1
|
Borvinskaya E, Matrosova S, Sukhovskaya I, Drozdova P, Titov E, Anikienko I, Lubyaga Y, Gurkov A, Timofeyev M. Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout. Gels 2023; 9:629. [PMID: 37623084 PMCID: PMC10453643 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism's tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due to its ease of injection compared to resilient analogs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of a semi-liquid 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAH) as a scaffold for fluorescent polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMs) in rainbow trout. The hydrogel was injected subcutaneously into the adipose fin, which is a small, highly translucent fold of skin in salmonids that is convenient for implanting optical sensors. Using histological methods, we compared tissue organization and in vivo stability of the applied hydrogel at the injection site after administration of uncoated PMs or PMs coated with 2.5% PAAH (PMs-PAAH) for a period of 3 to 14 days. Our results showed that the introduction of PMs into the gel did not have a masking effect, as they were recognized, engulfed, and carried away by phagocytes from the injection site. However, both PMs and PMs-PAAH were found to provoke chronic inflammation at the injection site, although according to cytokine expression in the fish spleen, the irritating effect was local and did not affect the systemic immunity of the fish. Therefore, our study suggests low applicability of 2.5% polyacrylamide as a scaffold for injectable sensors within a timeframe of days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Matrosova
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University, 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina Sukhovskaya
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University, 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Polina Drozdova
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Titov
- East Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, 665827 Angarsk, Russia
| | - Inna Anikienko
- Department of Animal Morphology and Veterinary Sanitation, Irkutsk State Agrarian University n.a. A.A. Ezhevsky, 664038 Molodezhniy, Russia
| | - Yulia Lubyaga
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Management of Complications in 257 Cases of Breast Augmentation with Polyacrylamide Hydrogel, using Two Different Strategies: A Retrospective Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:2107-2121. [PMID: 35441848 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) has been used globally for breast augmentation, leading to long-term clinical complications. However, whether the infiltrated fibrotic capsule should be removed with PAAG to alleviate the complications remains unclear. This study aimed to ascertain different causes of complications and proper management strategies for PAAG removal in augmented breasts. METHODS From July 2015 to December 2019, patients who underwent breast augmentation with PAAG and in whom surgical intervention was undertaken for PAAG-associated adverse events at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups according to whether the fibrotic capsule was removed (RFC) or not (NRFC). Aesthetic outcomes, PAAG residues, and adverse events were evaluated post-operatively to assess whether important issues pertaining to these arose following fibrotic capsule removal. Tissue histology and PAAG degradation analysis were implemented to investigate immune response, degradability, and toxicity of PAAG. RESULTS Altogether, 257 patients (88 RFC and 169 NRFC patients) were enrolled. 73.4% and 79.5% of the RFC and NRFC groups showed fairly good outcomes, with no significant difference, respectively. (X2 = 0.0804, p = 0.79) Significant differences were found between two surgical techniques upon patient satisfaction, respectively. (X2 = 3.529; p = 0.0301). Predictor of poor outcomes identified scar (OR, 4.555, p = 0.0019) and PAAG residue (OR, 5.379, p = 0.0003). Predictor of patient satisfaction identified post-operative outcomes (OR, 3.797; 95% CI, 1.860-8.923; p = 0.0002) and surgical technique (NRFC) (OR, 2.519; 95% CI, 1.449-4.434; p = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Both treatment strategies showed good results in our study. Removal of the fibrotic capsule from infiltration of PAAG largely depends on the individual psychological condition, aesthetic expectations, complications, and magnetic resonance imaging results. While PAAG does not degrade in the host's body over time, it may elicit immune reactions and chronic inflammation in the long term. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chai H, Su X, Yuan L, Li Z, Liu Y, Dou M, Hu J. “Application of High Frequency Ultrasound in Detection and Identification of Nasal Filling Injection Materials”. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4276-4287. [PMID: 35279941 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chai
- Department of Ultrasound Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Xueshang Su
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Zehui Li
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Maomei Dou
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| | - Jintian Hu
