risk of developing de novo incontinence and patients may need further interventions. In such cases, subsequent artificial urinary sphincter implantation is the most common treatment option with the best available evidence.

[Influence of urethral self-dilatation on the morbidity of the artificial urinary sphincter after endoscopic treatment of recurrent stenosis of the vesicourethral anastomosis]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the morbidity of the practice of daily self-dilatation (SD) in patients undergoing total prostatectomy, who have had artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) for urinary incontinence (UI) and who have had a recurrence of endoscopically treated vesicourethral anastomosis (VUS) stenosis.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

One hundred and thirty-eight patients with SUA for urinary incontinence (UI) fitted between 1998 and 2007 were divided into two groups. Thirty-five patients have had used self-dilatation (SD) for recurrent anastomotic stenosis (SD group) and 103 patients did not perform SD (non-SD group). These two groups were compared for explantation rate (erosion-infection), revision rate (urethral atrophy and mechanical failure) and 2-year functional results. The uni- and multivariate statistical analysis taken into consideration confounding factors such as age and radiotherapy history. The functional assessment was done by the validated IQoL, Ditrovie and MHU tests.

RESULTS

Patients in both groups were comparable except for the importance of urinary incontinence assessed by PAD test and questionnaires. The explantation rate was significantly higher in the "SD" group (28.5% vs 7.77%) and (OR=4.68, 95% CI [1.490-15.257], P=0.006). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the surgical revision rate (32% vs 20%, OR=0.44, P=0.09). The functional results at two years did not show any significant difference.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of self-dilation for recurrence of stenosis of vesicourethral anastomosis after prostatectomy exposes patients fitted with an SUA to a higher explantation rate.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

[Anastomosis stenosis after radical prostatectomy and bladder neck stenosis after benign prostate hyperplasia treatment: reconstructive options]

Bladder neck stenosis (BNS) after simple prostatectomy and vesicourethral anastomosis stenosis (VUAS) after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer are common sequelae. However, the two entities differ in their pathology, anatomy and their surgical results. VUAS has an incidence of 0.2-28%. Commonly, VUAS occurs within the first 2 years after surgery. Initial therapy should be performed endourologically: dilatation, (laser) incision or resection. After three unsuccessful treatment attempts, open reconstruction should be considered. Different surgical approaches (abdominal, perineal, abdominoperineal) have been described. All are associated with good success rates. However, they are accompanied by high rates of urinary incontinence. Incontinence can be treated safely by implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter. The incidence of BNS is around 5% for all types of surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia. It occurs within the first 2 years after surgery. Initial treatment should be performed endourologically. In case of recalcitrant BNS, open reconstruction is indicated. The YV-plasty is an established procedure, and the T‑plasty represents a modification. Success rates of both procedures are high. Robot-assisted reconstructive procedures have been described for both VUAS and BNS.

Endoscopic Management of Urethral Stricture Disease and Bladder Neck Contractures

This section aims to review general principles of endoscopic management of urethral stricture disease and posterior urethral stenosis, with a special focus on the indications for treatment and technical aspects of urethral dilation and internal incision.

Vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis following radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional outcome analysis with a focus on endoscopic approach, surgical sequence, and the impact of radiation therapy

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the predictors of recurrence and of de novo incontinence in patients treated by transurethral incision or resection for vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) after radical prostatectomy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

All patients undergoing endoscopic treatment for VUAS between March 2009 and October 2016 were identified in our multi-institutional database. Digital chart reviews were performed and patients contacted for follow-up. Recurrence was defined as any need for further instrumentation or surgery, and de-novo-incontinence as patient-reported outcome.

RESULTS

Of 103 patients undergoing endoscopic VUAS treatment, 67 (65%) underwent transurethral resection (TR) and 36 (35%) transurethral incision (TI). TI was performed more frequently as primary treatment compared to TR (58% vs. 37%; p = 0.041). Primary and repeated treatment was performed in 46 (45%) and 57 patients (55%), respectively. Overall, 38 patients (37%) had a history of radiation therapy. There was no difference in time to recurrence for primary vs repeat VUAS treatment, previous vs no radiation, TR compared to TI (all p > 0.08). Regarding treatment success, no difference was found for primary vs. repeat VUAS treatment (50% vs. 37%), previous radiation vs. no radiation (42% vs. 43%), and TR vs. TI (37% vs. 53%; all p ≥ 0.1). Postoperative de novo incontinence was more common after TI vs. TR (31% vs. 12%; p = 0.032), no difference was observed for previous radiation therapy vs. no radiation therapy (18% vs. 18%; p > 0.9) or primary vs. repeat VUAS treatment (22% vs. 16%; p = 0.5).

