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Fusuma Sliding Flap for Lip Reconstruction of Lower Lip Cancer. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:e405-e407. [PMID: 32209936 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower lip cancer is typically treated with surgical excision, and this frequently results in a large defect and severe aesthetic problems. Local flap reconstruction is suitable for restoring appearance and function, and it causes less surgical stress than a vascularized free flap. The Fusuma sliding flap is a local flap technique introduced by Kasai et al in 2008. Here, the authors report their use of this method for lip reconstruction in a 94-year-old Japanese female after the removal of a cancerous mass.
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Repair of a Full-Thickness Defect Involving Multiple Cosmetic Subunits of the Central Face. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45:459-463. [PMID: 28323654 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Husein-ElAhmed H, Armijo-Lozano R. Lower lip reconstruction using a skin-mucosa Abbe-Estlander flap after squamous cell carcinoma excision. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92:260-262. [PMID: 28538893 PMCID: PMC5429119 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20175269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lips are structures that play an essential role in aesthetics and in different
functions such as nutrition and speech. The complex anatomy of the lips – with
three different layers composed of skin, mucosa, and muscles – makes surgical
management of this area a therapeutic challenge. The use of flaps for the
reconstruction of large defects with low risk of necrosis is possible given the
abundant blood supply of the lips. We report a case of surgical reconstruction
of the lower lip after the excision of a severe squamous cell carcinoma using a
skin-mucosa Abbe-Estlander flap with a satisfactory final outcome.
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Hahn HJ, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Lee SY, Lee YB, Kim JW, Yu DS. Transoral Cross-Lip ( Abbé-Estlander) Flap as a Viable and Effective Reconstructive Option in Middle Lower Lip Defect Reconstruction. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:210-214. [PMID: 28392650 PMCID: PMC5383748 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abbé-Estlander flap surgery is a cross-lip procedure that is valuable in repairing a defect on the lower lip using a full-thickness flap, consisting of the skin, muscle and mucosa, from the upper lip. As usefulness and practicality of the flap in reconstruction of lower lip surgical defects in Asian ethnicity have not been documented, the authors present a case of successful lower lip reconstruction with a staged, Abbé-Estlander lip switching flap with commissuroplasty as an illustrative example. A 71-year-old male has presented with an ulcerating lip nodule in the middle one third of the lower lip, measuring about 1.5×2 cm across its long and short axes. Wide excision of the tumor was followed by delineation of the triangular Abbé-Estlander flap from the upper lip, in which the medial hinge point of the base was chosen as the pedicle. Then, the flap elevation was carried out from the lateral commissure and then was transferred into the lower lip defect. Three weeks later, commissuroplasty was performed to correct the rounding at the new commissure. The patient is currently performing his daily activities with no apparent compromise in orbicularis oris strength or oral continence. Given the size of the primary defect and the flap-to-defect ratio of size, the degree of microstomia was acceptable. Even with other myriad of reconstructive options at surgeons' disposal, the Abbé-Estlander lip-switching flap is a reliable, and less morbid method of lower lip reconstruction for Asian surgical candidates. The authors illustrate an exemplary case in which a relatively large lower lip defect was successfully repaired using an upper lip flap of a significantly smaller size in an Asian subject of advanced age, without any remarkable long term sequelae which have traditionally been associated with the trans-oral lip switching flap technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Hahn
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jin Wou Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
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The Vermilionectomy and the Subsequent Lower Lip Reconstruction Were Introduced by Victor von Bruns and not by von Langenbeck or von Esmarch as Reported Previously. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e699. [PMID: 27579224 PMCID: PMC4995717 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vermilionectomy is an established procedure for the management of precancerous lesions of the lip and is often performed simultaneously with a lower lip resection for the treatment of a malignancy. The literature suggests that Dieffenbach or von Langenbeck or von Esmarch was the first to introduce this procedure. A systematic review of the German literature from the 19th century revealed that it was von Bruns who performed the vermilionectomy for the management of lip malignancies for the first time.