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100144 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mo YW, Lee DL, Shin HK, Jung GY. Polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid) filler removal after a decade. ARCHIVES OF AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.14730/aaps.2019.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Tondera C, Akbar TF, Thomas AK, Lin W, Werner C, Busskamp V, Zhang Y, Minev IR. Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Cell-Adhesive Hydrogel by Nanoclay Doping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901406. [PMID: 31025545 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive materials that mimic physical and biological properties of tissues are urgently required for seamless brain-machine interfaces. Here, a multinetwork hydrogel combining electrical conductivity of 26 S m-1 , stretchability of 800%, and tissue-like elastic modulus of 15 kPa with mimicry of the extracellular matrix is reported. Engineering this unique set of properties is enabled by a novel in-scaffold polymerization approach. Colloidal hydrogels of the nanoclay Laponite are employed as supports for the assembly of secondary polymer networks. Laponite dramatically increases the conductivity of in-scaffold polymerized poly(ethylene-3,4-diethoxy thiophene) in the absence of other dopants, while preserving excellent stretchability. The scaffold is coated with a layer containing adhesive peptide and polysaccharide dextran sulfate supporting the attachment, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells directly on the surface of conductive hydrogels. Due to its compatibility with simple extrusion printing, this material promises to enable tissue-mimetic neurostimulating electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tondera
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Teuku Fawzul Akbar
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden (MBC), Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Alvin Kuriakose Thomas
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Weilin Lin
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden (MBC), Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Ivan R Minev
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Breast augmentation with Aquafilling: complications and radiologic features of two cases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-019-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Faundez E, Vega N, Vera E, Vega P, Sepulveda D, Wortsman X. Clinical and color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of polyacrylamide injection in HIV patients with severe facial lipoatrophy secondary to antiretroviral therapy. Skin Res Technol 2016; 23:243-248. [PMID: 27796065 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Facial lipoatrophy in HIV patients, secondary to antiretroviral therapy (ART) with thymidine analogs, has been related to important psychosocial alterations and poor adherence to treatment. Polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is a filler that has been used for treating facial lipoatrophy in HIV patients. The aim was to assess the clinical and sonographic anatomical changes after injection of PAAG in HIV patients with facial lipoatrophy secondary to ART. METHODS HIV patients receiving ART and suffering from severe facial lipoatrophy were recruited and underwent clinical and color Doppler ultrasound evaluation prior to PAAG application (AQUAMID® ) and sonographically monitored at 18 months and clinically followed up for 36 months after the procedure. Adverse effects were recorded based on occurrence and complexity. RESULTS A total of 33 patients were evaluated, 30 men (91%) and 3 women (9%) with an average age of 49.6 years (±8.4). Clinical improvement assessed by a dermatologist had an average score of 5.9 (±0.7) on a scale of 1-7. On color Doppler ultrasound there was a significant increase of the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue (SCT) in both nasofold lines when comparing before and after PAAG injection (P < 0.01) and no signs of inflammation (hypervascularity). User satisfaction was qualified as excellent or good in all cases. Only two patients experienced adverse effects (hematoma and puncture site infection), which was successfully managed without consequences. CONCLUSION Treatment of facial lipoatrophy with PAAG seems to be effective in HIV patients and no signs of complications were observed in the monitoring at 36 months after injection. Color Doppler ultrasound can identify the filler deposits and the anatomical changes of the SCT non-invasively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Faundez
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clinico U. Chile, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Vega
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clinico U. Chile, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Vera
- Global Health Program, Public Health Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Vega
- Global Health Program, Public Health Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Sepulveda
- Department of Coordination of Evidence and Methodology, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Chile
| | - X Wortsman
- Department of Radiology and Department of Dermatology, Institute for Diagnostic Imaging and Research of the Skin and Soft Tissues, Clinica Servet, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
A plethora of soft tissue fillers have been developed within the past decade to correct the cutaneous changes that occur with photoaging. Such fillers, whether nonpermanent, semipermanent, or permanent, are widely used to fill undesired facial rhytides. In addition, fillers are employed to correct atrophy of the face as well as other parts of the body such as the dorsum of the hands through volumization and contouring. The extensive long-term safety outcomes reported with fillers and the ease with which they are administered make them an ideal choice to correct rhytides and to contour the face. However, as with any cosmetic procedure, in order to ensure high patient satisfaction and a safe outcome, proper training in injection techniques, the choice of the proper candidate, and awareness of potential adverse events are essential. This review article focuses on the permanent filler, Aquamid, which is composed of polyacrylamide hydrogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Yamauchi
