1
|
Cunningham S, Penning J, Barboza S, Hansen B, Tonks T, Varnell K, Zhu A, Lobato de Faria J, Bright HS, Dahl-Popolizio S, Wolf RL. Breastfeeding in US working mothers: A systematic review. Work 2024; 78:851-871. [PMID: 38995742 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrate that exclusive breastfeeding has positive long-term health effects on the mother and infant, but research has shown that nearly 50% of mothers do not breastfeed for the recommended amount of time. OBJECTIVE This article systematizes previous quantitative research on the impact of work on breastfeeding practices to identify the factors that correlate to the cessation of breastfeeding in working mothers. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statements, we performed a systematic review that screened PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Complete databases for articles relating to maternal employment and breastfeeding. RESULTS Of the 13,106 articles assessed for eligibility, 21 studies met all requirements and were included in this systematic review. The 21 articles were divided into study type and methods, participant demographics, study outcomes, and additional factors that included stressors and stress levels, factors that increased or decreased rates of breastfeeding, and feeding methods. Articles outside of the United States were excluded due to differences in maternity leave policies of other countries impacting the data. CONCLUSION Cessation of breastfeeding and breastfeeding outcomes were seen to have a strong association with maternal employment, specifically with the policies and employer support in the workplace. Other factors such as race, level of education, and stress were also shown to relate to breastfeeding outcomes and are important to consider in future public health interventions and workplace policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Penning
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Sydnie Barboza
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Brooklynn Hansen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kacey Varnell
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Angela Zhu
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | | | - Harold S Bright
- A.T. Still Memorial Library, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Sue Dahl-Popolizio
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wolf
- Department of Occupational Therapy, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ünal Toprak F, Şentürk Erenel A. Impact of kangaroo care after caesarean section on paternal-infant attachment and involvement at 12 months: A longitudinal study in Turkey. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2021; 29:1502-1510. [PMID: 33118268 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mother's first meeting with the baby after the caesarean section is usually delayed due to the reasons arising from the mother and the baby in Turkey. Although there are many benefits of kangaroo care (KC) intervention between the mother and the newborn, there is a limited number of studies on the KC intervention between the newborn and the father after caesarean section in international literature, and there are none in Turkey. This study was carried out to determine the effect of fathers and infants who participated in KC, immediately after birth by caesarean section, on paternal-infant attachment and the fathers' involvement in infant care in the 12th month. The study was conducted as a longitudinal study with a control group. Initially, the sample consisted of 60 fathers. However, the study was completed with 48 fathers. KC intervention was practised to the couple of the father and the infant in the experimental group, while no practice was given to the control group. Fathers in the experimental group were told that they should continue to practice KC intervention at least two times a week until their baby will be 1-year-old. The data collection forms were given to fathers face-to-face in the first interview, and then through phone calls and emails after 12 months. The status of the fathers in the experimental group fathers' involvement in infant care of the baby (p = .005) was significantly higher than the control group. The mean score for the Postnatal Paternal-Infant Attachment Questionnaire (PPAQ), in fathers who participated in KC intervention, was higher than that of fathers who did not participate in the KC intervention (p < .005). The results of this study demonstrated that the paternal-infant attachment and the fathers' participation in infant care were more positive in fathers and babies who performed the KC intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ünal Toprak
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Health Sciences, Bolu, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Employing a User-Centered Design to Engage Mothers in the Development of a mHealth Breastfeeding Application. Comput Inform Nurs 2020; 37:522-531. [PMID: 31414995 DOI: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding has numerous health benefits; however, many mothers do not continue breastfeeding to the recommended 6 months of age. Breastfeeding support after discharge from the hospital is often lacking in the communities with the greatest need. Therefore, the Mother's Milk Connection mHealth application was designed to improve breastfeeding duration and access to support. This article describes a user-centered design process to engage mothers in the development of the Mother's Milk Connection application. Two phases of stakeholder and user studies were conducted. Phase 1 involved concept generation, prototype development, and usability testing. Phase 2 focused on prototype redesign and usability testing. We used a descriptive mixed-method approach with data collected using a demographic questionnaire, System Usability Scale, exit survey, and focus groups. Final features of the Mother's Milk Connection application included resources and education, peer support, automated activity tracking, and professional support via video conference. Stakeholder and user engagement indicated the integration of four distinct features is acceptable for use as a comprehensive mHealth intervention to improve access to breastfeeding support. mHealth has the potential to be a useful strategy for providing breastfeeding support, and a clinical trial regarding the efficacy of the Mother's Milk Connection application is needed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Burns E, Triandafilidis Z. Taking the path of least resistance: a qualitative analysis of return to work or study while breastfeeding. