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Zhang K, Xu H, Li K. Molecular Imaging for Early-Stage Disease Diagnosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1199:39-58. [PMID: 37460726 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9902-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
With the development of cellular biology, molecular biology, and other subjects, targeted molecular probe was combined with medical imaging technologies to launch a new scientific discipline of molecular imaging that is a research discipline to visualize, characterize, and analyze biological process at the cellular and molecular levels for real-time tracking and precision therapy, also termed as the medical imaging in the twenty-first century. An array of imaging techniques has been developed to image specific targets of living cells or tissues by molecular probes, including optical molecular imaging (OI), magnetic resonance molecular imaging, ultrasound (US) molecular imaging, nuclear medicine molecular imaging, X-ray molecular imaging, and multi-mode molecular imaging. These imaging techniques make the early diagnosis of various diseases possible by means of visualization of gene expression, interactions between proteins, signal transduction, cell metabolism, cell traces, and other physiological or pathological processes in the living system, which bridge the gap between molecular biology and clinical medicine. This chapter will lay the emphasis on the early-stage diagnosis of fatal diseases, such as malignant tumors, cardio- or cerebrovascular diseases, digestive system disease, central nervous system disease, and other diseases employing molecular imaging in a real-time visualized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Darwesh AY, El-Dahhan MS, Meshali MM. New Oral Coaxial Nanofibers for Gadodiamide-Prospective Intestinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Theranostic. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8933-8943. [PMID: 33223828 PMCID: PMC7671466 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s281158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gadodiamide (GDD) is a widely used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. It is available only as intravenous injection. Unfortunately, it exhibits a high renal toxicity. In this respect, the author investigated the possibility of developing nanofibers (NFs, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures) of GDD that would be promising for oral administration in intestinal imaging. NFs are prepared by electrospinning technique in which a strong electrostatic field is applied on a polymer solution. METHODS NFs were prepared by coaxial electrospinning technique using Eudragit S100 (ES 100) as a shell layer and GDD loaded with polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP K90) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) as core fibers. Compatibility study of the NFs ingredients was attested through ATR and DSC investigations. Thermogravimetric analysis of NFs was done to insure its stability. In vitro release of GDD in the intestinal medium with different pH values was measured. In vitro cytotoxicity test was done to prove its safety. Additionally, stability of NFs to perform its function was examined by X-ray. RESULTS NFs experienced high entrapment efficiency of about 94.3% ± 3.1%. The ingredients of NFs were compatible through FT-IR and DSC study. The in vitro release data of GDD from coaxial NFs were slow (˂14%) in pH 1.2 till 2 h, while at pH 7.4 it showed burst release of about 12% in the first 2 min. Thermogravimetric analysis proved the NFs are stable. The in vitro cytotoxicity study proved the safety of NFs. Using mammography, the coaxial NFs behaved the same as GDD plain indicating its ability to be a contrasting agent. CONCLUSION Coaxial NFs of GDD as a core with PVP K90 and HP-β-CyD and ES 100 as a shell were stable and efficient as oral imaging dosage form for the intestine. It might be a prospective theranostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Yaser Darwesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura35516, Egypt
| | - Marwa Salah El-Dahhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura35516, Egypt
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Tang A, McInnes M, Hope TA, Vu KN, Amre D, Wolfson T, Roy C, Mâsse BR, Sirlin C. Magnetic resonance imaging performed with gadoxetate disodium for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Tang
- University of Montreal; Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine; 900, rue Saint-Denis, bureau R12.480 Centre de recherche du CHUM Montreal Quebec Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Matthew McInnes
- University of Ottawa; Department of Radiology; Room c159, 1053 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1Y 4E9
| | - Thomas A Hope
- University of California, San Francisco; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging; 505 Parnassus Avenue, M391 San Francisco CA USA 94143
| | - Kim-Nhien Vu
- University of Montreal; Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine; 900, rue Saint-Denis, bureau R12.480 Centre de recherche du CHUM Montreal Quebec Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Devendra Amre
- Research Center, CHU-Sainte Justine; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine West Montréal Quebec Canada H3T1C5
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- University of California, San Diego; Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory at the San Diego Supercomputer Center; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA USA 92093-0505
| | - Chantal Roy
- CHU Sainte-Justine; Unité de recherche clinique appliquée; 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Local 7122 Montreal QC Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Benoît R Mâsse
- CHU Sainte-Justine; Unité de recherche clinique appliquée; 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Local 7122 Montreal QC Canada H3T 1C5
- University of Montreal; School of Public Health; 3175, Côte Ste-Catherine Montreal Quebec (QC) Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Claude Sirlin
- University of California, San Diego; Department of Radiology; Altman Clinical and TranslationalResearch Institute La Lolla CA USA
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Update on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: What the Pathologist Needs to Know. Adv Anat Pathol 2015; 22:314-22. [PMID: 26262514 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently diagnosed noninvasively with imaging techniques. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play critical roles in the detection, diagnosis, and staging of HCC. Standardization in the interpretation and reporting of imaging modalities has not existed until recently. In 2008, the American College of Radiology supported the development of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) for standardized terminology, interpretation, and reporting of imaging examinations for the diagnosis of HCC inpatients at risk for HCC. This article reviews the basic concepts of LI-RADS, emphasizing aspects that are most relevant to pathologists, including the categories, diagnostic algorithm, major features, and ancillary features for the diagnosis of HCC. The similarities and differences between LI-RADS and other major radiology-based diagnostic systems in terms of target population, intended users, categorization of observations, and imaging methods are addressed. Importantly, LI-RADS and other systems are designed to diagnose progressed HCC with high specificity and modest sensitivity. LI-RADS and other systems are not designed to detect early HCC and so have limited sensitivity for such lesions. Moreover, despite continuous advances in imaging technology, imaging detection and characterization of small (<1 cm) nodules remains limited; in addition, colocalization of small nodules and pathology is difficult. For these reasons LI-RADS and most other systems require lesions to be 1 cm or greater for the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC. As LI-RADS evolves, it is critical that stakeholders, including pathologists, provide expert input to help standardize and enhance reporting of radiologic findings.