- Dermatology Institute and Skin Care Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA ; Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pourdanesh F, Shams S, Sadeghi HMM. Facial gel complication after dental injection: a case report. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2014; 6:267-70. [PMID: 24436772 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1349204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Injectable gel is becoming increasingly popular for cosmetic reasons. The polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is a permanent filler material used worldwide. In spite of the fact that the filler materials used today are considered quite safe, various complications have been reported in the literature. Hence PAAG use in the United States is not popular. As the area is very close to the dental field, a large complication potential is relatively considered following buccal dental injections. The aim of this article is to highlight a rare complication observed following a local anesthetic administration of a simple molar restoration in a healthy 33-year-old woman who had history of a filler augmentation in her cheek approximately 6 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereydoun Pourdanesh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shahin Shams
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hasan Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
de Vries CGJCA, Geertsma RE. Clinical data on injectable tissue fillers: a review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2013; 10:835-53. [PMID: 24164663 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2013.839211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with injectable tissue fillers for aesthetic purposes is increasingly popular. In parallel with this success, questions related to the safety of these treatments and the products involved are being raised more prominently. To gain insight in the safety aspects of injectable tissue fillers, we performed a literature review to collect studies reporting clinical data of injectable tissue fillers. We found several case reports where serious complications after more than three years are described. However, there are only a limited number of well-defined prospective clinical studies available with follow-up periods longer than three years. Furthermore, causes of complications, that is, treatment or product related, are often not specified in literature. Considering the intended functional period of fillers in combination with the known occurrence of long-term complications, there is a need for well-defined prospective clinical studies. In order to be able to discriminate between product failure (a product safety issue) or application methodology (a physician expertise or training issue), better identification of observed complications and whether they are product or treatment related, is needed. For the safe use of the fillers it is important that treatment with injectable tissue fillers is performed by a trained physician, who knows the product specifications and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudette G J C A de Vries
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ledon JA, Savas JA, Yang S, Franca K, Camacho I, Nouri K. Inflammatory nodules following soft tissue filler use: a review of causative agents, pathology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:401-11. [PMID: 24037757 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nodule development is a common complication following the use of fillers for soft tissue augmentation and is commonly categorized as inflammatory or non-inflammatory in nature. Inflammatory nodules may appear anywhere from days to years after treatment, whereas non-inflammatory nodules are typically seen immediately following implantation and are usually secondary to improper placement of the filler. Although inflammatory nodules are more common with permanent fillers such as silicone, inflammatory nodule development following administration of temporary fillers such as hyaluronic acid and collagen has also been reported. Treated many times with corticosteroids due to their anti-inflammatory properties, inflammatory nodules may be secondary to infection or biofilm formation, warranting the use of alternative agents. Appropriate and prompt diagnosis is important in avoiding delay of treatment or long-term complications for the patient. This paper addresses the etiology, development, and studied treatment options available for inflammatory nodules secondary to each of the major classes of fillers. With this knowledge, practitioners may expeditiously recognize and manage this common side effect and thus maximize functional and aesthetic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ledon
