1
|
Perez CF, Gordon CR. Neuroplastic Surgery Principles of Computerized Surgical Planning in Complex Cranioplasty Reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 2024; 38:189-197. [PMID: 39118861 PMCID: PMC11305828 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the evolution and implementation of three-dimensional (3D) models and Computerized Surgical Planning (CSP) for complex cranioplasty reconstruction and the advances in neuroplastic surgery principles for improved surgical outcomes. Over recent years, CSP has revolutionized the field by employing detailed medical imaging to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of 3D models and for the creation of customized cranial implants (CCIs). The study discusses the advancements of solid alloplastic implants to the future of implants with sophisticated and integrated neurotechnology to treat or enhance patient outcomes. CSP can be used to identify and mitigate complications that can occur within cranioplasty reconstruction and to create CCIs to address the postoperative challenge of temporal hollowing. Despite the promising advancements, the article acknowledges the current limitations of CSP, including cost and technological accessibility, and proposes future directions for research and development. The findings suggest that with further improvements in imaging, biomaterials, and manufacturing techniques, CSP in neuroplastic surgery and other specialties will continue to significantly enhance the precision and personalized care of cranioplasty reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F. Perez
- Divison of Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | - Chad R. Gordon
- Division of Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dechaene V, Gallet C, Soueges S, Liu L, Delabar V, Adélaïde L, Jarraud S, Dauwalder O, Jouanneau E, Wan M, Jacquesson T, Guyotat J, Conrad A, Triffault-Fillit C, Ferry T, Valour F. Diagnostic, clinical management, and outcome of bone flap-related osteomyelitis after cranioplasty. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 137:48-54. [PMID: 37839505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe diagnostic, management, and outcome of bone flap-related osteomyelitis after cranioplasty. METHODS Patients followed up in our tertiary care hospital for bone flap-related osteomyelitis after cranioplasty were included in a retrospective cohort (2008-2021). Determinants of treatment failure were assessed using logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier curves analysis. RESULTS The 144 included patients (81 [56.3%] males; median age 53.4 [interquartile range [IQR], 42.6-62.5] years) mostly presented wound abnormalities (n = 115, 79.9%). All infections were documented, the main pathogens being Staphylococcus aureus (n = 64, 44.4%), Cutibacterium acnes (n = 57, 39.6%), gram-negative bacilli (n = 40, 27.8%) and/or non-aureus staphylococci (n = 34, 23.6%). Surgery was performed in 140 (97.2%) cases, for bone flap removal (n = 102, 72.9%) or debridement with flap retention (n = 31, 22.1%), along with 12.7 (IQR, 8.0-14.0) weeks of antimicrobial therapy. After a follow-up of 117.1 (IQR, 62.5-235.5) weeks, 37 (26.1%) failures were observed: 16 (43.2%) infection persistence, three (8.1%) relapses, 22 (59.5%) superinfections and/or two (1.7%) infection-related deaths. Excluding superinfections, determinants of the 19 (13.4%) specific failures were an index craniectomy for brain tumor (odds ratio = 4.038, P = 0.033) and curettage of bone edges (odds ratio = 0.342, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION Post-craniectomy bone flap osteomyelitis are difficult-to-treat infection, necessitating prolonged antimicrobial therapy with appropriate surgical debridement, and advocating for multidisciplinary management in dedicated reference centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dechaene
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clémentine Gallet
- Department of Neurosurgery D, Tumoral and Vascular Malformation Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Soueges
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lannie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery B, Skull Base Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Violaine Delabar
- Department of Neurosurgery B, Skull Base Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Léopold Adélaïde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lucien Husset Hospital, Vienne, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- 24/24 Microbiology Plateforme, Infectious Agent Institute, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Dauwalder
- 24/24 Microbiology Plateforme, Infectious Agent Institute, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Jouanneau
- Department of Neurosurgery B, Skull Base Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Timothée Jacquesson
- Department of Neurosurgery B, Skull Base Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Anatomy, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CREATIS Laboratory, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Guyotat
- Department of Neurosurgery D, Tumoral and Vascular Malformation Surgery Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Triffault-Fillit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florent Valour
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Reference Center for the Management of Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOAc, Lyon), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emanuels AF, Cherukuri S, Van Gompel JJ, Stokken J, Mardini S, Gibreel W. Staged Intracranial Free Tissue Transfer and Cranioplasty for a Refractory Nasal-cranial Base Fistula. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5392. [PMID: 37954215 PMCID: PMC10635610 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
After a transnasal endoscopic resection of a high-grade adenoid cystic carcinoma that underwent adjuvant chemoradiation, there was delayed recurrence managed by en bloc resection through an open craniofacial approach. Subsequently, the patient developed a chronic nasocranial fistula with secondary infection and bone flap resorption. This resulted in infectious episodes with secondary scalp incisional dehiscence and hardware exposure which required multiple bone debridement procedures, hardware removal, prolonged IV antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment. The nasocranial fistula and chronic frontal bone osteomyelitis persisted despite the previous interventions. The patient underwent a frontal bone removal and obliteration of the anterior cranial base fistula with a free vastus lateralis muscle flap. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the intranasal portion of the muscle flap had completely mucosalized. After a 6-week course of IV antibiotics, a secondary cranioplasty using a custom-made poly-ether-ether-ketone implant was performed. The patient remained disease- and infection-free for the duration of follow-up (17 months).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Emanuels