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Mitsumori LM, Bhargava P, Essig M, Maki JH. Magnetic resonance imaging using gadolinium-based contrast agents. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 23:51-69. [PMID: 24477166 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e31829c4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to review the basic properties of available gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast agents, discuss their fundamental differences, and explore common and evolving applications of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast throughout the body excluding the central nervous system. A more specific aim of this article was to explore novel uses of these gadolinium-based contrast agents and applications where a particular agent has been demonstrated to behave differently or be better suited for certain applications than the other contrast agents in this class.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noninvasive imaging plays critical roles in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis or other risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In recognition of the critical roles played by imaging, numerous international scientific organizations and societies have, in the past 12 years, proposed diagnostic systems for the interpretation of liver imaging examinations performed of at-risk patients. CONCLUSION Although these imaging-based diagnostic systems represent important advances, they have limitations and they are not perfectly consistent with each other. The limitations and inconsistencies potentially cause confusion and may impair the integration of the systems into clinical practice as well as their utilization in research studies. The purpose of this article is to synthesize and critically appraise the current published imaging-based diagnostic systems endorsed by major societies for the noninvasive diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma and to propose future directions that we hope may be helpful in further advancing the field.
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Tang A, Cruite I, Sirlin CB. Toward a standardized system for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis using computed tomography and MRI. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 7:269-79. [PMID: 23445236 DOI: 10.1586/egh.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and MRI are frequently used for the noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite their important role in diagnosis and management of HCC, until recently, there has been no standardized system for their interpretation, reporting and data collection. In 2008, the American College of Radiology convened a committee to develop such a standardized system. This article reviews the role of computed tomography and MRI in the diagnosis and management of HCC; the need for a standardized imaging interpretation system; current HCC imaging criteria included in management guidelines endorsed by the European Association for the Study of Liver, American Association for Study of Liver Diseases, United Network for Organ Sharing and Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver; and the limitations of these criteria. The article then provides an overview of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System and discusses future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tang
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 408 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA 92103-8226, USA
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Kim HJ, Kim BS, Kim MJ, Kim SH, de Campos ROP, Hernandes M, Semelka RC. Enhancement of the liver and pancreas in the hepatic arterial dominant phase: comparison of hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents, gadoxetic acid and gadobenate dimeglumine, on 3 and 1.5 Tesla MRI in the same patient. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 37:903-8. [PMID: 23065959 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relative enhancement of liver, pancreas, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), pancreas-to-liver index, and FNH-to-liver index in the hepatic arterial dominant phase (HADP) after injection of hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents, gadoxetic acid and gadobenate dimeglumine, on 3 and 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI in the same patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MRI database was retrospectively searched to identify consecutive patients who underwent abdominal MRI at 3T and 1.5T systems, using both 0.025 mmol/kg gadoxetic acid-enhanced and 0.05 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI at the same magnetic strength field system. 22 patients were identified, 10 were scanned at 3T system and 12 at 1.5T system. The enhancement of liver, pancreas, and FNH was evaluated quantitatively on MR images. RESULTS The relative enhancement of liver in HADP in the gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced group in all subjects was significantly higher than that in gadoxetic acid-enhanced group (P = 0.023). The gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced group in HADP had better relative enhancement of pancreas and FNH, pancreas-to-liver index, and FNH-to-liver index than gadoxetic acid-enhanced group, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The 0.05 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced abdominal MRI studies at 3T and 1.5T MR systems are superior in relative enhancement of the liver in HADP to 0.025 mmol/kg gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. This type of assessment may provide comparative effectiveness data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7510, USA
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Cheng JJ, Zhu J, Liu XS, He DN, Xu JR, Wu LM, Zhou J, Feng Q. Gadolinium-chitosan nanoparticles as a novel contrast agent for potential use in clinical bowel-targeted MRI: a feasibility study in healthy rats. Acta Radiol 2012; 53:900-7. [PMID: 22919051 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2012.