Successful Reattachment of a Nearly Amputated Ear without Microsurgery:

A comparison of ear amputations replantation techniques

BACKGROUND

The management of traumatic ear amputations remains a rare and difficult occurrence for surgeons. This is due to the fact that the chosen replantation technique must ensure the best vascular supply and the surrounding tissues have to be preserved as to not jeopardize a future auricular reconstruction in the event of replantation failure.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to review and synthesize the literature about the different surgical techniques described to date in the management of traumatic ear amputations (partial or total).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant articles were searched on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 67 articles was retained. When possible, microsurgical replantation enabled the best cosmetic result but required important care.

CONCLUSION

Pocket techniques and local flaps should not be performed because of the lower cosmetic result and the use of the surrounding tissues. However, they could be reserved for patients without access to advanced reconstructive techniques. When possible, microsurgical replantation can be attempted after patient consent for blood transfusions, postoperative care and hospital stay. Simple reattachment for earlobe amputations and ear amputations up to one third is recommended. When microsurgical replantation cannot be attempted, and if the amputated segment is viable and bigger than one third, simple reattachment may be attempted with an increased risk of replantation failure. In case of failure, an auricular reconstruction by an experienced microtia surgeon or prosthesis may be considered.

A Comparison of Ear Amputations Replantation Techniques

BACKGROUND

The management of traumatic ear amputations remains a rare and difficult occurrence for surgeons. This is due to the fact that the chosen replantation technique must ensure the best vascular supply and the surrounding tissues have to be preserved as to not jeopardize a future auricular reconstruction in the event of replantation failure.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to review and synthesize the literature about the different surgical techniques described to date in the management of traumatic ear amputations (partial or total).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant articles were searched on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 67 articles was retained. When possible, microsurgical replantation enabled the best cosmetic result but required important care.

CONCLUSION

Pocket techniques and local flaps should not be performed because of the lower cosmetic result and the use of the surrounding tissues. However, they could be reserved for patients without access to advanced reconstructive techniques. When possible, microsurgical replantation can be attempted after patient consent for blood transfusions, postoperative care and hospital stay. Simple reattachment for earlobe amputations and ear amputations up to one third is recommended. When microsurgical replantation cannot be attempted, and if the amputated segment is viable and bigger than one third, simple reattachment may be attempted with an increased risk of replantation failure. In case of failure, an auricular reconstruction by an experienced microtia surgeon or prosthesis may be considered.

Auricular avulsion injuries: Literature review and management algorithm

Traumatic ear avulsion (TEA) may have tremendous psychological consequences if not managed properly. There are no clear guidelines on the surgical management of these injuries, especially in developing countries where microsurgical facilities are lacking. We aimed to review the literature on surgical management of TEA with the main focus on direct re-attachment (DR) so as to develop a surgical management algorithm that can be applied in the absence of microsurgical facilities. We performed an extensive review of the relevant English literature on papers indexed in PubMed describing TEA repaired with DR without restriction to a specific publication time window. A total of 28 cases in 18 publications were reviewed and analyzed. Our results indicate that in the acute setting with no available microvascular expertise, DR of auricular avulsion injuries can be better than other nonmicrosurgical techniques in generating good esthetic results, especially in incomplete auricular avulsion and small segment avulsion. The operative approach depends on the clinical setting. DR of the auricular avulsion injuries is an accepted approach. It produces good cosmetic outcomes while preserving the auricular area for future reconstruction in case of re-attachment failure.

Primary Reattachment of Near-Complete Ear Amputation: A Successful Outcome

OBJECTIVES

Traumatic amputation of the ear constitutes a great aesthetic deformity that can have a tremendous negative impact. Reports describing the survival of near-complete ear amputation using non-microsurgical replantation are scarce. We aimed to study the surgical outcome of patients with near-complete ear amputations supplied by small pedicle bridges that were treated with primary reattachment.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied patients with near-complete ear amputation who were admitted at Al Ain Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019.

RESULTS

Five patients were studied. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle injury, followed by cutting injury. The skin pedicle was inferior in 3 (60%) patients of patients. The median width of the skin pedicles was 8.5 mm. The median interval between the injury and the surgical management was 4 hours. All patients underwent primary reattachment of the ear without microsurgery. One patient developed a small area of necrosis of the ear lobe. All patients recovered with a completely healed pinna and satisfactory overall appearance.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary reattachment without microsurgery of the near-complete ear amputation can be safely performed in the presence of an intact skin pedicle. It can achieve an aesthetically satisfactory outcome without severe complications.

