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Pintarič R, Matela J, Pintarič Š, Novak M, Filipič M. Evaluation of potential toxicity of Steriplant ©N aerosolization toward human alveolar cells A459 in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:520-527. [PMID: 34353172 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211031681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protection of patients against hospital-acquired infections is of major importance. Disinfection of magnetic resonance imaging suites is, due to their unique properties and environment particularly, difficult to implement. We developed an OPTI-JET CS MD 2ZE aerosolizator for disinfection of a magnetic resonance imaging suite using the electrolyzed oxidizing water biocide Steriplant©N. The disinfection of the magnetic resonance imaging suite with this system reduced from the number of colony formed unit/m3 air by 87% and 96% in 6 and 15 min of disinfection, respectively. It is well known that exposure of personnel or patients to aerosols may represent risk to the respiratory system; therefore, the aim of this study was to assess potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Steriplant©N aerosolization toward human alveolar cells A459 in vitro. The A459 cells were exposed to aerosol containing different concentrations (50% and 100% v/v) of Steripalnt©N for 6 min in a chamber that had been constructed to simulate the conditions in the magnetic resonance imaging suite. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring iodide uptake, and the genotoxicity was determined by measuring formation of phosphorylated H2AX histones, a marker for deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand breaks, immediately after the aerosolization and after 1, 4, and 24 h postincubation. The results demonstrated that aerosolization with Steriplant©N at conditions reflecting aerosolization in a magnetic resonance imaging suite is not cytotoxic and does not exhibit genotoxic potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pintarič
- Department of Radiology, 112806University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jože Matela
- Department of Radiology, 112806University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Štefan Pintarič
- Department for Sampling and Coordination, Veterinary Faculty, 54767University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 54766National Institute of Biology, Večna, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 54766National Institute of Biology, Večna, Slovenia
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Moriarty HK, Clements W, Phan T, Wang S, Goh GS. Occupational radiation exposure to the lens of the eye in interventional radiology. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2021; 66:34-40. [PMID: 34342393 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cataract formation is a tissue reaction effected by radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occupational exposure to the lens of the eye of interventional radiologists (IR's) and interventional radiology staff, with and without lead glasses. METHODS Ethical approval was provided by the hospital research and ethics committee. A prospective cohort study was performed over 1 year, doses recorded, lifetime dose (estimated at working 5 days in angiography, for 30 years) was estimated and dose compared to current guidelines. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs; Landauer, Glenwood, USA) Hp(3) were placed on both the exterior and interior side of the personal lead glasses worn by three interventional radiologists and two radiographers. They were monitored during all procedures performed within 1 year. Lead glasses (AttenuTech® Microlite® , Florida, USA) with specifications were 0.75 mm lead equivalent front shield, and Side shield 0.3 mm Pb equivalent. A control TLD was placed in the storage location of the lead glasses when not in use. Yearly dose was measured and lifetime dose was calculated from the data obtained. Calculation of dose received per day(s) spent performing procedures for both annual and lifetime exposure was performed. In addition a record of occurrence of splashes on glasses was made after each case. RESULTS Eye doses without protection were double the recommended limits for both annual and lifetime dose. For interventional radiologists working between 3 and 4 or more days in the lab per week, annual dose thresholds would be exceeded (20 mSv/year averaged over 5 years, no more than 50 mSv in 1 year). If interventional radiologists worked between 3 and 4 or more days in the lab, lifetime dose thresholds would be exceeded (500 mSv lifetime dose). Lead glasses reduced radiation exposure by an average of 79%. If lead glasses were worn no interventional radiologists would exceed annual or lifetime dose thresholds to the eyes even if working 5 days per week as the primary operator. Radiographers would not exceed annual or lifetime dose thresholds even without lead glasses. Splash incidents occurred for all interventional radiologists and one radiographer. CONCLUSION The use of lead glasses even in this small study resulted in a decreased dose of radiation to the lens of the eye. Regular use of radiation protection eyewear will reduce eye dose for primary proceduralists to well below yearly and lifetime thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Moriarty
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren Clements
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuan Phan
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherry Wang
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gerard S Goh