CONCLUSION

VUAS recurrence after endoscopic treatment is not predictable. Endoscopic treatment with TI showed a higher risk for de novo incontinence than TR, and previous irradiation and the number of treatments do not influence incontinence.

[Management of vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy]

Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis is a relatively uncommon problem after radical prostatectomy, but it could become recurrent and difficult to treat. Risk factors are known, and they can help to decrease the incidence. When discussing the therapeutic plan, we must consider the stenosis risk, and also the urinary continence after the prostatectomy. Many treatment schedules are proposed, some of them with low available evidence, limited to case series with different number of patient and follow-up length, or reviews on the subject. Endoscopic options are the commonest, obtaining different success rates depending on the incision, resection or vaporization of the tissue. They could also benefit from the use of adjuvant local injections of drugs regulating tissue growth. Recurrent or obliterated cases could require surgical reconstruction using perineal, abdominal or combined approaches, or even suprapubic urinary diversions.

Posterior urethral stenosis after prostate cancer treatment: contemporary options for definitive management

Posterior urethral stenosis (PUS) is an uncommon but challenging problem following prostate cancer therapy. A review of the recent literature on the prevalence of PUS and treatment modalities used in the last decade was performed. A summative narrative of current accepted techniques in management of PUS is presented, and supplement with our own experience and algorithms.

An update on best practice in the diagnosis and management of post-prostatectomy anastomotic strictures

Postprostatectomy vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) remains a challenging problem for both patient and urologist. Improved surgical techniques and perioperative identification and treatment of risk factors has led to a decline over the last several decades. High-level evidence to guide management is lacking, primarily relying on small retrospective studies and expert opinion. Endourologic therapies, including dilation and transurethral incision or resection with or without adjunct injection of scar modulators is considered first-line management. Recalcitrant VUAS requires surgical reconstruction of the vesicourethral anastomosis, and in poor surgical candidates, a chronic indwelling catheter or urinary diversion may be the only option. This review provides an update in the diagnosis and management of postprostatectomy VUAS.

Artificial urinary sphincter

Although currently still the gold standard treatment for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence, the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) (AMS800) is an invasive procedure with associated risks factors. In this paper, we aim to outline what the scientific literature and what we personally believe are the factors that are useful and/or necessary to mitigate these risks, including both patient factors and surgeon factors. We also review special populations, including transcorporal (TC) AUS approach, AUS with inflatable penile prosthesis, AUS after male urethral sling, AUS erosion management, and AUS after orthotopic urinary diversion.

Management of bladder neck stenosis and urethral stricture and stenosis following treatment for prostate cancer

The aim of this review is to examine all urethral strictures and stenoses subsequent to treatment for prostate cancer, including radical prostatectomy (RP), radiotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy. The overall majority respond to endoscopic treatment, including dilatation, direct visual internal urethrotomy (DVIU) or bladder neck incision (BNI). There are adjunct treatments to endoscopic management, including injections of corticosteroids and mitomycin C (MMC) and urethral stents, which remain controversial and are not currently mainstay of treatment. Recalcitrant strictures are most commonly managed with urethroplasty, while recalcitrant stenosis is relatively rare yet almost always associated with bothersome urinary incontinence, requiring bladder neck reconstruction and subsequent artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation, or urinary diversion for the devastated outlet.

Targeting Moderate and Severe Male Stress Urinary Incontinence With Adjustable Male Slings and the Perineal Artificial Urinary Sphincter: Focus on Perioperative Complications and Device Explantations

PURPOSE

To analyze perioperative complications and postoperative explantation rates for selected readjustable male sling systems and the perineal single-cuff artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in a large, contemporary, multi-institutional patient cohort.

METHODS

Two hundred eighty-two male patients who underwent implantation between 2010 and 2012 in 13 participating institutions were included in the study (n=127 adjustable male sling [n=95 Argus classic, n=32 Argus T], n=155 AUS). Perioperative characteristics and postoperative complications were analyzed. The explantation rates of the respective devices were assessed using the Fisher exact test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. A Kaplan-Meier curve was generated. Potential features associated with device explantation were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model (P<0.05).