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14:15. [PMID: 30988690 PMCID: PMC6449947 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-019-0209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to meet World Health Organization recommendations for breastfeeding, many women need to combine breastfeeding with return to work or study. Barriers are often encountered when returning to work or study, which can lead to premature cessation of breastfeeding. This study aimed to explore Australian women’s experiences of breastfeeding at one multi-campus university. Method This paper draws on the qualitative findings from a mixed-methods study conducted between April and November 2017. An online survey was used to explore women’s experiences of breastfeeding at university. In total, 108 people participated in the survey. After the deletion of incomplete surveys, 79 staff and students survey responses were analysed. In-depth interviews were also carried out with 10 staff and students. Open text responses and in-depth interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results The analysis revealed four themes. The first theme, University as a positive and progressive environment for breastfeeding, explores staff and students’ experiences of maternity leave, flexible work arrangements, and on-campus childcare, and their relationships with tutors, supervisors, managers and colleagues. The second theme, Finding private and safe spaces for breastfeeding, presents staff and students’ experiences of using designated rooms, car parks, corridors, classrooms, and offices to breastfeed and express breast milk, and their experiences related to storage of breast milk. The third theme, Feeling self-conscious and unprofessional, reflects women’s experiences of mixing their professional and personal lives, and feeling guilty for taking time out to breastfeed. The fourth theme, Developing resilience to judgement, captures women’s realisation that breastfeeding on campus requires the development of a “thick skin” and the capacity to not be offended easily. Conclusions Sustaining breastfeeding requires time and commitment on behalf of the mother, as well as a supportive workplace or study environment. Transforming university campuses into breastfeeding friendly environments is long overdue and requires organisational commitment to achieve genuine reform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Burns
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales Australia
| | - Zoi Triandafilidis
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hornsby PP, Gurka KK, Conaway MR, Kellams AL. Reasons for Early Cessation of Breastfeeding Among Women with Low Income. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:375-381. [PMID: 30994371 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Most women in the United States do not meet their breastfeeding goals, and low-income women breastfeed at lower rates than the general population. While risk factors for early cessation have been documented, specific reasons for discontinuing among this population are less understood. We examined reasons for cessation among low-income mothers to inform the development of targeted strategies to address breastfeeding disparities. Materials and Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis using prospective data collected during a randomized intervention trial of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)-eligible women interviewed in the third trimester and at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. We included the 221 women who initiated breastfeeding and stopped by 6 months. Women's reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding were grouped by thematic category and compared by time of breastfeeding cessation. Results: The most common reasons reported overall for breastfeeding cessation were concerns about breast milk supply and latch difficulty. Some reasons differed significantly by time of cessation. Latch difficulty was reported most often by women who breastfed for 1 month or less; supply concerns increased with increasing breastfeeding duration. Returning to work/school was uncommonly reported for those who stopped by 1 month, but more frequently reported in those with later cessation. Conclusions: We found that low-income women reported similar reasons for early breastfeeding cessation as have been reported for other populations of women. These results underscore the need for appropriately timed, culturally sensitive interventions to reduce disparities in duration of breastfeeding, specifically to address latch difficulty in the first few weeks and supply concerns as infants grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige P Hornsby
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kelly K Gurka
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark R Conaway
- 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ann L Kellams