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Sai Cherukuri
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | | | | | - Samir Mardini
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Waleed Gibreel
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadhwani N, Garg K, Kumar A, Agrawal D, Singh M, Chandra PS, Kale SS. Comparison of Infection Rates Following Immediate and Delayed Cranioplasty for Postcraniotomy Surgical Site Infections: Results of a Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2023; 173:167-175.e2. [PMID: 36736773 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) in neurosurgery are rare. However, they pose a formidable challenge to the treating neurosurgeon and substantially worsen patient outcomes. These infections require prompt intervention in the form of débridement, including removal of craniotomy bone. Reconstruction of the craniotomy defect can be performed along with the débridement or can be performed at a later time. Although there have been concerns about performing cranioplasty at the same time as débridement, recent studies have advocated performance of cranioplasty at the same time as the débridement, as it avoids the morbidity associated with having a craniectomy defect and avoids the need for another surgical procedure. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis to examine the data on immediate cranioplasties and delayed cranioplasties performed for postcraniotomy SSIs. We analyzed 15 articles with a total of 353 patients. Our analysis revealed that the pooled proportion of treatment failure was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9%-17.8%) when an immediate cranioplasty was done and 16.1% (95% CI 7.2%-32.1%) when delayed cranioplasty was done. The pooled proportion of treatment failure was 12% (95% CI 5.9%-22.9%) when the same bone was used for cranioplasty and was 8% (95% CI 3%-20%) when prosthetic material such as titanium was used for cranial vault reconstruction. Thus, the rate of treatment failure was less when an immediate single-stage cranioplasty was done compared with a delayed cranioplasty following SSIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhisha Sadhwani
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwaljeet Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amandeep Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashank Sharad Kale
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Rienzo A, Colasanti R, Dobran M, Formica F, Della Costanza M, Carrassi E, Aiudi D, Iacoangeli M. Management of infected hydroxyapatite cranioplasty: Is salvage feasible? BRAIN AND SPINE 2022; 2:100907. [PMID: 36248178 PMCID: PMC9560697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2022.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of hydroxyapatite cranioplasties has grown progressively over the past few decades. The peculiar biological properties of this material make it particularly suitable for patients with decompressive craniectomy where bone reintegration is a primary objective. However, hydroxyapatite infection rates are similar to those of other reconstructive materials. Research question We investigated if infected hydroxyapatite implants could be saved or not. Materials and methods We present a consecutive series over a 10-year period of nine patients treated for hydroxyapatite cranioplasty infection. Clinical and radiological data from admission and follow-up, photo and video material documenting the different phases of infection assessment and treatment, and final outcomes were retrospectively reviewed in an attempt to identify the best options and possible pitfalls in a case-by-case decision-making process. Results Five unilateral and four bifrontal implants became infected. Wound rupture with cranioplasty exposure was the most common presentation. At revision, all implants were ossified, requiring a new craniotomy to clean the purulent epidural collections. The cranioplasty was fully saved in one hemispheric and 2 bifrontal implants and partially saved in the remaining 2 bifrontal implants. A complete cranioplasty removal was needed in the other 4 cases, but immediate cranial reconstruction was possible in 2. Skin defects were covered by free flaps in 3 cases. Four patients underwent adjunctive hyperbaric therapy, which was effective in one case. Discussion and conclusion In our experience, infected hydroxyapatite cranioplasty management is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Salvage of a hydroxyapatite implant is possible under specific circumstances. We present a series of 9 patients treated for hydroxyapatite cranioplasty infection. One hemispheric and 2 bifrontal implants were fully saved, 2 bifrontal only partially. A complete removal was needed in 4 cases, but immediate cranial reconstruction was possible in 2. Infected hydroxyapatite cranioplasties salvage is complex, but possible under specific circumstances.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ong AA, Manning JP, Vincent AG, Namin AW, Wang W, Ducic Y. Cranioplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2021; 37:698-702. [PMID: 34521150 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calvarial defects are commonly encountered after neurosurgical procedures, trauma, and ablative procedures of advanced head neck cancers. The goals of cranioplasty are to provide a protective barrier for the intracranial contents, to restore form, and prevent syndrome of the trephined. Autologous and alloplastic techniques are available, each with their advantages and drawbacks. A multitude of materials are available for cranioplasty, and proper timing of reconstruction with attention to the overlying skin envelope is important in minimizing complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Ong
- Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - James P Manning
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Aurora G Vincent
- Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Arya W Namin
- Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Weitao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Yadranko Ducic
- Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim SH, Lee JH, Kim SE, Shin SH, Kim HJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Suh IS. Retrospective study of the efficacy of vascularized tissue transfer for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria-infected wound: Comparison with clean and antibiotic-sensitive bacteria-infected wound. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25907. [PMID: 34114986 PMCID: PMC8202535 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