RESULTS

We found significantly increased intraoperative complication rates after adjustable male sling implantation (15.9% [adjustable male sling] vs. 4.2% [AUS], P=0.003). The most frequent intraoperative complication was bladder perforation (n=17). Postoperative infection rates did not vary significantly between the respective devices (P=0.378). Device explantation rates were significantly higher after AUS implantation (9.7% [adjustable male sling] vs. 21.5% [AUS], P=0.030). In multivariate analysis, postoperative infection was a strong independent predictor of decreased device survival (odds ratio, 6.556; P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Complication profiles vary between adjustable male slings and AUS. Explantation rates are lower after adjustable male sling implantation. Any kind of postoperative infections are independent predictors of decreased device survival. There is no significant effect of the experience of the implanting institution on device survival.

Post Prostatectomy Vesicourethral Stenosis or Bladder Neck Contracture with Concomitant Urinary Incontinence: Our Experience and Recommendations

OBJECTIVES

To present our experience in the management of bladder neck contracture with concomitant post prostatectomy incontinence and to provide our recommendations based on the updated literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between Jan 2010 and June 2015, 37 patients from our cohort of 341 patients with post prostatectomy incontinence were evaluated. Patient data were retrospectively collected. Patients with bladder neck contracture confirmed on flexible cystoscopy underwent subsequent rigid cystoscopy and deep endoscopic bladder neck incision (BNI). A follow up flexible cystoscopy would be performed 3 months later. If there was no recurrence of the bladder neck contracture, an artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) or a male sling was recommended.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients was 68 years (range 59-77) and the mean BMI was 31 (range 21-41) kg/m². Twenty-five (67.7%) patients had open prostatectomy and 12 (32.4%) patients had laparoscopic prostatectomy. Fourteen patients (37.8%) underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Twenty-four (64.8%) patients had one BNI procedure, 8 (21.6%) patients had two procedures and 5 (13.5%) patients had more than 2 procedures. Twenty-one (91.3%) patients had AUS implantation and 2 (8.7%) patients had male sling placement. Besides, 85.7% of AUS and 50% of male sling patients managed to achieve successful outcomes with a mean follow up period of 13.1 months (range 2-33 months).

CONCLUSION

Initial management with aggressive BNI followed by implantation of an AUS or male sling when bladder neck is stable is essential to achieve a satisfactory urinary continence outcome.

Artificial Urinary Sphincter: Report of the 2015 Consensus Conference

PURPOSE

The AMS800™ device, by far the most frequently implanted artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) worldwide, is considered to be the "gold-standard" when male incontinence surgical treatment is contemplated. Despite 40 years of experience, it is still a specialized procedure with a number of challenges. Here, we present the recommendations issued from the AUS Consensus Group, regarding indications, management, and follow-up AMS800™ implantation or revision.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Under ICS auspices, an expert panel met on July 10, 2015 in Chicago, IL, USA in an attempt to reach a consensus on diverse issues related to the AMS800™ device. Participants were selected by the two co-chairs on the basis of their practice in a University hospital and their experience: number of implanted AUSs according to AMS (American Medical System Holdings Inc., Minnetonka, MN) records and/or major published articles. Topics listed were the result of a pre-meeting email brainstorming by all participants. The co-chairs distributed topics randomly to all participants, who then had to propose a statement on each topic for approval by the conference after a short evidence-based presentation, when possible.

RESULTS

A total of 25 urologists were invited to participate, 19 able to attend the conference. The present recommendations, based on the most recent and relevant data available in literature as well as expert opinions, successively address multiple specific and problematic issues associated with the AMS800™ trough a eight-chapter structure: pre-operative assessment, pre operative challenges, implantation technique, post-operative care, trouble-shooting, outcomes, special populations, and the future of AUSs.

CONCLUSION

These guidelines undoubtedly constitute a reference document, which will help urologists to carefully select patients and apply the most adapted management to implantation, follow-up and trouble-shooting of the AMS800™.