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hounsome L, Dowling S. 'The mum has to live with the decision much more than the dad'; a qualitative study of men's perceptions of their influence on breastfeeding decision-making. Int Breastfeed J 2018; 13:3. [PMID: 29371876 PMCID: PMC5771101 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-018-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although breastfeeding is widely acknowledged as the normal method of infant feeding, there are large variations in rates of initiation and duration. Several factors are linked to the likelihood of breastfeeding initiation, including the influence and opinion of the child's father. There is limited research into men's perception of their influence, or if they feel it appropriate to be involved in deciding how to feed their children. The aim of this study was to investigate, using a qualitative methodology, fathers' perceptions of their influence on the decision to feed their child breastmilk or formula. Methods Six men were recruited through Children's Centres in Bristol, United Kingdom, and a phenomenological research methodology implemented using semi-structured interviews. Specific objectives were: to understand participants' views on breastfeeding; understand if and how these views were discussed with their partner; to determine if participants believed involvement in the feeding decision is appropriate; to understand how they felt about the decision made; and to see if their views changed after the birth of their child. Results Multiple themes emerged during analysis, including deferring of responsibility to the mother; breastfeeding as normal practice; change in attitude; involvement in parenting; and, advantages for the father. The men in the study accepted breastfeeding as normal behaviour, probably because of their upbringing in households where breastfeeding was practiced. There was consensus that women had more say in deciding to breastfeed, which was explained as a consequence of their greater involvement. It could also be interpreted as an unwillingness to interfere in an area perceived as 'owned' by women. Participants acknowledged that breastfeeding was more difficult than they had perceived. Conclusions The key themes emerging from the interviews are suggestive of an impact on breastfeeding interventions that use the father as an intermediary. If they do not feel that they are 'permitted' to comment on their partner's breastfeeding, then simply increasing knowledge of breastfeeding benefits in these men is likely to have minimal impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hounsome
- Public Health England, Rivergate House, 2 Rivergate, Bristol, UK
| | - Sally Dowling
- 2University of the West of England, Bristol, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Stapleton, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Even though a cesarean birth is planned, women may experience physical and psychological difficulties. This qualitative study explored the overall experience of first-time mothers having a planned cesarean birth, which was any cesarean in which the decision was made prior to the onset of labor or labor induction. Eleven primipara postpartum mothers shared their stories. Data were analyzed using Riessman's method of thematic narrative analysis. Seven overarching themes revealed a need to accept a cesarean birth and create realistic expectations. Education and support specific to planned cesarean births need to be provided to the woman and her support person both before and after the birth. Realistic expectations will improve the adaptation process.
Collapse
|
8
|
First-time mothers’ breast-feeding maintenance: role of experiences and changes in maternal perceptions. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:3099-3108. [DOI: 10.1017/s136898001700221x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding initiation rates have increased in the USA; however, maintenance of breast-feeding for recommended durations is low. The objective of the present study was to identify factors that may facilitate breast-feeding for longer durations among first-time mothers, including physiological and social experiences and changes in maternal perceptions.DesignSurvival analysis and linear regression methods were used to explore the relationship between experiences and breast-feeding duration, and the possible mediating effect of changes in maternal perceptions.SettingSecondary data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted in the USA between 2005 and 2007.SubjectsData from 762 first-time mothers who ever breast-fed were analysed.ResultsExperiencing trouble with baby’s latch, problems with milk flow/supply and painful breast-feeding were significantly associated with breast-feeding duration (64, 26 and 36 % shorter duration, respectively). Meanwhile, positive changes in perception with respect to breast-feeding self-efficacy, opinion about infant feeding and belief about breast milk were associated with 16–27 % longer duration. Furthermore, changes in perception were observed to partially mediate the impact of physiological experiences on breast-feeding duration.ConclusionsPerceptions of breast-feeding self-efficacy, beliefs and opinions can change over time and are influenced by breast-feeding experiences. The combined effect of experience and perception plays a key role in influencing breast-feeding duration. Future research should explore interventions to maintain or improve these perceptions while accounting for physiological experiences to support breast-feeding for recommended durations among first-time mothers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Bouchard T. Effectiveness of an Online Natural Family Planning Program for Breastfeeding Women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017; 46:e129-e137. [PMID: 28586636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of an online, nurse-managed natural family planning (NFP) program among breastfeeding women and subgroups of these women. DESIGN Longitudinal comparative cohort study. SETTING A university-based online NFP education program and menstrual cycle charting system. PARTICIPANTS Women (N = 816) with a mean age of 30.3 years (standard deviation = 4.5) who registered to use the online NFP system and indicated they were breastfeeding. METHODS Participants tracked their fertile times with an electronic hormone fertility monitor (EHFM), cervical mucus monitoring, or both. All unintended pregnancies were evaluated by professional nurses. RESULTS The correct use pregnancy rates were 3 per 100 users over 12 cycles of use, and typical rates were 14 per 100 at 12 cycles of use. At 12 cycles of use, total pregnancy rates were 16 per 100 for electronic hormone fertility monitor users (n = 380), 81 per 100 among mucus-only users (n = 45), and 14 per 100 for electronic hormone fertility monitor plus mucus users (n = 391). CONCLUSION Use of a nurse-managed online NFP program for women can be effective to help women avoid pregnancy while breastfeeding, especially with correct and consistent use.