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, 2nd floor, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Delayed gel indurations as an adverse effect of polyacrylamide filler and its easy treatment. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:539153. [PMID: 23093956 PMCID: PMC3474229 DOI: 10.1155/2012/539153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The more increasing use of permanent soft tissue fillers such as polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) for aesthetic purposes, the more adverse events resulting from them are reported. Occasionally, nonserious complications and misdiagnosis result in unnecessary surgeries and sequels. Objective. To introduce delayed gel indurations (DGIs) as a late onset complication of PAAG and its easy treatment. Patient and Methods. Twenty patients (17 females and 3 males) referred to us with subcutaneous mass at injected site of PAAG. We diagnosed DGI based on clinical and sonography findings and treatment was performed with a hole by 16-gauge needle and squeezing. Results. From 20 patients with 21 cases of DGI, 5 (23.8%), 5 (23.8%), and 5 (23.8%) cases in cheeks, glabella, and lips were seen, respectively. The time range between PAAG injection and presentation of patients was 10-28 months (mean = 17.5%). All of the patients responded very well to treatment without recurrence and any complications. Conclusion. DGI is a nonserious, late onset, and easily treated complication of PAAG that is probably induced due to water exchange between gel and surrounding tissue and modest host immune reaction to gel.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A bulking agent is a material injected into the wall of the urethra to improve urethral coaptation in women suffering from stress incontinence. The concept was initially described in the 1930s when sodium morrhuate and paraffin were used to augment urethral resistance. Sclerosing agents were also used for inducing permanent urethral scaring to improve urinary leakage. Eventually, collagen and autologous fat were found to be efficacious, and only collagen demonstrated proven safety and endured extensive testing, becoming the gold standard for injectable agents. Since then, multiple other products have been developed by the industry, each with its particular success rates and complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Zoorob
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Christ Hospital/University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maloney BP, Truswell W, Waldman SR. Lip augmentation: discussion and debate. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20:327-46. [PMID: 22910023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Brian P. Maloney, William Truswell IV, and S. Randolph Waldman, address questions for discussion and debate:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Maloney
- Maloney Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Urethral bulking therapy (UBT) is a minimally invasive procedure for stress urinary incontinence that is beneficial for properly selected patients. Many different materials are available for UBT, although none fulfill all the qualities of an ideal agent. In general, short-term clinical results are encouraging; however, over longer follow-up, results are disappointing and retreatment is often necessary. Proper patient selection and management of patient expectations are paramount to successful application of UBT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Stuart Reynolds
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Z, Li S, Wang L, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Chen J, Luo D. Polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for breast augmentation: another injectable failure. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:CR399-408. [PMID: 22648256 PMCID: PMC3560720 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) augmentation mammoplasty, such as chronic persistent infection, have recently caught the attention of both the medical field and the general public. MATERIAL/METHODS A total of 96 patients with severe chronic infection following PAAG augmentation mammoplasty were treated in the present study including 63 cases with infection confined to the breast and 33 with systemic infection. Endoscopy and surgery were performed to completely remove the materials and clear the infected tissues followed by drug-irrigation and vacuum-assisted closure for several days. RESULTS In patients with severe infection there were large amounts of PAAG, fibers and infiltration of numerous neutrophils and macrophages. The infection-inducing materials were extensively dispersed in the mammary and subcutaneous tissues, pectoral fascia and intermuscular space. In addition, there was scattered distribution of PAAG materials in the armpit, chest wall and abdominal wall, which were mixed with necrotic tissues and surrounded by lymphocytes, giant cells, macrophages and other inflammatory cells, forming chronic granulomatous and fibrous lesions. Infection was controlled following surgical intervention. No residual infectious foci or recurrent infections were noted among these patients. Although the severe infection did not result in mastectomy, patients had breast atrophy and various degrees of deformation. CONCLUSIONS Chronic infection following PAAG augmentation mammaplasty usually causes systemic infection and other devastating adverse reactions. This study confirms PAAG augmentation mammaplasty is another failed attempt. More attention should be paid to the injection of large doses of liquid filler.