Auricular avulsion injuries and reattachment techniques: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Multiple surgical techniques exist in the acute management of auricular avulsion injuries, including reattachment of the tissue as a composite graft, reconstruction using local skin flaps, the pocket principle, the Baudet method, and microvascular repair. This review aimed to compare the success rates of reattachment methods in auricular avulsion injuries.

METHODS

A PubMed search systematically identified cases in which (a) an auricular avulsion injury occurred and (b) reattachment was attempted. Search results were combined with an extensive review of references from published studies. In total, 148 cases were identified. Three reviewers independently graded the final aesthetic result of each case using a 5-point scale. The average grade of each repair was compared to the reattachment method to identify successful techniques.

RESULTS

Microvascular repair was associated with a statistically significant higher success rate compared to all other reattachment methods. Composite graft reattachment also tended to generate better final aesthetic outcomes, but this difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Microvascular repair of the avulsed segment consistently demonstrated higher success rates. Composite graft reattachment should also be considered under the right circumstances. Overall, microvascular repair and composite graft reattachment should be considered the best options in cases of auricular avulsion repair. The authors share a major concern that other methods that rely on the use of periauricular skin will compromise any future attempts for secondary reconstruction, such as staged procedures using costal cartilage grafts. Manipulation of these tissues and in particular burying of the avulsed ear cartilage is discouraged.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4.

Leeching as Salvage Venous Drainage in Ear Reconstruction: Clinical Case and Review of Literature

Background

Ear avulsion is a rare complication of different traumas, such as car accidents, human or animal bites and stab wounds, and can result in dramatic cosmetic consequences for the patient. Ear replantation, revascularization, and reattachment are the options offering best aesthetic results. But venous outflow insufficiency is responsible for a high rate of failures. Leeching is one the most efficient methods to relieve venous congestion. It has been used as an alternative venous outflow in case of severe impairment of the physiologic one.

Methods

We present a case of successful rescue of a congested reattached ear by leeching after subtotal avulsion, along with a review of the literature on cases of avulsed auricle reconstruction salvaged by hirudotherapy. Data were collected and analyzed to identify a best regimen to deal with venous congestion.

Results

More than 130 cases of avulsed auricle savage are described in the literature, in a fourth of which leech therapy was used in the management of venous congestion.

Discussion

In case of both venous outflow deficit or absence, leeches are a potentially successful option to correct the congestion while new veins reestablish normal physiology. The need for anticoagulant/antiaggregant therapy, antibiotics, and often blood transfusion are the main pitfalls of leeching.

Conclusion

Leeches can be considered a salvage method for ear replantation and reattachment in those cases that lack venous outflow in the presence of valid arterial inflow.

Successful bilateral composite ear reattachment

Summary:

A successful bilateral ear composite graft nonmicrosurgical reattachment is presented. In cases where suitable vessels are unavailable for microsurgical revascularization, the reconstructive challenge can be formidable for salvaging the unique anatomic and aesthetic structure of the ear. The case is presented of an 18-year-old woman who was a victim of an assault wherein both of her ears were intentionally amputated by her attacker. She underwent successful surgical reattachment followed by a postoperative regimen of hyperbaric oxygen, cooling, and meticulous wound care. The patient achieved 100% survival of her left ear graft and 95% survival of her right ear graft. Clinical photographs at 18 months are presented, along with a discussion of the possible implications for other reconstructive applications.

Use of Hyperbaric Oxygen as Adjunct in Salvage of Near-complete Ear Amputation

Summary:

There have been several cases of microvascular repair of traumatically avulsed or amputated ears in the literature. It seems that, if possible at the time of operation, microsurgical techniques yield the best results. However, because of the nature, complexity, and acuity of traumatic injuries, this option is not always feasible. Although the possibility of microsurgical repair exists, the small size of these vessels is often prohibitive, even for a skilled microsurgeon. Here, we present the case of a 4-year-old boy with almost complete amputation of the left ear attached by an inferior narrow skin pedicle after a dog bite. He was treated with primary repair and postoperative hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) with good results. This case is another example that even a narrow skin pedicle can contain artery and vein that can supply a large segment of the auricle, making primary repair feasible because of the vascular anatomy and communicating helical arcade. Also, this case demonstrates the successful use of HBOT with a pediatric patient as an adjuvant postoperative therapy.