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Zhang T, Liu Z, Sun X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Peng W, Wu C. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Croton tiglium Linn.: a comprehensive review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1061-1084. [PMID: 35723937 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Croton tiglium Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is an ancient medicinal plant that has been used for a long time, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. And it is widely used for defecation, induced labour, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, headache, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. KEY FINDINGS Approximately 150 compounds have been isolated and identified from the seeds, stems, leaves and branches of C. tiglium, including fatty acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, the plants proteins and other types of components. Based on a wide range of biological properties, C. tiglium has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. SUMMARY The review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of C. tiglium, with a vision for promoting further pharmaceutical research to explore its complete potential for better clinical application. The tigliane diterpenoids have been the most studied compounds isolated from C. tiglium, which showing a variety of biological activities, but there is insufficient evidence to explain the mechanism of action. In addition, C. tiglium may have potential toxic effects, and it is necessary to reduce the toxic effects to ensure the safety of clinical medication, which may promote the discovery and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zibo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Huang H, Cao K, Malik S, Zhang Q, Li D, Chang R, Wang H, Lin W, Van Doren J, Zhang K, Du Z, Zheng X. Combination of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate with diethyldithiocarbamate markedly inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in 3D culture and in immunodeficient mice. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1617-24. [PMID: 25847449 PMCID: PMC4432920 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) alone or in combination on human pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro and grown as xenograft tumors in nude mice. Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with either DDTC or TPA alone, or in combination and the number of viable cells was then determined by trypan blue ecxlusion assay and the number of apoptotic cells was determined by morphological assessment by staining the cells with propidium idiode and examining them under a fluorescence microscope. Treatment with DDTC or TPA alone inhibited the growth and promoted the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects were more prominent following treatment with TPA in combination with DDTC than following treatment with either agent alone in PANC-1 cells in monolayer cultures and in 3 dimensional (3D) cultures. The potent effects of the combination treatment on PANC-1 cells were associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and the decreased expression of Bcl-2 induced by DDTC, as shown by NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression assay and western blot analysis. Furthermore, treatment of nude mice with DDTC + TPA strongly inhibited the growth of PANC-1 xenograft tumors. The results of the present study indicate that the administration of TPA and DDTC in combination may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the growth of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Kajia Cao
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Saquib Malik
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Li
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Richard Chang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Huaqian Wang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Lin
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jeremiah Van Doren
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Du
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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Zheng X, Cui XX, Gao Z, Verano M, Huang MT, Liu Y, Rabson AB, Conney AH. Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in combination with gemcitabine on Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or Panc-1 tumors grown in immunodeficient mice. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2269-75. [PMID: 23041978 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alone or in combination with gemcitabine on the growth of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells cultured in vitro or grown in NCr immunodeficient nude mice were investigated. Combinations of TPA and gemcitabine synergi-stically inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in Panc-1 cells. The combination of TPA (0.16 nM) and gemcitabine (0.5 µM) induced a marked increase in phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in the Panc-1 cells. In animal experiments, NCr nude mice with established Panc-1 tumors received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of TPA (50 ng/g body weight/day) or gemcitabine (0.5 µg/g body weight/day) alone or in combination for 26 days. Treatment with daily i.p. injections of low doses of TPA or gemcitabine alone had a modest inhibitory effect on the growth of the tumors. However, the combination of low doses of TPA and gemcitabine more potently inhibited the growth of Panc-1 tumors than either agent used individually. Treatment with TPA or gemcitabine alone or in combination did not affect the body weight of the animals. Clinical trials with TPA alone or in combination with gemcitabine on patients with pancreatic cancer are warranted in order to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Wu J, Mukherjee A, Lebman DA, Fang X. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced p21Waf1 expression mediates the cytostatic response of breast and ovarian cancer cells to TGFβ. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1562-70. [PMID: 21890597 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional intercellular phospholipid mediator present in blood and other biological fluids. In cancer cells, LPA stimulates expression or activity of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and other oncogenic proteins. In this study, we showed that LPA upregulated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1) in TGFβ-sensitive breast and ovarian cancer cells, but not in TGFβ-resistant ones. We examined the possibility that LPA-induced p21 might contribute to the cytostatic response to TGFβ. In serum-free conditions, TGFβ alone induced p21 expression weakly in TGFβ-sensitive cells. Serum or serum-borne LPA cooperated with TGFβ to elicit the maximal p21 induction. LPA stimulated p21 via LPA(1) and LPA(2) receptors and Erk-dependent activation of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta transcription factor independent of p53. Loss or gain of p21 expression led to a shift between TGFβ-sensitive and -resistant phenotypes in breast and ovarian cancer cells, indicating that p21 is a key determinant of the growth inhibitory activity of TGFβ. Our results reveal a novel cross-talk between LPA and TGFβ that underlies TGFβ-sensitive and -resistant phenotypes of breast and ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Kim S, Lee HS, Lee SK, Kim SH, Hur SM, Kim JS, Kim JH, Choe JH, Shin I, Yang JH, Lee JE, Nam SJ. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced growth arrest is increased by silibinin by the down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 and the up-regulation of p21 expression in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1127-32. [PMID: 20554189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
TPA is a potent regulator of cell growth, including cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we determined the effect of silibinin on TPA-induced growth arrest in breast cancer cells. Silibinin increased growth arrest of the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent fashion. Silibinin decreased the basal level of cyclin B1 and cdc2 expression, which is involved in S phase and G2/M transition. In addition, TPA-induced G2/M phase arrest was increased by silibinin. Under the same conditions, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 was decreased by silibinin. In contrast, TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by silibinin. To determine the regulatory mechanism of TPA-induced growth arrest, we pretreated cells with various inhibitors, such as UO126, SB203580, and LY294002. Interestingly, TPA-induced growth arrest was significantly increased by LY294002, but not by UO126 and SB203580. In addition, TPA-induced down-regulation of cyclin B1 was inhibited by LY294002; however, the basal level of p21 was increased by TPA and TPA-induced p21 expression was further increased by LY294002. Finally, adenoviral constitutively active-Akt (Ad-CA-Akt) overexpression regulated the up-regulation of cyclin B1 and the down-regulation of p21. Therefore, we have demonstrated that silibinin has an additive effect on TPA-induced growth arrest through the PI-3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Yasmin-Karim S, Messing E, Lee YF. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB signals is involved in loss of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 responsiveness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:11-21. [PMID: 20206692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D anti-tumor effect is often found reduced in the late stages of cancer. To uncover vitamin D resistance mechanism, we established a vitamin D-resistant human prostate cancer LNCaP cell line, LNCaP-R, by chronic exposure of cells to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-VD). The vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcriptional activity was reduced in LNCaP-R, whereas VDR expression level and DNA-binding capacity were similar compared to parental cells (LNCaP-P). The expressions of the key factors involved in VDR transactivity, including CYP24A1 and VDR-associated proteins are all increased in LNCaP-R cells, and yet treatment with ketoconazole, P450 enzymes inhibitor, as well as trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, did not sensitize LNCaP-R cells response to vitamin D, suggesting that neither a local 1,25-VD availability, nor VDR-associated proteins are responsible for the vitamin D resistance. Interestingly, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, which is critical for 1,25-VD/VDR activity was found reduced in LNCaP-R cells, thereby treatment with NF-kappaB activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), can sensitize LNCaP-R vitamin D response. Together, we conclude that NF-kappaB signaling is critical for vitamin D sensitivity, and dysregulation of this pathway would result in vitamin D resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ying Bao
- Department of Urology and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Lee YK, Lee MS, Kim YM, Park OJ. Effects of cotreatment of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and H2O2 on apoptotic regulation via AMP-activated protein kinase-cyclooxygenase-2 signals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:564-9. [PMID: 19723105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer displays elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and several studies have suggested that COX-2 expression is associated with parameters of aggressive colon cancer. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status, and recent studies indicate that AMPK activation strongly suppresses cell proliferation in nonmalignant cells as well as in tumor cells. As a metabolic sensing signal, AMPK is involved in cancer cell apoptosis. In HT-29 colon cancer cells, the regulation of COX-2 expression by treating with TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), low-level H(2)O(2), high-level H(2)O(2), and finally the combinations of TPA and low H(2)O(2) or high H(2)O(2) was investigated. We found that COX-2 expression levels with treatment reacted as follows: with TPA alone > TPA and low H(2)O(2) > low H(2)O(2) > high H(2)O(2) > TPA and high H(2)O(2). COX-2 regulation by these agents was accompanied by the alteration of AMPK control. The apoptotic bodies were detected as follows: high level of H(2)O(2) > TPA > low level of H(2)O(2). The present findings suggest that both COX-2 stimulators (TPA and H(2)O(2)) might have differential effects on COX-2 and AMPK regulation and further apoptotic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University Daedeok Valley Campus, Daejeon, Korea
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Zhang XY, Jiang YZ, Liu ZQ, Jing DH, Guan JM, Liu W. Inhibitory effect of p21WAF1 gene transfection on proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1614-1620. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i16.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of p21WAF1 (p21) gene transfection on the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer line BxPC-3.