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Luo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Techniques for improving the appearance of the gluteal region are important elements in body contouring. In all cultures and communities, this aspect of the physique holds a special place among the elements comprising the ideals of physical beauty. Recent studies described the aesthetics of the gluteal region in terms of shape, volume, and projection. Accumulation of fat at the supragluteal, lower paralumbar, infragluteal, and/or trochanteric areas often disturbs the natural shape of the buttocks. The problem is accentuated by the lack of lateral projection. This study was designed to find a method for contouring of the gluteal region. This method is based on the enhancement of the shape by liposculpture of the areas around the buttocks, and lipoinjection to achieve the volume and projection. Between July 2008 and December 2009, the study included 40 female patients complaining of disfigurement of the gluteal region. With 1 year follow-up period, 36 patients showed high satisfaction with the results. Pre- and postoperative perimeters of the gluteal regions showed good improvement in proportion and projection. The study concluded that liposuction of the areas around the buttocks could enhance the shape of the gluteal region. Lipoinjection could add a balanced shape, size, and projection. A pleasing gluteal appearance could be achieved by the combination of enhancement and augmentation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim M, Jung B, Park JH. Hydrogel swelling as a trigger to release biodegradable polymer microneedles in skin. Biomaterials 2012; 33:668-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Cheng NX, Zhang YL, Luo SK, Zhang XM, Hui L, Chen YL, Sheng SY, Wu DH, Wang HB, Li P. Late hematoma, seroma, and galactocele in breasts injected with polyacrylamide gel. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35:365-72. [PMID: 21072516 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-010-9617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Late hematoma or seroma and galactocele caused by augmentation mammaplasty have been reported in patients with silicon breast prostheses but are extremely rare in patients injected with polyacrylamide gel (PAAG). In a retrospective survey, the incidence, clinical manifestations, and management of late hematoma, seroma, and galactocele in 28 of 2,610 patients who underwent breast augmentation with PAAG injection were investigated, and 5 typical cases are presented. The diagnostic and managing methods for this complication have been assessed. The incidence of late hematoma or seroma was 0.65% and that of galactocele was 0.35% among patients with PAAG-injected breast augmentations. The clinical onsets of such late PAAG complications were of two types: rapid enlargement in 17 patients and progressive expansion in another 11 patients. Aspiration, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful and sensitive tools for diagnosis. Foreign body reaction, PAAG-related tissue necrosis and fibrosis, and granuloma were shown, and the bacterial cultures in all 12 cases were negative. Needle aspiration with pressure dressing has been advocated as a reliable method for small diseases, and surgical exploration with irrigation-vacuum drainage and evacuation with capsulectomy have been considered more effective for recurrent, large, and long-term cases. In conclusion, these late complications rarely present after large-volume injections of PAAG for breast augmentation. The PAAG-related pathologic inflammatory tissue changes are suggested as the pathogenesis for the complication. Trauma and breastfeeding are considered to be stimulating factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Xin Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Nonglinxialu 19, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eighth IQUAM Consensus Conference Position Statement: Transatlantic Innovations, April 2009. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:1368-1375. [PMID: 21364439 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318206312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Massella M, Ivanovic J, Bellagamba R, De Vita R, Fracasso L, Tozzi V, Fragola V, Rizzica M, Narciso P. Cost of surgical intervention for reconstructive therapy of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Patient Prefer Adherence 2011; 5:223-8. [PMID: 21660104 PMCID: PMC3105875 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess direct cost of reconstructive interventions with facial fillers for treatment of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-associated facial lipoatrophy (FLA). Evaluation was performed on data from patients enrolled in one arm of a comparative study of immediate versus delayed reconstructive treatment of facial lipoatrophy. Median costs were standardized for efficacy, estimated using data reported by physicians and patient reported outcomes. The variations of the results were evaluated with a sensitivity analysis. Evaluation was performed on 66 patients characterized by significant differences in terms of severity of FLA. Total cost resulted of €140,416.15, with a median cost per patient of €2126.04 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1599-2822). Taking into consideration severity of disease, median costs were €1641.67 (IQR: 1326.67-2126.04) and 2557.12 (IQR: 1939.34-2872.04) (P = 0.0) respectively for patients with low and high severity scores at baseline. Significant differences in term of cost-effectiveness ratios were also found between patients with different severity of FLA, and sensitivity analysis showed that these ratios increase with higher severity scores at baseline and vary widely depending on the costs of filler. Although these results cannot be considered representative because of important limitations, the present study suggests the severity of disease as an important determinant of costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Massella
- Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: Maurizio Massella, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 – Roma, Italy, Tel +39 06 49903301, Fax +39 06 49387199, Email