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Makovicka JL, Bingham JS, Patel KA, Young SW, Beauchamp CP, Spangehl MJ. Surgeon Personal Protection: An Underappreciated Benefit of Positive-pressure Exhaust Suits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476:1341-1348. [PMID: 29481350 PMCID: PMC6263565 DOI: 10.1007/s11999.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive-pressure exhaust suits cost more than standard surgical gowns, and recent evidence suggests that they do not decrease infection risk. As a result, some hospitals and surgeons have abandoned positive-pressure exhaust suits in favor of less expensive alternatives. We propose that in addition to their original purpose of decreasing infection rates, positive-pressure exhaust suits may also improve personal protection for the surgeon and assistants, perhaps justifying their added costs. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Do positive-pressure exhaust suits decrease exposure to particulate matter during TKA? (2) What areas covered by gowning systems are at risk of exposure to particulate matter? METHODS Three surgical gowning systems were tested: (1) surgical gown, face mask, surgical skull cap, protective eyewear; (2) surgical gown, face mask, surgical protective hood, protective eyewear; and (3) positive-pressure exhaust suit. For each procedure, a cadaver knee was injected intraarticularly and intraosseously with a 5-µm fluorescent powder mixed with water (1 g/10 mL). After gowning in the standard sterile fashion, the primary surgeon and two assistants performed two TKAs with each gowning system for a total of six TKAs. After each procedure, three independent observers graded skin exposure of each surgical participant under ultraviolet light using a standardized scale from 0 (no exposure) to 4 (gross exposure). Statistical analysis was performed using Friedman's and Nemenyi tests. The interrater reliability for the independent observers was also calculated. RESULTS The positive-pressure exhaust suits had less surgeon and assistant exposure compared with other systems (p < 0.001). The median overall exposure grade for each gowning system was 4 for System 1 (range, 3-4), 2.5 for System 2 (range, 2-3), and 0 for System 3 (range, 0-0). In pairwise comparisons between gowning systems, the positive-pressure exhaust suits had less exposure than gowning System 1 (difference of medians: 4, p < 0.001) and gowning System 2 (difference of medians: 2.5, p = 0.038). There was no difference found in exposure between Systems 1 and 2 (difference of medians: 1.5, p = 0.330). When gowning Systems 1 and 2 were removed, particulate matter was found in places that were covered such as the surgeon's beard, lips, inside the nostrils, behind the protective eyewear around the surgeon's eye, and in both eyebrows and eyelashes. CONCLUSIONS The positive-pressure exhaust suits provided greater personal protection with each procedure than the other two gowning systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE With conventional gowns, particulate matter was found in the surgeon's eyelashes, under the face mask around the mouth, and inside the nostrils. Despite recent evidence that certain types of positive-pressure exhaust suits may not decrease infection, there is a clear benefit of surgeon protection from potentially infectious and harmful patient substances. Despite their added costs, hospitals and surgeons should weigh this protective benefit when considering the use of positive-pressure exhaust suits.
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Deipolyi AR, Prabhakar AM, Naidu S, Oklu R. Needlestick Injuries in Interventional Radiology Are Common and Underreported. Radiology 2017. [PMID: 28631962 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for needlesticks in interventional radiology physicians, as well as the attitudes, behaviors, and conditions that promote or interfere with reporting of these injuries. Materials and Methods A total of 3889 interventional radiologists from academic and private practice in the United States were surveyed by emailing all interventional radiologist members of the Society of Interventional Radiology, including attending-level physicians and trainees (April-August 2016). The institutional review board waived the need for consent. Questions inquired about the nature, frequency, and type of needlestick and sharps injuries and whether and to whom these incidents were reported. Stepwise regression was used to determine variables predicting whether injuries were reported. Results In total, 908 (23%) interventional radiologists completed at least a portion of the survey. Eight hundred fourteen (91%) of 895 respondents reported a prior needlestick injury, 583 (35%) of 895 reported at least one injury while treating an HIV-positive patient, and 626 (71%) of 884 reported prior training regarding needlestick injury. There was, on average, one needlestick for every 5 years of practice. Most needlestick or sharps injuries were self inflicted (711 [87%] of 817) and involved a hollow-bore device (464 [56%] of 824). Only 566 (66%) of 850 injuries were reported. The most common reasons for not reporting included perceived lack of utility of reporting (79 [28%] of 282), perceived low risk for injury (56 [20%] of 282), noncontaminated needle (53 [19%] of 282), too-lengthy reporting process (37 [13%] of 282), and associated stigma (23 [8%] of 282). Only 156 (25%) of 624 respondents informed their significant other. Stepwise regression assessing variables affecting the likelihood of reporting showed that male sex (P = .009), low-risk patient (P < .0001), self injury (P = .010), trainee status (P < .0001), and the total number of prior injuries (P = .019) were independent predictors of not reporting. Conclusion Needlestick injuries are ubiquitous among interventional radiologists and are often not reported. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Deipolyi
- From the Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.R.D.); Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M.P.); and Division of Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (S.N., R.O.)
| | - Anand M Prabhakar
- From the Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.R.D.); Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M.P.); and Division of Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (S.N., R.O.)
| | - Sailendra Naidu
- From the Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.R.D.); Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M.P.); and Division of Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (S.N., R.O.)