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Stein's Double Cross-Lip Flaps Combined with Johanson's Step Technique for Subtotal Lower Lip Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e615. [PMID: 27014544 PMCID: PMC4778886 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a previous study, a single cross-lip flap (Abbe flap) combined with Johanson's step technique for repair of defects of more than 2/3 of the lower lip was superior, in terms of aesthetic and functional outcome, compared with Bernard Webster-related techniques (cheek advancement). Herewith, a double cross-lip flap (Stein procedure) is proposed for repair of subtotal lower lip defects. A systematic review of the Stein procedure is provided. METHODS Two patients underwent a paramedian double cross-lip flap, preserving the aesthetic subunit philtrum column combined with the Johanson's step technique. The aesthetic and functional outcomes and the surgical steps are demonstrated in the videos. An electromyographic study was performed 6 months and 4 years after surgery. A PubMed and a Google Scholar search were performed for the Stein procedure published in 1848. RESULTS Lip competence was achieved directly after sectioning of the cross-lip pedicles in both patients. Lips progressivity expanded in the first 6 months. No microstomia was observed. Electromyography showed successful reinnervation of the transplanted muscles at 6 months. Four years after surgery, the electromyographic findings were consolidated. Since 1975, 7 articles on the double cross-lip procedure have been published: 4 in English, 1 in French, and 2 in Japanese. None of those articles reported on any supplemental lower lip advancement or on any electromyographic study. CONCLUSIONS The rationale of using 2 cross-lip flaps and a lip-cheek advancement according to Johanson seems to achieve functionally and aesthetically superior results compared with other techniques described for subtotal lower lip reconstruction.
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Denadai R, Raposo-Amaral CE, Buzzo CL, Raposo-Amaral CA. Functional lower lip reconstruction with the modified Bernard-Webster flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68:1522-8. [PMID: 26243196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower lip defects after squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) excisions have been repaired by several surgical techniques. However, the functional reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the lower lip remains a therapeutic challenge. We therefore evaluated functional results of the modified Bernard-Webster flap for the reconstruction of full-thickness lower lip defects after SCC excisions. METHODS A prospective study was performed on all patients with lower lip full-thickness defects after SCC excisions greater than 1/3 of the lip, reconstructed with the modified Bernard-Webster flap in 2011-2013. Functional (sphincter, motor, and sensory functions) postoperative results were evaluated according to criteria previously adopted. RESULTS Twelve lower lip defects were reconstructed without complications, except for two (16.7%) wound dehiscence successfully managed. Ten (83.3%) patients presented transient and permanent functional abnormalities in the recent and late postoperative assessments. Ten (83.3%) patients classified the late functional results as satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS The modified Bernard-Webster flap proved to be an excellent alternative to repair full-thickness lower lip defects with more than 1/3 of the lower lip length, as it allowed the use of similar neighboring tissues, could be performed in one stage, and was functionally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Denadai
- Institute of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, SOBRAPAR Hospital, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Luiz Buzzo
- Institute of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, SOBRAPAR Hospital, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang L, Yang D, Chen L, Tao L, Liu J, Dai X, Li S. Giant congenital lower lip nevus restored by local advanced skin flap: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:99. [PMID: 25928207 PMCID: PMC4422469 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A congenital lower lip nevus is common, but a lower lip length lesion of more than 40% is hard to excise simply, without any distortion. We designed a lower lip bilateral advanced skin flap to restore the wound surface after completely and successfully removing the nevus. CASE PRESENTATION A 13-year-old Mongolian girl was referred to us with a giant congenital lower lip nevus. The lesion covered nearly half of her lower lip. We designed a lower lip bilateral advanced skin flap to restore the wound surface, after completely removing the nevus without advanced repair. CONCLUSIONS This case report demonstrates a case of a lower lip length defect of more than 40%, repaired by direct closure without dysfunction. It was a successful attempt that minimized the subsequent scar and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongyun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianyi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar A, Shetty PM, Bhambar RS, Gattumeedhi SR, Kumar RM, Kumar H. Versatility of abbe-estlander flap in lip reconstruction - a prospective clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:NC18-21. [PMID: 25478393 PMCID: PMC4253211 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10661.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS & OBJECTIVES Aim of this study was to evaluate the versatility of Abbe-Estlander flap in lip reconstruction with regard to function and aesthetic outcome and objectives were to present our experience and result in series of 10 cases of lip reconstruction by Abbe-Estlander flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total number of 10 patients were taken up in the study, age ranging from 35-71 y, mean age being 60. Out of 10 patients, 6 (60%) were male and 4 (40%) female. In all these patients, Abbe-Estlander flap that involved the commissure was used for reconstruction. Patients were recalled at intervals of three weeks, three months and six months for follow up. RESULTS All patients had satisfactory results in terms of aesthetic and functional outcome. CONCLUSION Abbe-Estlander flap is safe and a reliable flap which is technically simple to perform, and provides functionally and aesthetically pleasing result and affords versatility in flap design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharaja Ganga Singh dental College & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Premlatha M Shetty
- Professor & Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohan Suhas Bhambar
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MGV’S KBH Dental College & Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Ram Mohan Kumar
- Post Graduate, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Post Graduate, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
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Schüller M, Gosau M, Müller S, Gerken M, Rohrmeier C, Legal S, Schreml S, Ettl T. Long-term outcome and subjective quality of life after surgical treatment of lower lip cancer. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1093-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Rena W, Lia Y, Liua C, Qianga C, Zhang L, Gaoa L, Wangb Z, Zhia K. Surgical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip: an experience of 109 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014; 19:e398-402. [PMID: 24608205 PMCID: PMC4119317 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We are presenting our experience collected from a series of 109 cases with SCC of the lower lip focusing on clinical features of patients and surgical approach.