Collapse
|
10
|
Integrative Review of Breastfeeding Duration and Influencing Factors Among Women Serving Active Duty in the U.S. Military. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017; 46:171-181. [PMID: 28137541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine what is known about breastfeeding duration among active-duty servicewomen and to identify factors related to military employment that facilitate or inhibit breastfeeding. DATA SOURCES Literature searches using CINAHL and MEDLINE were conducted with the keywords military and breastfeeding for articles published from January 2000 through May 2016. STUDY SELECTION Abstracts and full-text research articles were retrieved and analyzed that met the inclusion criteria: English language, U.S. active-duty military personnel, peer-reviewed, and identified facilitators and/or barriers to breastfeeding. DATA EXTRACTION Eight studies were analyzed for quality and content; analysis was guided by Cooper's five stages of review synthesis processes. DATA SYNTHESIS Findings indicated that although breastfeeding initiation rates are similar to those for civilians, military women may discontinue sooner. Perception of military work as a barrier is associated with shorter duration, and enlisted personnel were less likely to breastfeed to 12 months than commissioned officers. Military women experienced work-related barriers: lack of proper facilities for pumping, pressures and obligations related to rank, conflicts between mother/soldier demands, physical fitness/weight standards, concerns related to exposure to hazardous material, and prolonged separations from their infants. CONCLUSION Most women in the military serve during their childbearing years when they may want to breastfeed. Strategies to promote breastfeeding include advocacy for policy changes, education of servicewomen and supervisors/commanders, and implementation of a breastfeeding class that addresses military-specific factors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sen S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hébert JR, Gold DR, Gillman MW, Oken E. Dietary Inflammatory Potential during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Fetal Growth and Breastfeeding Failure: Results from Project Viva. J Nutr 2016; 146:728-36. [PMID: 26936137 PMCID: PMC4807648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.225581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation during pregnancy has been linked to adverse maternal and infant outcomes. There is limited information available on the contribution of maternal diet to systemic inflammation and pregnancy health. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine associations of maternal prenatal dietary inflammatory index (DII), a composite measure of the inflammatory potential of diet, with markers of maternal systemic inflammation and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS We studied 1808 mother-child pairs from Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort study in Massachusetts. We calculated the DII from first- and second-trimester food-frequency questionnaires by standardizing the dietary intakes of participants to global means, which were multiplied by the inflammatory effect score and summed. We examined associations of DII with maternal plasma C-reactive protein and white blood cell count in the second trimester and the following perinatal outcomes: gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, length of gestation, fetal growth, mode of delivery, and duration of breastfeeding. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models to analyze the strength of these associations. RESULTS Maternal age was (mean ± SD) 32.2 ± 5.0 y, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) was 24.9 ± 5.2, and DII was -2.56 ± 1.42 units with a range of -5.4 to 3.7. DII was positively correlated with prepregnancy BMI (Pearson'sr= 0.13,P< 0.0001). Higher DII scores, reflecting more proinflammatory dietary potential, were associated with higher second-trimester plasma CRP (β: 0.08 mg/L per 1-unit increase in maternal DII; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.14) and lower birth weight for gestational agezscore in infants born to obese mothers (β: -0.10zscore per 1-unit increase in maternal DII; 95% CI: -0.18, -0.02). Higher DII scores were associated with lower odds of breastfeeding for at least 1 mo (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98). CONCLUSION A proinflammatory diet during pregnancy is associated with maternal systemic inflammation and may be associated with impaired fetal growth and breastfeeding failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC
| | - Michael D Wirth
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC
| | - James R Hébert
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC
| | - Diane R Gold
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tedder J. The Roadmap to Breastfeeding Success: Teaching Child Development to Extend Breastfeeding Duration. J Perinat Educ 2015; 24:239-48. [PMID: 26834445 PMCID: PMC4718010 DOI: 10.1891/1058-1243.24.4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although medical literature establishes the benefits of, recommendations for, and variables impacting breastfeeding duration, the belief that her baby is not satisfied causes many women to abandon breastfeeding. Infant behaviors commonly misinterpreted as breastfeeding problems include increased crying, hard to calm, difficult to wake up, "restless" sleeping, frequent awakenings at night, or seemingly inattentive to or uninterested in his or her mother. The Roadmap to Breastfeeding Success is an evidence-based, clinical project that integrates best practices in lactation support with child development theory. Using family-friendly concepts and language, The Roadmap to Breastfeeding Success gives childbirth, lactation, and early parenting professionals background information and innovative resources to help mothers meet their breastfeeding goals, thus promoting the health and well-being of mothers, babies, families, and communities.
Collapse
|
13
|
Palmquist AE, Doehler K. Contextualizing online human milk sharing: Structural factors and lactation disparity among middle income women in the U.S. Soc Sci Med 2014; 122:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|