Urethral Strictures and Stenoses Caused by Prostate Therapy

The number of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia is on the rise. As a result, the volume of prostate treatment and treatment-related complications is also increasing. Urethral strictures and stenoses are relatively common complications that require individualized management based on the length and location of the obstruction, and the patient's overall health, and goals of care. In general, less invasive options such as dilation and urethrotomy are preferred as first-line therapy, followed by more invasive substitution, flap, and anastomotic urethroplasty.

Improving Outcomes of Bulbomembranous Urethroplasty for Radiation-induced Urethral Strictures in Post-Urolume Era

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate contemporary outcomes of excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) for the treatment of radiation-induced urethral strictures (RUS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of 72 patients undergoing EPA for RUS from 2007 to 2015 by a single surgeon was performed. We analyzed overall and long-term success rates of EPA urethroplasty and compared patient cohorts from two groups, 2007-2012 vs 2013-2015 (post-Urolume).

RESULTS

During the course of the study, we noted a near doubling of patient volume from the earlier (6.2 patients/year) to later (11.7 patients/year) cohorts. Among the 37 men treated from 2007 to 2012, we identified an EPA success rate of 70% compared with the improved 86% success rate in the subsequent cohort of 35 men treated from 2013 to 2015 (P = .07). Single dilation was successful in 50% of initial and 40% of subsequent cohort patients in the treatment of recurrence. Initial and subsequent cohorts varied only in regard to stricture length (mean 2.0 cm vs 3.0 cm in initial and subsequent cohorts, P = .001) and number treated with Urolume stent (initial 5 vs none in the later cohort, P = .03). Length of follow-up (median 50 [17-97] months for the initial and 22 [6-34] months for the later cohort) was not associated with recurrence.

CONCLUSION

Increasing numbers of RUS patients are presenting for urethral reconstruction in the post-Urolume era. With increasing experience, we improved success rates of EPA urethroplasty to over 85% despite increased stricture length.

Bladder neck contracture

Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a well-described complication of the surgical treatment of benign and malignant prostate conditions. Nevertheless, etiologies of BNC development are highly dependent on the primary treatment modality undertaken with BNC also occurring after pelvic radiation. The treatment options for BNC can range from simple, office-based dilation procedures to more invasive, complex abdomino-perineal reconstructive surgery. Although numerous strategies have been described, a patient-specific approach is usually necessary in the management of these complex patients. In this review, we highlight various therapeutic maneuvers described for the management of BNC and further delineate a tailored approach utilized at our institution in these complicated patients.

The Patient Burden of Bladder Outlet Obstruction after Prostate Cancer Treatment

PURPOSE

Bladder outlet obstruction after prostate cancer therapy imposes a significant burden on health and quality of life in men. Our objective was to describe the burden of bladder outlet obstruction after prostate cancer therapy by detailing the type of procedures performed and how often those procedures were repeated in men with recurrent bladder outlet obstruction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results)-Medicare linked data from 1992 to 2007 with followup through 2009 we identified 12,676 men who underwent at least 1 bladder outlet obstruction procedure after prostate cancer therapy, including external beam radiotherapy in 3,994, brachytherapy in 1,485, brachytherapy plus external beam radiotherapy in 1,847, radical prostatectomy in 4,736, radical prostatectomy plus external beam radiotherapy in 369 and cryotherapy in 245. Histogram, incidence rates and Cox proportional hazards models with repeat events analysis were done to describe the burden of repeat bladder outlet obstruction treatments stratified by prostate cancer therapy type. We describe the type of bladder outlet obstruction surgery grouped by level of invasiveness.

RESULTS

At a median followup of 8.8 years 44.6% of men underwent 2 or more bladder outlet obstruction procedures. Compared to men who underwent radical prostatectomy those treated with brachytherapy and brachytherapy plus external beam radiotherapy were at increased adjusted risk for repeat bladder outlet obstruction treatment (HR 1.2 and 1.32, respectively, each p <0.05). After stricture incision the men treated with radical prostatectomy or radical prostatectomy plus external beam radiotherapy were most likely to undergo dilation at a rate of 34.7% to 35.0%. Stricture resection/ablation was more common after brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy plus external beam radiotherapy at a rate of 28.9% to 41.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Almost half of the men with bladder outlet obstruction after prostate cancer therapy undergo more than 1 procedure. Furthermore men with bladder outlet obstruction after radiotherapy undergo more invasive endoscopic therapies and are at higher risk for multiple treatments than men with bladder outlet obstruction after radical prostatectomy.