If wounds are infected with bacteria resistant to an empirical antibiotic regimen, effective wound treatment will be delayed. This can delay wound healing and lengthen hospital stays, increasing the costs to patients. Long-term antibiotic use can also result in minor and major complications, such as diarrhea, antibiotic resistance, or life-threatening leukopenia. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria make wound treatment even more difficult. Traditionally, surgeons thought that adequate infection control should be established before soft tissue coverage. However, wounds infected by MDR do not heal well with this traditional method and there are no optimal treatment guidelines for MDR bacteria-contaminated wounds.We reviewed 203 patients who underwent vascularized flap surgery from 2012 to 2019 to cover wounds. Class IV and I wounds were compared according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification. Class IV was further classified as antibiotic-resistant (ARB) and antibiotic-sensitive (ASB) bacteria. Wound size, mode, location, pathogens, healing time, and basic demographics were evaluated. Data were compared using Cramer's V and one-way ANOVA or independent t tests.The average healing time was longer in the ARB (19.7 [range 7-44] days) and ASB (17.9 [range 2-36] days) groups than in the Clean group (16.5 [range 7-28] days). Healing time differed in the 3 groups (P = .036). It was longer in the class IV group than in the class I group (P = .01). However, it was not statistically different between the ARB and ASB groups (P = .164).In our study the difference in healing time was small when vascularized tissue transfer was done in ARB-infected wound compared with ASB-infected and clean wound. It is necessary to perform surgery using vascularized tissue for the infected wound of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ju Ho Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seong Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Se Ho Shin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hyeon Jo Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seong Joo Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - In Suck Suh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Translucent Customized Cranial Implants Made of Clear Polymethylmethacrylate: An Early Outcome Analysis of 55 Consecutive Cranioplasty Cases. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 85:e27-e36. [PMID: 33170582 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large skull reconstruction, with the use of customized cranial implants, restores cerebral protection, physiologic homeostasis, and one's preoperative appearance. Cranial implants may be composed of either bone or a myriad of alloplastic biomaterials. Recently, patient-specific cranial implants have been fabricated using clear polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), a visually transparent and sonolucent variant of standard opaque PMMA. Given the new enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications of clear PMMA, we present here a study evaluating all outcomes and complications in a consecutive patient series. METHODS A single-surgeon, retrospective, 3-year study was conducted on all consecutive patients undergoing large cranioplasty with clear PMMA implants (2016-2019). Patients who received clear PMMA implants with embedded neurotechnologies were excluded due to confounding variables. All outcomes were analyzed in detail and compared with previous studies utilizing similar alloplastic implant materials. RESULTS Fifty-five patients underwent cranioplasty with customized clear PMMA implants. Twenty-one (38%) were performed using a single-stage cranioplasty method (ie, craniectomy and cranioplasty performed during the same operation utilizing a prefabricated, oversized design and labor-intense, manual modification), whereas the remaining 34 (62%) underwent a standard, 2-stage reconstruction (craniectomy with a delayed surgery for cranioplasty and minimal-to-no implant modification necessary). The mean cranial defect size was 101.8 cm. The mean follow-up time was 9 months (range, 1.5-39). Major complications requiring additional surgery occurred in 7 patients (13%) consisting of 2 (4%) cerebrospinal fluid leaks, 2 (4%) epidural hematomas, and 3 (4%) infections. In addition, 3 patients developed self-limiting or nonoperative complications including 2 (4%) with new onset seizures and 1 (2%) with delayed scalp healing. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported consecutive case series of cranioplasty reconstruction using customized clear PMMA implants, demonstrating excellent results with regard to ease of use, safety, and complication rates well below published rates when compared with other alloplastic materials. Clear PMMA also provides additional benefits, such as visual transparency and sonolucency, which is material specific and unavailable with autologous bone. Although these early results are promising, further studies with multicenter investigations are well justified to evaluate long-term outcomes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Syndrome of the trephined: A rare challenge in head & neck reconstruction. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102781. [PMID: 33166859 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndrome of the trephined (ST) refers to the rare, reversible event of neurological deterioration following craniectomy. ST is also known as "sinking skin flap syndrome" and typically occurs in the weeks to months following operation. The mechanism underlying syndromic onset is poorly understood. Changes to cerebrospinal fluid flow, alteration of temperature-related perfusion, and scarring at the intracranial surgical site have all been proposed. Patients present with a variety of symptoms related to paradoxical increased intracranial pressure. Sometimes falsely attributed as a consequence of the initial cranial insult, ST is more specifically a symptomatic process resulting as direct consequence of the craniectomy procedure. With timely identification and subsequent cranioplasty, the associated neurological dysfunction can be corrected - this rectification being the primary confirmatory feature of the syndrome. CASE A 59-year-old female was seen with regards to a wound of the temporoparietal scalp, with exposed cranial implant. She had suffered a traumatic brain injury and underwent craniectomy after a motor vehicle accident 10 years prior. Her injury was complicated by necrosis of her cranial bone flap after reimplantation and at least 10 subsequent attempts to reconstruct her wound. When delayed cranial reconstruction was attempted on two separate occasions, the patient suffered severe syndrome of the trephined and required hospitalization for symptoms of impending herniation. Ultimately, she required revision and replacement of titanium mesh and latissimus dorsi free flap for soft tissue coverage of the titanium mesh. CONCLUSION This case presents a unique surgical challenge in that chronic infection was perpetuated by the replacement of implant material in the wound. Soft tissue reconstruction alone was not possible given the patient's severe ST. Free tissue transfer was required in order to bring vascularized myofascial tissue to prevent recolonization of the newly implanted mesh and allow the cranial wound to heal.
