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Chou CC, Chien LY, Lin MF, Wang CJ. Cognitive function and associated factors among postmenopausal women with hypertension and natural menopause in Taiwan. Geriatr Nurs 2020; 42:110-116. [PMID: 33360766 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is prevalent among postmenopausal women worldwide and is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. This study examined the cognitive differences between Taiwanese postmenopausal women with and without hypertension after natural menopause and identified factors associated with cognitive function in hypertensive postmenopausal women. A two-group comparative design study of 171 Taiwanese postmenopausal participants (mean age = 64.8±6.6) was conducted in southern Taiwan. Cognitive performance on neuropsychological tests was evaluated, and demographic, health, menopausal, and disease related variables were assessed. Compared to the non-hypertensive group, women with hypertension showed significantly worse performance and a higher percentage of impairment in global cognitive functioning and memory. Fewer years of education and longer duration of hypertension were associated with lower global cognitive function, and increased age was associated with lower scores in delayed memory. Cognitive screening as well as training on global cognitive functioning and memory are needed for postmenopausal hypertensive women. (148 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Chou
- Institute of Community Health Care, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan..
| | - Li-Yin Chien
- Institute of Community Health Care, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Feng Lin
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jane Wang
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, & National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Hua W, Hou J, Jiang T, Su B, Fu J, Sun R, Chang B, Xia W, Wu H, Zhang T, Guo C, Wang W. The Longitudinal Association Between Cardiovascular Risk and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:560947. [PMID: 33195454 PMCID: PMC7604338 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.560947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: China has the largest population living with dementia, causing a tremendous burden on the aging society. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) may trigger a cascade of pathologies associated with cognitive aging. We aim to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors and cognitive function in the nationally representative cohort in China. Methods: Participants were recruited from 150 counties in 28 provinces via a four-stage sampling method. The outcomes included several cognitive tasks. The independent variable was a composite score of cardiovascular risk calculated from sex-specific equations. We fitted the time-lagged regression to model the association between CVR and cognition. Besides, we performed cross-group analyses to test for model invariance across sex and age. We thus constrained path coefficients to be equal across each grouping variable (e.g., sex) and compared the fit of this constrained model with an unconstrained model in which the path coefficients were allowed to vary by group. Results: A total of 3,799 participants were included in the final analyses. We found that the CVR had a negative linear association with global cognition (β = -0.1, p < 0.01). Additionally, CVR had inverse linear associations with domain-specific measurements of memory and learning, calculation, orientation, and visual-spatial ability (all values of p < 0.01). Regarding sex and age moderation, males had a more pronounced association between higher CVR and worse general cognition, immediate recall, orientation, calculation, and visual-spatial ability (all values of p < 0.0001). In contrast, females exhibited a slightly larger negative association in delayed recall. Older participants (>65 years old) had a more pronounced association between higher CVR and worse calculation ability (p = 0.003). Conclusion: CVD are risk factors for lower global cognition and cognitive subdomains in middle-aged and older adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyi Jiang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangning Fu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runsong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Biru Chang
- Department of Psychology, Research Institute for International and Comparative Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Caiping Guo
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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