Management of the incontinent patient with a sphincteric stricture following radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The 5-year and 15-year life expectancy following the treatment of localized prostate cancer is excellent. Patients may develop rare but devastating complications following the surgery for prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature to date surrounding the management of the incontinent patient with a concomitant bladder neck contracture (BNC), or sphincteric stricture, following radical prostatectomy.

RECENT FINDINGS

The literature consists of several case series, but no clinical trials exist to provide an evidence-based approach to the incontinent patient with concomitant BNC. Fortunately, this is a relatively rare clinical scenario and most cases are successfully managed with urethral dilatation or endoscopic techniques. Multiple endoscopic techniques are available. In addition, some authors include injectable agents in their armamentarium for the treatment of BNC. Open reconstructive techniques or permanent urinary diversion may be necessary in rare cases. Both male slings and artificial urinary sphincter may be considered for the management of concomitant urinary incontinence. Some authors suggest it is safe to proceed with simultaneous artificial urinary sphincter implantation at the time of endoscopic management of the BNC.

SUMMARY

Management of the incontinent patient with concomitant BNC represents a challenging situation for the urologist. Several techniques are available to stabilize the BNC before safely proceeding with surgery for urinary incontinence. For the rare, complex case that has failed endoscopic management, referral to a surgeon experienced in reconstructive techniques is warranted.

Bladder neck contractures and the prostate cancer survivor

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To summarize the cause and diagnostic and treatment concerns for bladder neck contractures (BNCs) in the prostate cancer survivor.

RECENT FINDINGS

BNC rates have decreased significantly in the last 2 decades, likely because of improvement in the surgical technique and increased utilization of laparoscopic and robotic surgery, which may allow better visualization of the vesicourethral anastomosis. Despite these improvements, risk factors such as smoking and coronary artery disease contribute to BNC development. Furthermore, although recent reports have questioned the classical tenets of anastomotic technique such as water-tight anastomoses, there is no evidence that these principles contribute to the risk of BNC development and should continue to be observed. The results of minimally invasive procedures such as urethral dilation and transurethral incision of the bladder neck may be improved with the use of injectable agents.

SUMMARY

There is little consensus regarding BNC therapy. Although several risk factors contributing to BNC development have been identified, strategies to reduce the risk are unclear. A number of therapeutic options are available, however. In the event of BNC development, treatment should be structured in a hierarchical fashion which minimizes the risk of urinary incontinence.

Adjunctive maneuvers to treat urethral stricture: a review of the world literature

The development of urethral stricture (US) or bladder neck contracture is a relatively uncommon but well described condition observed primarily in men. Despite familiarity with US disease, management remains challenging for urologists. Risk factors for the development of USs or bladder neck contracture include primary treatment modality, tobacco smoking, coronary artery disease and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Numerous treatment options exist for this condition that vary in procedural complexity, including intermittent self catheterization (CIC), serial urethral dilation, endoscopic techniques and open reconstructive repairs. Repetitive procedures for this condition may carry increased failure rates and morbidities. For the treatment of refractory or recalcitrant bladder neck contracture, newer intralesional anti-proliferative, anti-scar agents have been used in combination with transurethral bladder neck incisions to augment outcome and long-term effect. The primary focus of this systematic review of the published literature is to streamline and summarize various and newer therapeutic modalities available to manage patients with US or bladder neck contracture.

Artificial urinary sphincter for post-prostatectomy incontinence: a review

The artificial urinary sphincter remains the gold standard for treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. The AMS 800 (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA) is the most commonly implanted artificial urinary sphincter. Having been on the market for almost 40 years, there is an abundance of literature regarding its use, but no recent review has been published. We reviewed the current literature regarding the indications, surgical principles, outcomes and complications of artificial urinary sphincter implantation for stress urinary incontinence after prostatectomy. A PubMed search was carried out for articles on the artificial urinary sphincter from 1995 to present. The review was centered on articles related to the use of the AMS 800 for stress urinary incontinence in males after prostatectomy. Relevant articles were reviewed. The majority of patients will achieve social continence (1 pad per day) after artificial urinary sphincter implantation; however, rates of total continence (no pad usage) are significantly lower. Patient satisfaction outcomes average greater than 80% in most series. Potential complications requiring reoperation include infection (0.5-10.6%) and urethral erosion (2.9-12%). Revision surgeries are most commonly as a result of urethral atrophy, which ranges from 1.6 to 11.4%. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier freedom from reoperation ranges from 50 to 79%, while the 10-year Kaplan-Meier freedom from mechanical failure is 64%. The artificial urinary sphincter is a reliable device with good outcomes. As expected with any prosthetic device, complications including mechanical failure, infection, erosion and recurrent incontinence remain significant concerns. Despite known complications, the patient satisfaction rates after artificial urinary sphincter implantation remain high. Appropriate patient counseling and adherence to surgical principles are imperative.