Collapse
|
10
|
Moon SJ, Jeon HB, Kim EH, Lew DH, Kim YO, Hong JW. Staged reconstruction of a chronically infected large skull defect using free tissue transfer and a patient-specific polyetheretherketone implant. Arch Craniofac Surg 2020; 21:309-314. [PMID: 33143400 PMCID: PMC7644347 DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructions of extensive composite scalp and cranial defects are challenging due to high incidence of postoperative infection and reconstruction failure. In such cases, cranial reconstruction and vascularized soft tissue coverage are required. However, optimal reconstruction timing and material for cranioplasty are not yet determined. Herein, we present a large skull defect with a chronically infected wound that was not improved by repeated debridement and antibiotic treatment for 3 months. It was successfully treated with anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap transfer for wound salvage and delayed cranioplasty with a patient-specific polyetheretherketone implant. To reduce infection risk, we performed the cranioplasty 1 year after the infection had resolved. In the meantime, depression of ALT flap at the skull defect site was observed, and the midline shift to the contralateral side was reported in a brain computed tomography (CT) scan, but no evidence of neurologic deterioration was found. After the surgery, sufficient cerebral expansion without noticeable dead-space was confirmed in a follow-up CT scan, and there was no complication over the 1-year follow-up period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Moon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Bae Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Lew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Oock Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dual Purpose of De-Epithelialized Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flap for Treatment of Chronic Frontal Sinusitis and Frontal Bone Defect. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 32:1122-1125. [PMID: 32969937 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating frontal sinusitis refractory to endoscopic sinus surgery and complicating frontal bone defect remains a challenge. One surgical option determined is free flap transfer, which has the versatility to accommodate adequate sinus obliteration and reconstruct skin and bone defects. After successful free flap transfer, forehead recessus deformity can emerge as an esthetic problem for patients waiting for cranioplasty. Hence, the authors examine three cases in which they performed free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous (LDM) flaps for chronic frontal sinusitis with frontal bone defect. All LDM flaps survived without complications, and all patients achieved passable forehead contours without cranioplasty and with no occurrence of infection. In our procedure, the muscle portion of the LDM flap was used to obliterate the frontal sinus, which is similar to conventional free LDM flap. Conversely, our procedure also uses the de-epithelialized skin paddle of the LDM flap filled with the frontal bone defect, which is distinct from conventional free LDM flap. Thus, preventing postoperative forehead recessus deformity has been the identified as primary advantage of our procedure. The use of the free de-epithelialized LDM flap transfer fulfills two goals: controlling chronic frontal sinusitis and restoring a passable forehead contour.
Collapse
|
12
|
Delayed Infection Occurring Seventeen Years After Cranioplasty: Are Previously Implanted Materials Permanently Safe? J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:472-474. [PMID: 31764555 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crainoplasty following decompressive craniotomy is widely applied clinically. Here, a 55-year-old male had clinical presentation of fever, headache, and ulceration at the anterior scalp of left ear, with 4 to 5 mL pus induction per day, where he accepted cranioplastic surgery 17 years ago using the material of medical silicone rubber. The results of experimental test and magnetic resonance imaging indicated a sign of infection. The authors reported a rarely delayed infection 17 years after cranioplastic surgery. The over long-term risks for the previously transplanted materials should be recognized.
