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Sántha P, Dobos I, Kis G, Jancsó G. Role of Gangliosides in Peripheral Pain Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1005. [PMID: 32028715 PMCID: PMC7036959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are abundantly occurring sialylated glycosphingolipids serving diverse functions in the nervous system. Membrane-localized gangliosides are important components of lipid microdomains (rafts) which determine the distribution of and the interaction among specific membrane proteins. Different classes of gangliosides are expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons involved in the transmission of nerve impulses evoked by noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. Gangliosides, in particular GM1, have been shown to participate in the regulation of the function of ion channels, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a molecular integrator of noxious stimuli of distinct nature. Gangliosides may influence nociceptive functions through their association with lipid rafts participating in the organization of functional assemblies of specific nociceptive ion channels with neurotrophins, membrane receptors, and intracellular signaling pathways. Genetic and experimentally induced alterations in the expression and/or metabolism of distinct ganglioside species are involved in pathologies associated with nerve injuries, neuropathic, and inflammatory pain in both men and animals. Genetic and/or pharmacological manipulation of neuronal ganglioside expression, metabolism, and action may offer a novel approach to understanding and management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (I.D.); (G.K.)
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2
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Wang H, Liu L, Cao Q, Mao W, Zhang Y, Qu X, Cai X, Lv Y, Chen H, Xu X, Wang X. Haemophilus parasuis α-2,3-sialyltransferase-mediated lipooligosaccharide sialylation contributes to bacterial pathogenicity. Virulence 2019; 9:1247-1262. [PMID: 30036124 PMCID: PMC6104685 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1502606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is an important virulence-associated factor, and its sialylation largely confers its ability to mediate cell adhesion, invasion, inflammation, and immune evasion. Here, we investigated the function of the Haemophilus parasuis α-2,3-sialyltransferase gene, lsgB, which determines the terminal sialylation of LOS, by generating a lsgB deletion mutant as well as a complementation strain. Our data indicate a direct effect of lsgB on LOS sialylation and reveal important roles of lsgB in promoting the pathogenicity of H. parasuis, including adhesion to and invasion of porcine cells in vitro, bacterial load and survival in vivo, as well as a contribution to serum resistance. These observations highlight the function of lsgB in mediating LOS sialylation and more importantly its role in H. parasuis infection. These findings provide a more profound understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of this disease-causing bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Lu Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Qi Cao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Weiting Mao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Yage Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xinyi Qu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China.,c Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products , Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China , Wuhan , China
| | - Yujin Lv
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China.,d College of Veterinary Medicine , Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China.,c Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products , Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China.,c Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products , Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China.,c Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products , Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China , Wuhan , China
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3
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Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Nothaft H, Davis B, Lock YY, Perez-Munoz ME, Vinogradov E, Walter J, Coros C, Szymanski CM. Engineering the Campylobacter jejuni N-glycan to create an effective chicken vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26511. [PMID: 27221144 PMCID: PMC4879521 DOI: 10.1038/srep26511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a predominant cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Source-attribution studies indicate that chickens are the main reservoir for infection, thus elimination of C. jejuni from poultry would significantly reduce the burden of human disease. We constructed glycoconjugate vaccines combining the conserved C. jejuni N-glycan with a protein carrier, GlycoTag, or fused to the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-core. Vaccination of chickens with the protein-based or E. coli-displayed glycoconjugate showed up to 10-log reduction in C. jejuni colonization and induced N-glycan-specific IgY responses. Moreover, the live E. coli vaccine was cleared prior to C. jejuni challenge and no selection for resistant campylobacter variants was observed. Analyses of the chicken gut communities revealed that the live vaccine did not alter the composition or complexity of the microbiome, thus representing an effective and low-cost strategy to reduce C. jejuni in chickens and its subsequent entry into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria Elisa Perez-Munoz
- Department of Agricultural, Food &Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food &Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Identification and Biochemical Characterization of the Novel α2,3-Sialyltransferase WbwA from Pathogenic Escherichia coli Serotype O104. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3760-8. [PMID: 26391208 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00521-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sialyl-T antigen sialylα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAc is a common O-glycan structure in human glycoproteins and is synthesized by sialyltransferase ST3Gal1. The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O104 has the rare ability to synthesize a sialyl-T antigen mimic. We showed here that the wbwA gene of the E. coli O104 antigen synthesis gene cluster encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase WbwA that transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid acceptor. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of purified WbwA enzyme reaction product indicated that the sialyl-T antigen sialylα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid was synthesized. We showed that the conserved His-Pro (HP) motif and Glu/Asp residues of two EDG motifs in WbwA are important for the activity. The characterization studies showed that WbwA from E. coli O104 is a monofunctional α2,3-sialyltransferase and is distinct from human ST3Gal1 as well as all other known sialyltransferases due to its unique acceptor specificity. This work contributes to knowledge of the biosynthesis of bacterial virulence factors. IMPORTANCE This is the first characterization of a sialyltransferase involved in the synthesis of an O antigen in E. coli. The enzyme contributes to the mimicry of human sialyl-T antigen and has unique substrate specificity but very little sequence identity to other sialyltransferases. Thus, the bacterial sialyltransferase is related to the human counterpart only by the similarity of biochemical activity.