| | - J Ivanovic
- National Institute for Infectious Disease – Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bellagamba
- National Institute for Infectious Disease – Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - R De Vita
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Italy
| | - L Fracasso
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Italy
| | - V Tozzi
- National Institute for Infectious Disease – Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - V Fragola
- Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Rizzica
- National Institute for Infectious Disease – Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - P Narciso
- National Institute for Infectious Disease – Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue fillers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:1-34; quiz 35-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Luo SK, Chen GP, Sun ZS, Cheng NX. Our strategy in complication management of augmentation mammaplasty with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in 235 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 64:731-7. [PMID: 21074506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) was once widely used in breast augmentation in China. Although it had been banned for augmentation mammaplasty in 2006, a large number of patients whose breasts were augmented with the gel injection have continued to seek medical advice because of its complications. The clinical management of these complications has never been standardised. The data of a total of 235 patients with complications following PAAG-injected breast augmentation have been summarised and the types and causations analysed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was undertaken in 228 patients with palpable masses, breast pain or tenderness, asymmetry or deformity and functional or psychological problems to eliminate neoplasm, infection and to delineate the diseases. The surgical gel evacuation via periareolar incisions was performed for all patients and immediate silicone breast prostheses were implanted in 108 patients and were delayed in 28 cases by 6 months. Most patients (214/235) of the group were satisfied with the treatment, and symptoms disappeared after removal of the gel. The gel distribution and involved tissue were well defined and neoplasm was ruled out by MRI. Postoperative MRI in 68 patients revealed that no obvious PAAG remaining. In either immediate or delayed reconstructive patients with silicone breast implants, good breast contour presented. A diagnosis and management strategy for these complications is proposed. In conclusion, the breast masses, pain and deformity are major complications after PAAG-injected breast augmentation. Psychological problems should be paid attention to. MRI is a sensitive and accurate method for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Surgical removal of injected gel is the preferred method for complication management. The implantation of silicone prostheses for breast contour restoration after PAAG evacuation is effective for patients under strict selection. Our strategy for treating PAAG-related complications proved useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Complications after Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Injection for Soft-Tissue Augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126:1349-1357. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181ead122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Manafi A, Emami AH, Pooli AH, Habibi M, Saidian L. Unacceptable results with an accepted soft tissue filler: polyacrylamide hydrogel. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 34:413-22. [PMID: 19452201 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-009-9359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyacrylamide hydrogel, considered a safe and biocompatible soft tissue filler, is widely used in cosmetic procedures. Its use for facial contouring and breast augmentation in Iran has increased dramatically in recent years. Most patients and many doctors are unaware of possible and reported adverse effects related to its administration. METHODS This study enrolled 98 patients experiencing unsatisfactory results and complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel. Adverse effects related to gel administration were documented for all the patients. Lab values were requested together with related medical care and surgical treatments, and gel was extracted by incision, milking, and irrigation. RESULTS The most common findings at the time of presentation were inflammation (n = 51), asymmetry (n = 31), irregularity (n = 18), infection and abscess formation (n = 11), and gel migration (n = 8). In one patient, severe anaphylactoid reaction was observed 1 week after gel injection, which led to significant complications for the patient. Histologic findings showed granuloma formation (n = 17), fat necrosis (n = 9), and fibrosis (n = 17). Macroscopic gel-related complications resolved after extraction of the injected material, except for skin necrosis and hyperpigmentation, which remained unchanged. For eight patients, the gel could not be extracted by squeezing and irrigation entirely. Three patients experienced gel reaccumulation after seemingly complete removal of the gel. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of complications seen among our patients showed that polyacrylamide hydrogel may not be as safe and biocompatible as it was thought previously. Both patients and physicians must be aware of the potential side effects of polyacrylamide hydrogel before gel administration.