Collapse
|
13
|
Di Rienzo A, Colasanti R, Gladi M, Dobran M, Della Costanza M, Capece M, Veccia S, Iacoangeli M. Timing of cranial reconstruction after cranioplasty infections: are we ready for a re-thinking? A comparative analysis of delayed versus immediate cranioplasty after debridement in a series of 48 patients. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:1523-1532. [PMID: 32592100 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The optimal management of cranioplasty infections remains a matter of debate. Most authors have suggested that the infected bone/implant removal is mandatory, combined with prolonged antibiotic therapy before reconstruction. However, failures can occur, even with 12-18-month intervals between the surgeries. Longer wait times before cranial reconstruction increase the risks of socioeconomic burdens and further complications, as observed in decompressed patients hosting shunts. In our department, we treated 48 cranioplasty infections over a period of 8 years, divided into two groups. For Group A (n = 26), the treatment consisted of cranioplasty removal and debridement, followed by a delayed reconstruction. Group B (n = 22) received 2 weeks of broad-spectrum antibiotics, followed by an "aggressive" field debridement and immediate cranioplasty. All patients received a minimum of 8 weeks of post-operative antibiotic therapy and were scheduled for clinic-radiological follow-ups for at least 36 months. Significant differences were observed between Groups A and B with respect to the number of failures (respectively 7 versus 1), the global operative time (significantly longer for Group B), germ identification (respectively 7 versus 13), and the overall length of hospital stay (on average, 61.04 days in Group A versus 47.41 days in Group B). Three shunted patients in Group A developed sinking flap syndrome. Shunt resetting allowed symptom control until cranioplasty in one subject, whereas two did not improve, even after reconstruction. In selected patients, an aggressive field debridement, followed by the immediate replacement of an infected cranioplasty, may represent a safe and valuable option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Colasanti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, AUSL della Romagna, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Gladi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Dobran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Mara Capece
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Veccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iacoangeli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Surgical Decision-Making in Microvascular Reconstruction of Composite Scalp and Skull Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:1895-1899. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
15
|
|
16
|
Chen Y, Zhang L, Qin T, Wang Z, Li Y, Gu B. Evaluation of neurosurgical implant infection rates and associated pathogens: evidence from 1118 postoperative infections. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 47:E6. [DOI: 10.3171/2019.5.focus18582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEVarious implanted materials are used in neurosurgery; however, there remains a lack of pooled data on infection rates (IRs) and infective bacteria over past decades. The goal of this study was to investigate implant infections in neurosurgical procedures in a longitudinal retrospective study and to evaluate the IRs of neurosurgically implanted materials and the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms.METHODSA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases for the time period between 1968 and 2018. Neurosurgical implant infections were studied in 5 subgroups, including operations or diseases, implanted materials, bacteria, distribution by country, and time periods, which were obtained from the literature and statistically analyzed. In this meta-analysis, statistical heterogeneity across studies was tested by using p values and I2 values between studies of associated pathogens. Egger’s test was used for assessing symmetries of funnel plots with Stata 11.0 software. Methodological quality was assessed to judge the risk of bias according to the Cochrane Handbook.RESULTSA total of 22,971 patients from 227 articles satisfied the study’s eligibility criteria. Of these, 1118 cases of infection were reported, and the overall IR was 4.87%. In this study, the neurosurgical procedures or disorders with the top 3 IRs included craniotomy (IR 6.58%), cranioplasty (IR 5.89%), and motor movement disorders (IR 5.43%). Among 13 implanted materials, the implants with the top 3 IRs included polypropylene-polyester, titanium, and polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which were 8.11%, 8.15%, and 7.31%, respectively. Furthermore, the main causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus and the countries with the top 3 IRs were Denmark (IR 11.90%), Korea (IR 10.98%), and Mexico (IR 9.26%). Except for the low IR from 1998 to 2007, the overall implant IR after neurosurgical procedures was on the rise.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, the main pathogen in neurosurgery was S. aureus, which can provide a certain reference for the clinic. In addition, the IRs of polypropylene-polyester, titanium, and PEEK were higher than other materials, which means that more attention should be paid to them. In short, the total IR was high in neurosurgical implants and should be taken seriously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University; and
| | - Linyan Zhang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University; and
| | - Tingting Qin
- 2Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University; and
| | - Ying Li
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University; and
| | - Bing Gu
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University; and