Critical urologic skills and procedures in the emergency department

The evaluation and management of genitourinary emergencies is a fundamental component of the training and practice of emergency physicians. Urologic procedures are common in the emergency room. Emergency physicians play a vital role in the initial evaluation and treatment because delays in management can lead to permanent damage. This article discusses the most common urologic procedures in which emergency physicians must be proficient for rapid intervention to preserve function and avoid complications. An overview of each procedure is discussed as well as indications, contraindications, equipment, technique, and potential complications.

Anastomotic stricture after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy: what should be expected from the Van Velthoven single-knot running suture?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) who are treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) have a good overall survival rate. Their quality of life, however, can deteriorate because of the incidence of bladder neck contracture (BNC). Our aim was to evaluate the incidence and the risk factors of BNC after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) with a single-knot running suture also known as the Van Velthoven technique (VVT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 2003 to 2010, 2115 patients underwent extraperitoneal, transperitoneal, or robot-assisted RP for localized PCa. A single-knot running suture according to the VVT was performed for the vesicourethral anastomosis. Follow-up was scheduled and standardized for all patients and recorded into a prospective database. BNC was defined by a reduction of the lumen that does not allow the passage of an 18F fibroscope.

RESULTS

Mean follow-up of the patients was 43 (6-144) months. Of all, 1342, 241, and 532 had extraperitoneal, transperitoneal, and robot-assisted prostatectomy, respectively. BNC was diagnosed in 30 (1.4%) patients. Among them, 78% had the diagnosis within the first year of follow-up. Previous transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and external beam radiotherapy were independent risk factors of BNC.

CONCLUSIONS

BNC incidence after MIRP using the single-knot running suture for the vesicourethral anastomosis is low. Previous TURP and external beam radiotherapy are identified as risk factors. This technique showed satisfying results regardless of the classic laparoscopic or robot-assisted approach.

Post-radical-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: the management of concomitant bladder neck contracture

Urinary incontinence postradical prostatectomy is a common problem which adversely affects quality of life. Concomitant bladder neck contracture in the setting of postprostatectomy incontinence represents a challenging clinical problem. Postprostatectomy bladder neck contracture is frequently recurrent and makes surgical management of incontinence difficult. The aetiology of bladder neck contracture and what constitutes the optimum management strategy are controversial. Here we review the literature and also present our approach.

Comparison between Two Different Two-Stage Transperineal Approaches to Treat Urethral Strictures or Bladder Neck Contracture Associated with Severe Urinary Incontinence that Occurred after Pelvic Surgery: Report of Our Experience

Introduction. The recurrence of urethral/bladder neck stricture after multiple endoscopic procedures is a rare complication that can follow prostatic surgery and its treatment is still controversial. Material and Methods. We retrospectively analyzed our data on 17 patients, operated between September 2001 and January 2010, who presented severe urinary incontinence and urethral/bladder neck stricture after prostatic surgery and failure of at least four conservative endoscopic treatments. Six patients underwent a transperineal urethrovesical anastomosis and 11 patients a combined transperineal suprapubical (endoscopic) urethrovesical anastomosis. After six months the patients that presented complete incontinence and no urethral stricture underwent the implantation of an artificial urethral sphincter (AUS). Results. After six months 16 patients were completely incontinent and presented a patent, stable lumen, so that they underwent an AUS implantation. With a mean followup of 50.5 months, 14 patients are perfectly continent with no postvoid residual urine. Conclusions. Two-stage procedures are safe techniques to treat these challenging cases. In our opinion, these cases could be managed with a transperineal approach in patients who present a perfect operative field; on the contrary, in more difficult cases, it would be preferable to use the other technique, with a combined transperineal suprapubical access, to perform a pull-through procedure.