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- From the Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.R.D.); Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M.P.); and Division of Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054 (S.N., R.O.)
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Pintaric R, Matela J, Pintaric S. Suitability of electrolyzed oxidizing water for the disinfection of hard surfaces and equipment in radiology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:6. [PMID: 25642329 PMCID: PMC4311484 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitals are faced with increasingly resistant strains of micro-organisms. When it comes to disinfection, individual parts of electronic equipment of angiology diagnostics such as patient couches of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners prove to be very hard to disinfect. Disinfectants of choice are therefore expected to possess properties such as rapid, residue-free action without any damaging effect on the sensitive electronic equipment. This paper discusses the use of the neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) as a biocide for the disinfection of diagnostic rooms and equipment. METHODS The CT and MRI rooms were aerosolized with EOW using aerosolization device. The presence of micro-organisms before and after the aerosolization was recorded with the help of sedimentation and cyclone air sampling. Total body count (TBC) was evaluated in absolute and log values. RESULTS The number of micro-organisms in hospital rooms was low as expected. Nevertheless, a possible TBC reduction between 78.99-92.50% or 50.50-70.60% in log values was recorded. CONCLUSIONS The research has shown that the use of EOW for the air and hard surface disinfection can considerably reduce the presence of micro-organisms and consequently the possibility of hospital infections. It has also demonstrated that the sedimentation procedure is insufficient for the TBC determination. The use of Biocide aerosolization proved to be efficient and safe in all applied ways. Also, no eventual damage to exposed devices or staff was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pintaric
- />Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Joze Matela
- />Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Pintaric
- />University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Englehardt RK, Nowak BM, Seger MV, Duperier FD. Contamination resulting from aerosolized fluid during laparoscopic surgery. JSLS 2014; 18:e2014.00361. [PMID: 25392644 PMCID: PMC4154434 DOI: 10.4293/jsls.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Aerosolized droplets of blood can travel considerable distances on release of intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopic surgery. This creates an environmental hazard for members of the surgical team. This study describes and provides a method of measurement of aerosolized blood contamination during evacuation of the pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS Samples were measured by removing a trocar from the abdomen while a pneumoperitoneum of 15 mm Hg was present. A white poster board was placed 24 inches above the incision to catch the released blood spatter. By use of machine vision, luminol fluorescence, and computerized spatial analysis, data from the boards were recorded, analyzed, and scored based on the distance, size, and quantity of particulate contamination. RESULTS We analyzed 27 boards. Spatter was present on every board. The addition of luminol to the boards increased the amount of visible spatter. Most tests created <1000 blood spatters. Fluids are typically ejected as a fine mist. Every test included at least 1 blood spatter. The range of the average blood spatter size was 0.53×10(-3) to 7.11×10(-3) sq in. The amount of spatter detected did not show any apparent correlation with the patient's body mass index, the estimated blood loss, or the type of operation performed. CONCLUSIONS Evacuation of the pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery results in consistent contamination. Most blood spatter is not visible to the naked eye. Our results suggest that all surgical participants should wear appropriate protective barriers and conscious measures should be undertaken to prevent environmental contamination during pneumoperitoneal evacuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent M Nowak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Walser EM, Dixon RG, Silberzweig JE, Bartal G, Chao CP, Gross K, Stecker MS, Nikolic B. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens in IR--risks, prevention, and recommendations: a joint guideline of the Society of Interventional Radiology and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 25:327-31. [PMID: 24332714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Walser
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0709.