- 2Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of cranial osteomyelitis is challenging and often includes débridement of infected bone and delayed alloplastic cranioplasty. However, the optimal interval between the removal of infected bone and definitive reconstruction remains controversial. The authors investigated the optimal time for definitive reconstruction and factors influencing cranioplasty reinfection. METHODS A retrospective review of 111 alloplastic cranioplasties for osteomyelitis between 2002 and 2015 was performed. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on timing of reconstruction: group 1, less than 3 months; group 2, 3 to 6 months; group 3, 6 to 12 months; and group 4, more than 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the probability of cranioplasty reinfection based on risk factors. Median follow-up was 45.9 months (range, 12.4 to 136.9 months). RESULTS The combined reinfection rate was 23.4 percent. The reinfection rate in group 1 was 39.6 percent; group 2, 12.5 percent; group 3, 8.0 percent; and group 4, 0.0 percent (p < 0.001). The mean interval between the infected bone removal and cranioplasty was shorter in patients with reinfection than in patients without reinfection (2.2 ± 3.9 months versus 6.1 ± 8.3 months; p < 0.001). The strongest independent predictors of reinfection were chemotherapy (OR, 10.1; 95 percent CI, 2.9 to 35.2), composite defect requiring scalp reconstruction at the time of cranioplasty (OR, 3.3; 95 percent CI, 1.2 to 8.9), and early reconstruction. Each month of delay in reconstruction reduced the reinfection rate by 10 percent (OR, 0.9 per each month of delay; 95 percent CI, 0.8 to 1.0). Cranioplasty material was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Early alloplastic cranioplasty following osteomyelitis carries an unacceptably high risk of reinfection. This risk decreases by 10 percent with each month of delay. The authors' regression model can be used to predict the probability of reinfection for all time periods. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sakamoto Y, Arnaud E. Multi-stage Preparation for the Repair of Complicated Skull Defects. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2019; 59:172-175. [PMID: 30867358 PMCID: PMC6527967 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2018-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy is highly associated with complications. Methods for avoiding these complications have been well-documented; however, approaching reconstruction through the previous incision, especially if it was on or very near the bone defect, can sometimes lead to wound dehiscence and infection, with exposure of the artificial bone. For such complicated cases, we propose a multi-staged preparation that includes creating a delayed skin flap for the actual skull reconstruction. Flap was elevated in three stages, with 4 week intervals between each stage to allow for adequate blood supply. Cranioplasty using custom-made implants was then performed. Four patients (age range, 10–25 years) were prepared for skull reconstruction using this technique. During follow-up period for 12 months, no complications, including infections, exposure of the artificial bone, or flap necrosis, were observed. Despite the multiple stages required, we consider that our technique makes a significant contribution to the literature because it suggests a technique for cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy that may avoid many of the complications following such cranioplasty using current methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sakamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Eric Arnaud
- Unité de Chirurgie Crânio-Faciale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Adult Cranioplasty Reconstruction With Customized Cranial Implants: Preferred Technique, Timing, and Biomaterials. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:887-894. [PMID: 29489570 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complex cranial defects requiring delayed reconstruction present numerous challenges. Delayed cranioplasties accompany frequent complications approaching an incidence of 35 to 40%. Therefore, the authors sought to collate their experience in hopes of sharing their perspective on several topics including technique, timing, and preferred biomaterials. METHODS The authors' 5-year consecutive experience over 430 customized cranial implants is described herein. Since its inception in 2012, the authors' team has employed the pericranial-onlay cranioplasty technique instead of the standard epidural approach. Optimal timing for cranioplasty is determined using objective criteria such as scalp healing and parenchymal edema, close collaboration with neuroplastic surgery, conversion from autologous bone to sterile implant in instances of questionable viability/storage, and the first-line use of solid poly(methylmethacrylate) implants for uncomplicated, delayed cases, first-line porous polyethylene (MEDPOR) implants for single-stage cranioplasty, and first-line polyether-ether-ketone implants for cases with short notice. Furthermore, the use of the pterional design algorithm with temporal bulking for all customized implants has helped to correct and/or prevent temporal hollowing deformities. RESULTS The authors' team has observed a three-fold reduction in reported complications as compared with the existing literature, with a major complication rate of 11%. The multidisciplinary center has provided an optimal stage for synergy and improved outcomes versus standard cranioplasty techniques. CONCLUSION Secondary cranial reconstruction, or cranioplasty, can be challenging due to numerous reasons. These best practices, developed in collaboration with neuroplastic surgery and neurosurgery, appear to encompass the largest published experience to date. The authors find this approach to be both safe and reliable.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoshioka N. Immediate Cranioplasty for Postcranioplasty Infection in Patients with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt. World Neurosurg 2018; 119:311-314. [PMID: 30144602 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt tend to develop epidural fluid accumulation after cranioplasty and also have a higher frequency of syndrome of the trephined after bone flap removal. Thus treatment of patients with postcranioplasty infection and a VP shunt is often challenging. CASE DESCRIPTION We treated 2 patients with postcranioplasty infection and a VP shunt. One patient had undergone decompressive craniectomy for cerebral hemorrhage, and the other patient had a large frontal dead space following resection of a brain tumor. Both patients were treated by immediate cranioplasty with obliteration of the epidural dead space by using a vascularized free latissimus dorsi muscle flap. In both of them, the postoperative course was uneventful without any complications. CONCLUSIONS Immediate cranioplasty and obliteration of the epidural dead space with a vascularized free latissimus dorsi muscle flap is an alternative for patients with postcranioplasty infection who are unfavorable candidates for temporary bone flap removal because of the risk of neurologic deterioration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Classification of the Residual Cranial Defects and Selection of Reconstruction Materials. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 28:1694-1701. [PMID: 28806376 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial defects are complex in nature and are due to various causes. Therefore, there is a need for a common term of reference to these defects. This requirement stood as a prime reason for proposing a classification system for cranial defects. The classification is based on 2 decades of experience in cranioplasty. This efficient and simple way of representation would fill the existing lacunae for a systematic communication on cranial defects. Over the ages the evolution of reconstruction and grafting had undergone a massive progress. Therefore, it is essential to enumerate all available graft and bio-materials for restoring the cranial defects. The aetiology for these defects, age and sex of the patient, site and size of the defect, associated systemic conditions, cost factor, and operator's choice are the factors that play key role in the selection of the reconstructive material. This article discusses on these factors in cranioplasty. High success rate with excellent function and cosmetic outcome in using a variety of materials, as shared in this article. The advantages of autografts cannot be matched by any existing alloplast. However, in case of larger defects, for a better cosmetic outcome and to reduce the donor site morbidity, alloplasts are the most widely preferred material of choice.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim MS, Park IS. Long-Standing Scalp Retraction Technique Using an External Fixator for Sunken Skin Flap Syndrome. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2017; 13:E28-E32. [PMID: 29186596 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE The authors report a novel external scalp retraction technique for sunken skin flap syndrome (SSFS). CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 48-year-old male patient suffered neurological deterioration due to SSFS after decompressive craniectomy. Cranioplasty is the gold standard for therapeutic management of SSFS, but could not be performed due to intracranial wound infection. The patient underwent external fixation of a metal plate as a frame for the skull and the scalp was pulled outward to the frame by skin suture. The patient returned to daily activities at home for 3 months with this scalp traction frame, which was needed for infection control. CONCLUSION External scalp traction is useful for the temporary relief of pressure caused by SSFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Seong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gordon CR, Santiago GF, Huang J, Bergey GK, Liu S, Armand M, Brem H, Anderson WS. First In-Human Experience With Complete Integration of Neuromodulation Device Within a Customized Cranial Implant. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2017; 15:39-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ons/opx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Neuromodulation devices have the potential to transform modern day treatments for patients with medicine-resistant neurological disease. For instance, the NeuroPace System (NeuroPace Inc, Mountain View, California) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved device developed for closed-loop direct brain neurostimulation in the setting of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. However, current methods require placement either above or below the skull in nonanatomic locations. This type of positioning has several drawbacks including visible deformities and scalp pressure from underneath leading to eventual wound healing difficulties, micromotion of hardware with infection, and extrusion leading to premature explantation.
OBJECTIVE
To introduce complete integration of a neuromodulation device within a customized cranial implant for biocompatibility optimization and prevention of visible deformity.
METHODS
We report a patient with drug-resistant focal epilepsy despite previous seizure surgery and maximized medical therapy. Preoperative imaging demonstrated severe resorption of previous bone flap causing deformity and risk for injury. She underwent successful responsive neurostimulation device implantation via complete integration within a clear customized cranial implant.
RESULTS
The patient has recovered well without complication and has been followed closely for 180 d. Device interrogation with electrocorticographic data transmission has been successfully performed through the clear implant material for the first time with no evidence of any wireless transmission interference.
CONCLUSION
Cranial contour irregularities, implant site infection, and bone flap resorption/osteomyelitis are adverse events associated with implantable neurotechnology. This method represents a novel strategy to incorporate all future neuromodulation devices within the confines of a low-profile, computer-designed cranial implant and the newfound potential to eliminate contour irregularities, improve outcomes, and optimize patient satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Gordon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabriel F Santiago
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory K Bergey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mehran Armand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Versatility of the Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap during the Treatment of Complex Postcraniotomy Surgical Site Infections. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1355. [PMID: 28740770 PMCID: PMC5505831 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Some intractable cases of postcraniotomy infection, which can involve compromised skin, an open frontal air sinus, and residual epidural dead space, have been reported. In such cases, reconstructing the scalp and skull is challenging. Methods: Between 2009 and 2016, the author treated 12 patients with recalcitrant postcraniotomy surgical site infections with latissimus dorsi (LD) free flaps. The patients’ ages ranged from 37 to 79 years (mean, 63.5 years), and their underlying diseases included subarachnoid hemorrhaging (n = 5), brain tumors (n = 4), and cerebral arteriovenous malformations (n = 3). Results: The LD free flap was used for scalp reconstruction in 3 cases, scalp reconstruction and separation of the intracranial and nasal cavities in 5 cases, and the obliteration of epidural dead space in 4 cases. Debridement followed by staged cranial reconstruction was carried out in 8 cases, and single-stage cranial reconstruction was conducted in 2 cases. The bone defects of the other 2 cases, which were small, were filled with LD musculo-adipose free flaps. The postoperative local appearance of the wounds was acceptable in every case, and no complications occurred. Conclusions: The LD free flap is a versatile tool for the treatment of complex postcraniotomy surgical site infections. This vascularized muscle flap is useful for controlling local infections because of its abundant vascularity. Moreover, its variety of uses means that it can resolve several problems in cases involving complex cranial wounds.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chou PY, Lin CH, Hsu CC, Yang WH, Kane AA, Lin CH. Salvage of postcranioplasty implant exposure using free tissue transfer. Head Neck 2017; 39:1655-1661. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chen Hsu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Alex A. Kane