Recurrent urethrovesical anastomotic strictures following artificial urinary sphincter implantation: a case report

INTRODUCTION

The management of an anastomotic stricture after a radical prostatectomy can become a complex and difficult situation when an artificial urinary sphincter precedes the formation of the stricture. The urethral narrowing does not allow the passage of the routinely used urological instruments and no previous reports have suggested alternate approaches.

CASE PRESENTATION

We present the case of a 68-year-old Greek man diagnosed as having a recurrent anastomotic stricture approximately two years after a radical prostatectomy and three years after the implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter, and propose novel alternate methods of treatment. Our patient was first subjected to stricture incision with the use of a rigid ureteroscope with a holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser fiber, which was followed by a second successful attempt with the use of a pediatric resectoscope. After a one-year follow-up, our patient is doing well, with no evidence of recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the management of recurrent urethral strictures following an artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Minimal invasive techniques with the use of small caliber instruments may offer efficient treatment options, diminishing the danger of urethral corrosion.

Complications after radical prostatectomy: anastomotic stricture and rectourethral fistula

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

With the discovery of prostate-specific antigen and routine prostate cancer screening, came a renewed interest in the radical prostatectomy. As a result of early detection, the majority of prostate cancer is of low risk placing more emphasis on the social consequences of the surgery such as urinary incontinence, anastomotic contracture, erectile dysfunction and rectourethral fistula (RUF) formation. This review is specifically focused on the current approaches to anastomotic stricture and RUF following radical prostatectomy.

RECENT FINDINGS

A subset of anastomotic contractures following radical prostatectomy are recurrent and refractory to standard endoscopic therapy. Previous enthusiasm for permanent urethral stents has been dissipated by long-term results showing high revision and complication rates. In an attempt to avoid permanent urethral stents, new adjunctive agents are being used in combination with urethrotomy to achieve a stable, bladder neck anastomosis. There has been a major shift in the cause of RUF from primarily surgical to approximately 50% resulting from radiation/ablation therapy. Surgically induced RUF typically are small, located in bladder neck/trigonal region and can be primarily closed. Radiation/ablation induced fistula are large (>2 cm), involve the prostatic urethra and are fibrotic often requiring a combination of onlay grafting and interposition muscle flap for closure. The anterior, perineal sphincter-sparing approach is the optimal approach for closure of all RUF (simple or complex).

SUMMARY

Recent advancements in these two challenging patient populations have allowed reconstructive urologists to remain committed to rehabilitating the lower urinary tract avoiding palliative maneuvers and often-unnecessary urinary and fecal diversion.

Risk factors and quality of life for post-prostatectomy vesicourethral anastomotic stenoses

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the difference in vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) rates after open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) vs robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), and to analyze associated factors and effect on quality of life.

METHODS

From 2001 to 2009, a total of 1038 patients underwent RARP and 707 patients underwent open RRP. Perioperative factors and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) quality of life scores were compared between patients who did and did not develop a VUAS. Independent significant predictors of VUAS development were identified using multivariable modeling.

RESULTS

The incidence of VUAS in open RRP cases was higher (53/707, 7.5%) than for RARP (22/1038, 2.1%) (P<.0001). Intervention consisted of dilation in 34 of 75 cases (45.3%), internal urethrotomy in 8 of 75 (10.7%), and multiple procedures in 30 of 75 (40%). Open technique (P<.0001, odds ratio [OR]=3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.8-5.2), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence (P=.02, OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.2-4.1), postoperative hematuria (P=.02, OR=3.7, 95% CI=1.2-11.3), urinary leak (P=.002, OR=6.0, 95% CI=1.9-19.2), and urinary retention (P=.004, OR=3.5, 95% CI=1.5-8.7) were significant independent predictors of VUAS development. EPIC incontinence scores were similar between VUAS and non-VUAS patients, whereas irritative voiding scores were worse initially with VUAS but became similar by 12 months.

CONCLUSION

There is a higher rate of VUAS after open RRP vs RARP. Most cases of VUAS require endoscopic intervention. Predictors include open surgery, PSA recurrence, and postoperative hematuria, urinary leak, and retention. There is no diminution of quality of life scores at 12 months.