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MRI is of increasing importance in the diagnostic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases, with depiction of mucosal enhancement obtained with conventional intravenous contrast. Routine clinical use of contrast agents has been carried out using intravenous injection for mucosal imaging. Contrast agents that specifically target the intestinal mucosa are therefore needed to improve clinical imaging of the mucosal surface. PURPOSE To synthesize a novel contrast agent for gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and observe the absorption of the nanoparticles in the colon wall of healthy rats by MR imaging in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS A contrast agent was successfully synthesized by a modified emulsion coalescence method, and the resulting agents were characterized in detail by dynamic light-scattering spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of Gd-chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated by an MTT assay. Gadolinium-chitosan (Gd@chitosan) nanoparticles were administered to the colon mucosa of healthy rats by rectal administration, and MRI scans in vivo were carried out with a 3.0 T imaging scanner at various time points. RESULTS The prepared Gd@chitosan nanoparticles were ~420 nm in diameter with a 74.4% Gd-DTPA content. The MTT assay indicated little cytotoxicity. MRI results showed that nanoparticles can be retained in both the stratum submucosum and epithelial cells of the colon for almost 80 min. Transmission electron microscopy images further revealed that Gd@chitosan nanoparticles were localized inside the mucosal cells or intercellular space, while tissue from Gd-DTPA aqueous solution administration showed nothing. Due to the infusion of Gd@chitosan nanoparticles, the MR signal intensity of colon mucosa increased from about 6% to 35%, and the contrast enhancement was highest at 20 min after administration. CONCLUSION Gd@chitosan nanoparticles with high Gd-DTPA content were successfully prepared for use as a novel MRI contrast agent. All results indicated that rectally administered Gd@chitosan nanoparticles have the potential for MRI diagnosis of colon mucosal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School
- Department of Research and Development, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Research and Development, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School
| | - Dan-Nong He
- Department of Research and Development, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian-Rong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School
- Department of Research and Development, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lian-Ming Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Research and Development, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School
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Kremser C, Albrecht K, Greindl M, Wolf C, Debbage P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vivo determination of the time and location of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:638-43. [PMID: 18436409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the time when and the location at which orally delivered mucoadhesive drugs are released. MATERIALS AND METHODS Drug delivery systems comprising tablets or capsules containing a mucoadhesive polymer were designed to deliver the polymer to the intestine in dry powder form. Dry Gd-DTPA [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium(III) dihydrogen salt hydrate] powder was added to the mucoadhesive polymer, resulting in a susceptibility artifact that allows tracking of the application forms before their disintegration and that gives a strong positive signal on disintegration. Experiments were performed with rats using T(1)-weighted spin-echo imaging on a standard 1.5-T MRI system. RESULTS The susceptibility artifact produced by the dry Gd-DTPA powder in tablets or capsules was clearly visible within the stomach of the rats and could be followed during movement towards the intestine. Upon disintegration, a strong positive signal was unambiguously observed. The time between ingestion and observation of a positive signal was significantly different for different application forms. Quantification of the remaining mucoadhesive polymer in the intestine 3 h after observed release showed significant differences in mucoadhesive effectiveness. CONCLUSION MRI allows detection of the exact time of release of the mucoadhesive polymer in vivo, which is a prerequisite for a reliable quantitative comparison between different application forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kremser
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lee Y, Lee JS, Kim CM, Jeong JY, Choi JI, Kim MJ. Area of paradoxical signal drop after the administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide on the T2-weighted image of a patient with lymphangitic metastasis of the liver. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:577-82. [PMID: 18093780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a geographic area of prominent hypointensity in T2-weighted images vs. normal adjacent liver parenchyma in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma and lymphangitic metastasis of the liver after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) administration. The area showing this prominent signal drop showed Kupffer cell proliferation and lymphangitic metastasis during a pathologic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkyung Lee
- Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-774, Korea
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Essig M, Weber MA, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Knopp MV, Yuh WTC, Giesel FL. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of central nervous system tumors: agents, mechanisms, and applications. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 17:89-106. [PMID: 17198225 DOI: 10.1097/01.rmr.0000245464.36148.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the most common neoplasms in young adults and are associated with a high mortality and disability rate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely accepted to be the most sensitive imaging modality in the assessment of cerebral neoplasms. Because the detection, characterization, and exact delineation of brain tumors require a high lesion contrast that depends on the signal of the lesion in relation to the surrounding tissue, contrast media is given routinely. Anatomical and functional, contrast agent-based MRI techniques allow for a better differential diagnosis, grading, and especially therapy decision, planing, and follow-up. In this article, the basics of contrast enhancement of brain tumors will be reviewed. The underlying pathology of a disrupted blood-brain barrier and drug influences will be discussed. An overview of the currently available contrast media and the influences of dosage, field strength, and application on the tumor tissue contrast will be given. Challenging, contrast-enhanced, functional imaging techniques, such as perfusion MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, are presented both from the technical side and the clinical experience in the assessment of brain tumors. The advantages over conventional, anatomical MRI techniques will be discussed as well as possible pitfalls and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Essig
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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