| | - Robert G Dixon
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Gabriel Bartal
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Christine P Chao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Michael S Stecker
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Boris Nikolic
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Tso DK, Athreya S. Reducing blood-borne exposure in interventional radiology: what the IR should know. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36:913-6. [PMID: 23435743 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interventional radiologists are at risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens in their day-to-day practice. Percutaneous exposure from unsafe sharps handling, mucocutaneous exposure from body fluid splashes, and glove perforation from excessive wear can expose the radiologist to potentially infectious material. The increasing prevalence of blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency virus, puts nurses, residents, fellows, and interventional radiologists at risk for occupational exposure. This review outlines suggestions to establish a culture of safety in the interventional suite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Tso
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 3350-950W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeet Minhas
- Assistant Professor (Community Medicine) & Technical Editor, MJAFI, AFMC, Pune-40
| | - Atul Kotwal
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, AFMC, Pune-40
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Addl DGAFMS (Medical Research), O/o DGAFMS, Ministry of Defence, 'M' Block, New Delhi-01
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Hogan MJ. Infection in pediatric interventional radiology. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41 Suppl 1:S99-106. [PMID: 21523578 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interventional radiology in children involves nearly every aspect of infectious disease. Diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and disease transmission in infectious disease are a daily part of pediatric interventional radiology practice. This article will discuss each of these aspects of infection with respect to interventional radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hogan
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Singh VK, Kalairajah Y. Splash in elective primary knee and hip replacement: are we adequately protected? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 91:1074-7. [PMID: 19651837 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.91b8.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An intra-operative splash is a common occurrence in elective knee and hip replacement surgery and can potentially transmit bloodborne diseases, with devastating consequences. This study aimed to quantify the risk of a splash and to assess its correlation with body mass index, duration of surgery and the volume of lavage fluid used. Between December 2007 and April 2008, 62 consecutive patients (38 women, 24 men) undergoing an elective total knee or total hip replacement (TKR, THR) were recruited into the study (32 TKRs and 30 THRs) after appropriate consent. A splash occurred in all 62 cases. A THR had a slightly higher risk of a splash than a TKR, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The correlation between body mass index, duration of surgery and the amount of pulse lavage used with a splash was r = 0.013, (non-significant), r = 0.52, (significant) and r = 0.92 (highly significant), respectively. A high number of splashes are generated during a TKR and a THR. The simple visor mask fails to protect the surgeon, the assistant or the patient from the risk of a splash and reverse splash, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Singh
- Luton and Dunstable Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU40DZ, UK.
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12
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Marshall G. Sharps injuries among radiographers: Dangers associated with opening bottles of contrast agent. Radiography (Lond) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Funaki
- Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois
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Davies CG, Khan MN, Ghauri ASK, Ranaboldo CJ. Blood and body fluid splashes during surgery--the need for eye protection and masks. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007; 89:770-2. [PMID: 17999818 PMCID: PMC2173168 DOI: 10.1308/003588407x209301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While most surgeons make an effort to avoid needlestick injury, some can pay little attention to reduce the potential route of infection occurring when body fluids splash into the eye. It has been shown that transmission of HIV, hepatitis B or C can occur across any mucous membrane. This study aims to quantify how frequently body fluids splash the mask and lens of wrap around protective glasses thus potentially exposing the surgeon to infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective study was carried out by a single surgeon on all cases performed over a 1-year period. Protective mask and glasses were examined before and after operations. RESULTS A total of 384 operations were performed with 174 (45%) showing blood or body fluid splash on the lens. A high incidence of splashes was found in vascular surgical procedures (79%). All amputations showed splash on the protective lens. Interestingly, 50% of laparoscopic cases resulted in blood or body fluid splash on the protective lens. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown a high incidence (45%) of blood and body fluid splashes found on protective glasses and masks. There was a very high incidence (79%) during vascular surgical procedures. With the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis increasing, it seems prudent to protect oneself against possible routes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Davies
- Department of Surgery, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.
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Vijayananthan A, Tan LH, Owen A, Bhat R, Edwards R, Robertson I, Moss JG, Nicholls R. Accidental blood exposure: risk and prevention in interventional radiology. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2006; 2:e55. [PMID: 21614335 PMCID: PMC3097815 DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.4.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the transmission of bloodborne pathogens during medical procedures among health care workers and patients. Over the last three decades, radiological services have undergone many changes with the introduction of new modalities. One of these new disciplines is interventional radiology (IR) which deals with procedures such as arteriography, image-guided biopsies, intravascular catheter insertions, angioplasty and stent placements. Despite these developments, the potential for accidental blood exposure and exposure to other infectious material continues to exist. Therefore, it is important for all radiologists who perform invasive procedures to observe specific recommendations for infection control. In this review, we look at the different policies for protection and universal standards on infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijayananthan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging (Radiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - LH Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Owen
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Bhat
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - I Robertson
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - JG Moss
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Nicholls
- Department of Radiology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Marx
- Interventional Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, GNH 3550, 1200 North State Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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