Collapse
|
27
|
A 5-Year Assessment of Safety and Aesthetic Results after Facial Soft-Tissue Augmentation with Polyacrylamide Hydrogel (Aquamid): A Prospective Multicenter Study of 251 Patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125:1797-1804. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181d18158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Liu H, Cheung W. Complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) injection in facial augmentation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:e9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Narciso P, Bucciardini R, Tozzi V, Bellagamba R, Ivanovic J, Giulianelli M, Scevola S, Palummieri A, Fragola V, Massella M, Fracasso L, De Vita R, Pierro P, Del Maestro A, Mirra M, Weimer L. Immediate versus delayed surgical intervention for reconstructive therapy of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: a randomized open-label study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:979-87. [PMID: 19795984 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the safety and efficacy of reconstructive therapy with facial fillers for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy (FLA) through a randomized, controlled, open-label single-center study. A total of 134 HIV-infected patients with severe FLA were randomly assigned to receive immediate (67 patients) or delayed (67 patients) facial injections of poly-l-lactic acid (PLA) or polyacrylamide gel (PAIG). Outcome measures included changes in physician and patient FLA severity scale, adverse events, and changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and anxiety using validated measures. The mean average study follow-up was 27 weeks for the immediate and 25 weeks for the delayed subjects. Adverse events were mild and resolved after a mean of 4 days. Compared to patients randomized to the delayed treatment group, patients assigned to the immediate treatment group had significantly lower physician-rated (0.0 versus -3.0; p < 0.0001) and patient-rated (0.1 versus -1.8; p < 0.0001) FLA severity scores. By contrast, measures exploring HRQoL and anxiety did not show any significant difference between patients randomized to the immediate and deferred groups. Reconstructive therapy with facial fillers was effective and safe and led to significant improvements in FLA severity. However, no significant gains in HRQoL, relational and psychological consequences of body changes, and anxiety-related concerns were observed. Studies should be performed to identify patients who could maximally benefit from filling interventions for FLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Narciso
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bucciardini
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Tozzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Bellagamba
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Jelena Ivanovic
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Scevola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Palummieri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fragola
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Massella
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roy De Vita
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pierro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mirra
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Weimer
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yagi Y, Kato K, Murakami D, Misaki K, Ota M, Kataoka J, Yukawa N. Use of Aquamid as a filler for facial rejuvenation in orientals. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:1245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Aquamid: where is the reality? Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:1634. [PMID: 19407642 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181a6e1a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Hedén P, Sellman G, von Wachenfeldt M, Olenius M, Fagrell D. Body shaping and volume restoration: the role of hyaluronic acid. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 33:274-82. [PMID: 19280248 PMCID: PMC2693799 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-008-9303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the rising popularity of minimally invasive techniques, the demand for cosmetic procedures is increasing. Cosmetic body-shaping procedures can be categorized into those that remove tissue and those that add volume. This review focuses on the latter of these categories, particularly on the use of resorbable hyaluronic acid gels specifically developed for minimally invasive volume enhancement. Pilot studies of hyaluronic acid involving its injection to contour various body deformities and its recent use in female breast augmentation are discussed. Injectable hyaluronic acid is effective and well tolerated. It represents an attractive treatment option for volume restoration or augmentation by providing predictable long-lasting results after minimally invasive administration. Alternative treatment options for volume enhancement also are summarized including fat transfer, silicone implants, and the use of injectable nonresorbable products such as silicone, polyalkylimide, and polyacrylamide gels. As patients continue to opt for nonsurgical procedures that offer predictable results, the development of minimally invasive products such as hyaluronic acid is increasingly important.