METHODS: According to the different transfected plasmid and whether the transfection was performed, 3 groups were formed. For p21 transfection group, pCDNA3.1 (+)-p21 was transfected into BxPC-3 cell by the vector of Lipofectamine2000. For empty plasmid transfection group, pCDNA3.1 (+)-neo plasmid was transfected into BxPC-3 cell with the same method as the blank control group. For non-transfection group, the BxPC-3 cell was not transfected as the negative control group. The expression of p21 was evaluated using RT-PCR and Western blot. The proliferation and apoptosis were determined by MTT, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS: After transfection, the expression of p21 mRNA and P21 protein was up regulated, and the cell growth was decreased. High protein expression of P21 BxPC-3 cell cycle was arrested at G1/S phase, the population of G1 phase was significantly increased, compared with the empty plasmid transfection group or the non-transfection group (59.887% ± 3.700% vs 47.443% ± 6.354%, 49.223% ± 2.226%, P < 0.05), the S phase population was significantly decreased (21.277% ± 2.080% vs 35.247% ± 3.966%, 36.013% ± 1.540%, P < 0.01), and a Sub-G1 peak (apoptosis peak) appeared. Cell apoptosis by transmission electron microscopy was observed in the pCDNA3.1 (+)-p21 transfection group BxPC-3 cells.
CONCLUSION: After p21 gene transfection, BxPC-3 cell proliferation is significantly arrested and apoptosis could be induced in vitro.
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Kim HS, Lim IK. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylate Sp1 on serine 59 and regulate cellular senescence via transcription of p21Sdi1/Cip1/Waf1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15475-86. [PMID: 19318349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of p21(Sdi1) downstream of p53 is essential for induction of cellular senescence, although cancer cell senescence can also occur in the p53 null condition. We report herein that senescence-associated phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (SA-pErk1/2) enhanced p21(Sdi1) transcription by phosphorylating Sp1 on Ser(59) downstream of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was increased in cellular senescence, significantly activated both PKCalpha and PKCbetaI. However, PKCalpha, but not PKCbetaI, regulated ROS generation and cell proliferation in senescent cells along with activation of cdk2, proven by siRNAs. PKCalpha-siRNA also reduced SA-pErk1/2 expression in old human diploid fibroblast cells, accompanied with changes of senescence phenotypes to young cell-like. Regulation of SA-pErk1/2 was also confirmed by using catalytically active PKCalpha and its DN-mutant construct. These findings strongly suggest a new pathway to regulate senescence phenotypes by ROS via Sp1 phosphorylation between PKCalpha and SA-pErk1/2: employing GST-Sp1 mutants and MEK inhibitor analyses, we found that SA-pErk1/2 regulated Sp1 phosphorylation on the Ser(59) residue in vivo, but not threonine, in cellular senescence, which regulated transcription of p21(Sdi1) expression. In summary, PKCalpha, which was activated in senescent cells by ROS strongly activated Erk1/2, and the SA-pErk1/2 in turn phosphorylated Sp1 on Ser(59). Sp1-enhanced transcription of p21(Sdi1) resulted in regulation of cellular senescence in primary human diploid fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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Li X, Roginsky AB, Ding XZ, Woodward C, Collin P, Newman RA, Bell, Jr RH, Adrian TE. Review of the Apoptosis Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer and the Anti-apoptotic Effects of the Novel Sea Cucumber Compound, Frondoside A. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1138:181-98. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1414.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fortino V, Torricelli C, Capurro E, Sacchi G, Valacchi G, Maioli E. Antiproliferative and survival properties of PMA in MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:13-21. [PMID: 18181040 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701637949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although PKCs are assumed to be the main targets of phorbol esters (PMA), additional PMA effectors, such as chimaerins (a family of RacGTPase activating proteins) and RasGRP (exchange factor for Ras/Rap1), can counteract or strengthen the PKC pathways. In this study, we evaluated the proliferative behavior of PMA-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cell and found that: PMA induced growth arrest and inhibited cell death; PMA activated ERKs, which, in turn, induced p21; and inhibitors of ERK (PD98059) and PKC (GF109203X) prevented p21 induction and abolished the PMA survival effect. We conclude that PMA inhibits MCF-7 cell growth and simultaneously stimulates cell survival; both responses are linked to ERK-dependent and p53-independent p21 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fortino
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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