- Department of Plastic Surgery; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Fort Worth Texas
| | - Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Cranioplasty remains a difficult procedure for all craniofacial surgeons, particularly when concerning the reconstruction of large lacunae in the skull. Considering the significant clinical and economic impact of the procedure, the search for materials and strategies to provide more comfortable and reliable surgical procedures is one of the most important challenges faced by modern craniofacial medicine.The purpose of this study was to compare the available data regarding the safety and clinical efficacy of materials and techniques currently used for the reconstruction of the skull. Accordingly, the scientific databases were searched for the following keywords autologous bone, biomaterials, cranial reconstruction, cranioplasty, hydroxyapatite, polyetheretherketone, polymethylmethacrylate, and titanium. This literature review emphasizes the benefits and weaknesses of each considered material commonly used for cranioplasty, especially in terms of infectious complications, fractures, and morphological outcomes.As regards the latter, this appears to be very similar among the different materials when custom three-dimensional modeling is used for implant development, suggesting that this criterion is strongly influenced by implant design. However, the overall infection rate can vary from 0% to 30%, apparently dependent on the type of material used, likely in virtue of the wide variation in their chemico-physical composition. Among the different materials used for cranioplasty implants, synthetics such as polyetheretherketone, polymethylmethacrylate, and titanium show a higher primary tear resistance, whereas hydroxyapatite and autologous bone display good biomimetic properties, although the latter has been ascribed a variable reabsorption rate of between 3% and 50%.In short, all cranioplasty procedures and materials have their advantages and disadvantages, and none of the currently available materials meet the criteria required for an ideal implant. Hence, the choice of cranioplasty materials is still essentially reliant on the surgeon's preference.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Having in mind the importance of reconstruction of the calvaria, our goal was to compare the complication rates following the use of autologous bone and methylmethacrilate grafts, and explain the factors influencing them. METHODS The authors collected information of all the patients undergoing cranial reconstructive surgery (N = 149) at the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade. Procedures were performed either using a craniotomy bone flap, removed and replaced in the same act, or using methylmethacrilate. These 2 groups were compared using the Chi-squared test, controlling for the confounding influence of the size of the defect. RESULTS Intracranial neoplasms were the cause for the reconstruction in 71.1% of patients. The total complication rate was 7.4%, while the infection rate was 5.4%. The infection rate was significantly higher in those procedures done using methylmethacrilate (11.3% compared with 2.1%, P = 0.017), but when controlling for the confounding effect of the size of the defect treated, the difference in infection rate was significant only in large defects (13.9% compared with 2%, P = 0.031), while for small defects the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the material used for reconstruction of calvaria influences the infection rate only in large and complicated defects. Considering the importance of the reconstruction, further studies should explore and confirm the role of material type on the rate of complications.
Collapse
|
30
|
Management of the Repeatedly Failed Cranioplasty Following Large Postdecompressive Craniectomy. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27:1971-1977. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
31
|
Ashayeri K, M Jackson E, Huang J, Brem H, Gordon CR. Syndrome of the Trephined: A Systematic Review. Neurosurgery 2016; 79:525-34. [PMID: 27489166 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndrome of the trephined (SoT) is a rare, important complication of a craniectomy characterized by neurological dysfunction that improves with cranioplasty. Its varied symptoms include motor, cognitive, and language deficits. Its exact characterization appears suboptimal, with differing approaches of evaluation. Accordingly, this topic is in great need of further investigation. OBJECTIVE To accurately describe SoT and explore methods of an objective diagnosis/evaluation. METHODS Electronic searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and PsycINFO databases used the key words "syndrome of the trephined" and "sinking skin flap." Non-English-language and duplicate articles were eliminated. Title and abstract reviews were selected for relevance. Full-text reviews were selected for articles providing individual characteristics of SoT patients. RESULTS This review identified that SoT most often occurs in male patients (60%) at 5.1 ± 10.8 months after craniectomy for neurotrauma (38%). The average reported craniectomy is 88.3 ± 34.4 cm and usually exists with a "sunken skin flap" (93%). Symptoms most commonly include motor, cognitive, and language deficits (57%, 41%, 28%, respectively), with improvement after cranioplasty within 3.8 ± 3.9 days. Functional independence with activities of daily living is achieved by 54.9% of patients after 2.9 ± 3.4 months of rehabilitation. However, evaluation of SoT is inconsistent, with only 53% of reports documenting objective studies. DISCUSSION SoT is a variable phenomenon associated with a prolonged time to cranioplasty. Due to current weaknesses in objectivity, we hypothesize that SoT is often underdiagnosed and recommend a multifaceted approach for consistent evaluation. CONCLUSION SoT is a serious complication that lacks exact characterization and deserves future investigation. Improved understanding and recognition have important implications for early intervention and patient outcomes. ABBREVIATIONS ADLs, activities of daily livingCBF, cerebral blood flowSoT, syndrome of the trephinedVP, ventriculoperitoneal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ashayeri
- *Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; §Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|