Collapse
|
33
|
Intraorbital Polyacrylamide Gel Injection for the Treatment of Anophthalmic Enophthalmos. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 24:367-71. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e3181846245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Christensen LH, Nielsen JB, Mouritsen L, Sørensen M, Lose G. Tissue integration of polyacrylamide hydrogel: an experimental study of periurethral, perivesical, and mammary gland tissue in the pig. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34 Suppl 1:S68-77; discussion S77. [PMID: 18547185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is a nondegradable water-based polymer with high viscoelasticity. The gel is used as a tissue filler, the only risk being prolonged infection with anaerobic, contaminating microorganisms if not treated early with broad-spectrum antibiotics. OBJECTIVE With silicone gel as reference, PAAG tissue integration and migration was studied in a longitudinal study of the pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one pigs were used. PAAG and silicone gel were injected into mammary tissue, and PAAG was injected into urethral or bladder wall or the anal canal. Tissues and regional lymph nodes were examined at 1, 1(1/2), 3, 3(1/2), 6, 12, and 14 months, and other lymph nodes and organs were examined at 1, 6, 12, and 14 months. RESULTS PAAG was invaded by macrophages and giant cells that were gradually replaced by a network of fibrous tissue. Silicone gel was seen inside these cells or as large vacuoles, surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Regional lymph nodes contained PAAG only at 1 1/2 months and silicone gel at 12 months. CONCLUSION PAAG is a stable, viscoelastic bulking agent, which unlike silicone gel is slowly integrated within its host tissue via a thin fibrous network. Long-term risk of fibrosis and migration is minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise H Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karagozoglu K, van der Waal I. Polyacrylamide soft tissue filler nodule mimicking a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 37:578-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Dadzie OE, Mahalingam M, Parada M, El Helou T, Philips T, Bhawan J. Adverse cutaneous reactions to soft tissue fillers – a review of the histological features. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:536-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Complications from repeated injection or puncture of old polyacrylamide gel implant sites: case reports. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32:162-5. [PMID: 17962993 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-007-9024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel has been used for soft tissue augmentation outside the United States since 1997. Despite some adverse events, the long duration of the augmentation and the tangible filling effect has increased its use in Asia and the Middle East. In this era of mesotherapy and fillers, patients are more likely than ever to have additional injections. The response of old polyacrylamide gel implant sites to puncture or repeated injection has not been reported previously. A total of 12 cases were treated for acute inflammation after puncture of polyacrylamide gel implants with injection needles or minor surgical intervention. The duration of augmentation after the initial injection was from 6 months to 4 years. Acute inflammation followed a certain pattern. Patients presented with pain, swelling, redness, and significant induration after puncture of the dormant implant. Resolution was achieved gradually with drainage, empirical antibiotics, and antiinflammatory agents in 1 to 2 weeks. Cultures of removed gel were negative. The cause of inflammation was difficult to define, but a definite link to puncture of the implant could be found in all patients. Puncture of the implant violates the tissue-implant barrier and induces inflammation or introduces bacteria that are not detectable in culture but may contribute to inflammation in the presence of the filler material. Further research is needed to assess the inflammation observed with repeated puncture of old polyacrylamide gel implants and its implications. In the meantime, patients should be warned about the possibility of inflammation in the case of puncture or surgery to the implant site, even years after the polyacrylamide gel injection.
Collapse
|
38
|
Truswell WH. Using permanent implant materials for cosmetic enhancement of the perioral region. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2007; 15:433-44, vi. [PMID: 18005884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aging of the perioral region continues to challenge facial plastic surgeons. Numerous rejuvenating surgical techniques, resurfacing methods, fillers, augmenters, and implants have been and continue to be developed. The drive for minimally invasive procedures that have a lasting effect has led to the development of several permanent injectable materials and implants to soften the melolabial grooves and marionette lines and augment the lips. These devices and their availability, usefulness, and practicality are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Truswell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Pediatrics and strabismus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007; 18:434-6. [PMID: 17700239 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e3282f0361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
The number of commercially available injectable soft tissue fillers has increased dramatically worldwide over the past decade. In the United States, a variety of temporary non-collagen-based fillers have been approved. However, no permanent soft tissue injectable fillers are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This article discusses some of the more popular soft tissue fillers, such as Restylane Fine Line, Restylane SQ, Perlane, Artecoll, Dermalive, Dermadeep, Bioalcamid, Bioplastique, Evolution, Outline, Argiform, and Aquamid, which are all available outside of the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A F Ellis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|