Study Design: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of patients diagnosed with Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip at the Oral and Maxillofacial surgery at Xi’an Jiaotong University during a period between 1999 and 2008.
Results: A total of 109 patients with lip cancer were included in the study. When no frozen-section test was performed, the neoplasia was removed with a margin of at least 6 mm. Different surgical techniques were used for lip reconstruction after tumor excision. Neck dissection was performed in all patients with clinically palpable lymph nodes. Median follow-up was 38 months. During follow-up, recurrence occurred in 5 patients, 3 patients developed neck metastases, distant metastases developed in 1 patient. Five patients died during observation period.
Conclusions: The patient-related and defect-related issues must be taken into consideration during reconstruction for surgical defect. For N0 patients, we recommend wait-and-see policy. Early detection, careful follow-up and prompt neck is essential for the successful treatment.
Key words:Lip cancer, surgical management, reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Rena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University College of Medicine, Number 98, West Fifth Road, Xi'an, ShaanXi, People's Republic of China, 710004,
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Guinot JL, Arribas L, Tortajada MI, Crispín V, Carrascosa M, Santos M, Mut A, Vendrell JB, Pesudo C, Chust ML. From low-dose-rate to high-dose-rate brachytherapy in lip carcinoma: Equivalent results but fewer complications. Brachytherapy 2013; 12:528-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Raschke GF, Rieger UM, Bader RD, Schultze-Mosgau S. Lip reconstruction: an anthropometric and functional analysis of surgical outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41:744-50. [PMID: 22410272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative evaluation of results of reconstructive procedures of the lips mainly consists of describing the technique, complications and subjectively interpreted patient photographs. The authors present a photo-assisted pre- to postoperative evaluation of reconstructive procedures of the lips based on anthropometric measurements and functional outcome. Forty-eight patients underwent partial or full thickness excision of tumours of the lips and subsequent reconstruction. An analysis of standardized pre- and postoperative photographs included measurements of intercanthal width, mouth width, philtrum width, lateral upper lip height, upper and lower lip height, cutaneous upper and lower lip height, upper and lower vermilion arc and upper and lower vermilion height. Assessment of functional outcome consisted of the evaluation of oral competence, changes of oral opening and sensation. The effects on the described parameters were analysed, when partial or full thickness reconstruction had to be performed. Intercanthal mouth width index, vermilion arc index, vermilion and cutaneous total lower lip height index showed statistically significant effects postoperatively which indicates a postoperative tightened lower lip, when full-thickness excision was performed. In all patients the indices were proven reproducible and reliable. The standardized measurements described are accurate and objective for evaluating postoperative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Raschke
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial & Plastic Surgery, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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Isik D, Garca MF, Durucu C, Goktas U, Atik B. Reconstruction of lower lip with myomucosal advancement flap. Head Neck 2011; 34:1562-9. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Minagawa T, Maeda T, Shioya R. Esthetic and safe lower lip reconstruction of an asymmetric defect due to cancer resection: a modified Webster method combined with a nasolabial flap. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69:e256-9. [PMID: 21470741 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Minagawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Asahikawa-Kosei General Hospital, Asahikawa City, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Pirgousis P, Fernandes R. Reconstruction of Subtotal Defects of the Lower Lip: A Review of Current Techniques and a Proposed Modification. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ünsal Tuna EE, Öksüzler Ö, Özbek C, Özdem C. Functional and aesthetic results obtained by modified Bernard reconstruction technique after tumour excision in lower lip cancers. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:981-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Carty MJ, Pribaz JJ. Lip and Cheek Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-513-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Reconstruction after wide excision of primary cutaneous melanomas: part I—the head and neck. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:700-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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