Ovarian Serous Cystadenofibroma With Stromal Sex Cord Elements

Microscopic Sertoliform Sex Cord Proliferation Involving Pelvic Peritoneum: Report of a Case Associated With Endosalpingiosis

Microscopic sex cord proliferations are an uncommon finding, most often associated with ovarian or uterine stromal, epithelial, or mixed epithelial and stromal neoplasms. Rarely they occur in conjunction with a non-neoplastic process such as endometriosis or adenomyosis, and occasionally in the absence of concurrent pathology in locations such as the fallopian tube. Most reports of this phenomenon document adult granulosa cell tumor-like morphology but more uncommonly the proliferations exhibit Sertoliform features. We report a case of a multifocal sex cord proliferation (inhibin and calretinin positive; BerEP4 and epithelial membrane antigen negative) with Sertoliform features occurring in the pelvic peritoneum and associated with endosalpingiosis, a previously unreported phenomenon. We discuss the differential diagnosis and speculate that this represents a non-neoplastic phenomenon.

Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma

BACKGROUND

Fallopian tube serous adenofibromas are uncommon tumors of the female genital tract, only dozens of cases have ever been reported. Earlier study indicated that they might be derived from embryonic remnants of the Müllerian duct. Clinical presentation of these tumors is usually asymptomatic. Small cysts of 0.5-3 cm in diameter are mostly incidentally found at the fimbriae end, with coarse papillary excrescences lined by epithelial cells and connective tissue stroma without nuclear pleomorphism or mitosis.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 23-year-old woman with normal secondary sexual characters and 46, XX karyotype, presented to the gynecology clinic complaining of irregular menstrual cycles. Laboratory studies reported unique discrepancy of hormone levels; anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH): 6.05 ng/mL (The normal range of AMH is 1.70-5.63 ng/mL in women aged under 35 years old), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): 31.9 mIU/mL (reference range: 3.85-8.78, follicular phase; 4.54-22.51, ovulatory phase; 1.79-5.12, luteal phase; 16.74-113.59, menopause), and luteinizing hormone (LH): 52.0 mIU/mL (reference range: 2.12-10.89, follicular phase; 19.18-103.03, ovulatory phase; 1.20-12.86, luteal phase; 10.87-58.64, menopause), mimicking gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome. The ultrasound reported a right adnexal cyst of 10.4 × 7.87 × 6.7 cm. Laparoscopic evaluation was performed; pathology revealed serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube with ovarian stroma contents. Heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferations was most probable. The patient's hormone levels returned to the reproductive status two weeks after surgery; FSH: 7.9 mIU/mL, LH: 3.59 mIU/mL,and AMH: 4.32 ng/mL. The patient's menstrual cycles have resumed to normal for over two years after removal of the fallopian tube cyst.

CONCLUSIONS

This case of fallopian tube serous adenofibromas presented a discrepancy of serum AMH and FSH mimicking gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome. The clinical picture derived from heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation indicated a disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis.

Unusual Ovarian Tumors With Endometrioid Proliferations Co-Expressing Estrogen Receptor and CDX-2 Arising in Cystadenofibromatous Background: Report of 3 Cases

This report describes 3 cases of ovarian tumors with unusual glandular proliferations co-expressing estrogen receptor and CDX-2 by immunohistochemistry set in cystadenofibromatous background. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on the cyst lining epithelium and glandular proliferations for all cases; CTNNB1 mutations were detected in the glandular proliferations of all neoplasms. The cyst lining of case 1 demonstrated a different CTNNB1 mutation from the matched glandular proliferation. No mutations were detected in the cyst lining from case 2. The cyst lining and glandular proliferation for case 3 harbored identical ATM and PIK3CA mutations with an additional CTNNB1 mutation in the glandular proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported series of endometrioid proliferations with co-expression of estrogen receptor and CDX-2 in cystadenofibromatous background.

Microscopic Sertoliform Sex Cord Proliferations: A Rare Incidental Finding Associated With Endometriosis and Ovarian Epithelial Neoplasia

Microscopic sex cord proliferations are a rare incidental finding seen in association with ovarian and uterine stromal or epithelial neoplasms and more uncommonly non-neoplastic conditions such as endometriosis and adenomyosis. They may also occur in the absence of other pathology, as an incidental finding in the ovaries of pregnant women and in heterotopic locations such as the fallopian tube. Most reports of this phenomenon describe adult granulosa cell tumor-like morphology. Herein, we describe 4 cases of microscopic sex cord proliferations with Sertoliform features, occurring in the stromal component of endometriosis or in the wall of an epithelial ovarian neoplasm; 2 of the patients with endometriosis had concurrent endometrioid adenocarcinoma (1 uterine corpus, 1 ovary). The proliferations were positive with sex cord markers inhibin and calretinin. As far as we are aware, such Sertoliform proliferations have not been reported previously in endometriosis and have only rarely been described in association with ovarian epithelial neoplasia. It is likely that such proliferations represent a benign non-neoplastic phenomenon. Awareness of this phenomenon is important in order to avoid misdiagnosis as a sex cord or other neoplasm. In reporting this unusual phenomenon, we review incidental sex cord and sex cord-like proliferations in the female genital tract.

Ovarian mucinous epithelial neoplasm showing immunohistochemical pattern of lower gastrointestinal origin with stromal minor sex-cord elements: A case report

•We report a case of an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma that exhibited extensive sex-cord differentiation.•The ovarian tumor coincided with a uterine endometrial carcinoma.•The immunohistochemical pattern of mucinous epithelium of the ovarian tumor was suggestive of lower gastrointestinal origin.

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor arising in ovarian adenosarcoma: an unusual form of sarcomatous overgrowth

We report 2 ovarian neoplasms in women aged 58 and 69 years composed of an admixture of adenosarcoma and a predominant stromal component morphologically and immunohistochemically in keeping with juvenile granulosa cell tumor. As far as we are aware, this association has not been reported previously. We speculate that, in both cases, the juvenile granulosa cell tumor component arose from the adenosarcoma as an unusual form of sarcomatous overgrowth of sex cord elements.