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6
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Brockhausen I. Crossroads between Bacterial and Mammalian Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25368613 PMCID: PMC4202792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases (GT) often synthesize the same glycan linkages as mammalian GT; yet, they usually have very little sequence identity. Nevertheless, enzymatic properties, folding, substrate specificities, and catalytic mechanisms of these enzyme proteins may have significant similarity. Thus, bacterial GT can be utilized for the enzymatic synthesis of both bacterial and mammalian types of complex glycan structures. A comparison is made here between mammalian and bacterial enzymes that synthesize epitopes found in mammalian glycoproteins, and those found in the O antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. These epitopes include Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF or T) antigen, blood group O, A, and B, type 1 and 2 chains, Lewis antigens, sialylated and fucosylated structures, and polysialic acids. Many different approaches can be taken to investigate the substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms of GT, including crystal structure analyses, mutations, comparison of amino acid sequences, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the protein structures and functions helps to design GT for specific glycan synthesis and to develop inhibitors. The goals are to develop new strategies to reduce bacterial virulence and to synthesize vaccines and other biologically active glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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7
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Saeki Y, Ishihara K. Infection-immunity liaison: pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM). Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1064-9. [PMID: 25182200 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity causes pathological conditions resulting in autoimmune diseases (ADs). Although autoimmunity is a mystery, immunological dogma suggests that autoreactive cell reactivation (ACR) breaks self-tolerance and induces autoimmunity. Thus, ACR is a royal pathway for ADs. Cumulative evidence implicates environmental factors as secondary triggers of ADs in the genetically susceptible hosts. Infection is the most likely trigger. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how infectious agents trigger ADs, ACR is assumed to be an essential pathway. Here, by showing some exemplary ADs, we propose two novel pathways, "molecular modification pathway" and "hyper-immune-inflammatory response pathway", which induce AD-like conditions directly by infectious agents without ACR. These AD-like conditions are actually not true "ADs" according to the current definition. Therefore, we define them as "pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM)". Confirming PDAIM will open perspectives in developing novel fundamental and non-immunosuppressive therapies for ADs. The idea should also provide novel insights into both the mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Saeki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Osaka Minami Medical Center, 2-1 Kidohigashi-machi, Kawachinagano City, Osaka 586-8521, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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Wu X, Wu W, Wang Z, Shen D, Pan W, Wang Y, Wu L, Wu X, Feng J, Liu K, Zhu J, Zhang HL. More severe manifestations and poorer short-term prognosis of ganglioside-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome in Northeast China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104074. [PMID: 25084153 PMCID: PMC4118971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside as a neurotrophic drug has been hitherto widely used in China, although Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following intravenous ganglioside treatment was reported in Europe several decades ago. We identified 7 patients who developed GBS after intravenous use of gangliosides (ganglioside+ group) and compared their clinical data with those of 77 non-ganglioside-associated GBS patients (ganglioside− group) in 2013, aiming at gaining the distinct features of ganglioside-associated GBS. Although the mean age, protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and frequency of cranial nerve involvement were similar between the two groups, the Hughes Functional Grading Scale (HFGS) score and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score at nadir significantly differed (4.9±0.4 vs 3.6±1.0; 7.7±5.5 vs 36.9±14.5, both p<0.001), indicating a higher disease severity of ganglioside-associated GBS. A higher ratio of patients with ganglioside-associated GBS required mechanical ventilation (85.7% vs 15.6%, p<0.01). The short-term prognosis of ganglioside-associated GBS, as measured by the HFGS score and the MRC sum score at discharge, was poorer (4.3±0.5 vs 2.8±1.1; 17.3±12.9 vs 46.0±13.9, both p<0.001). All the patients in the ganglioside+ group presented an axonal form of GBS, namely acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). When compared with the AMAN patients in the ganglioside− group, more severe functional deficits at nadir and poorer recovery after standard treatment were still prominent in ganglioside-associated GBS. Anti-GM1 and anti-GT1a antibodies were detectable in patients with AMAN while not in patients with the demyelinating subtype of GBS. The concentrations of these antibodies in patients with AMAN were insignificantly different between the ganglioside+ and ganglioside− groups. In sum, ganglioside-associated GBS may be a devastating side effect of intravenous use of gangliosides, which usually manifests a more severe clinical course and poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Shen
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Limin Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaokun Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Iwata T, Chiku K, Amano KI, Kusumoto M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Ono H, Akiba M. Effects of lipooligosaccharide inner core truncation on bile resistance and chick colonization by Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56900. [PMID: 23437265 PMCID: PMC3577681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterium that causes diarrhea worldwide, and chickens are considered the main reservoir of this pathogen. This study investigated the effects of serial truncation of lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a major component of the outer membrane of C. jejuni, on its bile resistance and intestinal colonization ability in chickens. Genes encoding manno-heptose synthetases or glycosyltransferases were inactivated to generate isogenic mutants. Serial truncation of the LOS core oligosaccharide caused a stepwise increase in susceptibilities of two C. jejuni strains, NCTC 11168 and 81-176, to bile acids. Inactivation of hldE, hldD, or waaC caused severe truncation of the core oligosaccharide, which greatly increased the susceptibility to bile acids. Both wild-type strains grew normally in chicken intestinal extracts, whereas the mutants with severe oligosaccharide truncation were not detected 12 h after inoculation. These mutants attained viable bacterial counts in the bile acid-free extracts 24 h after inoculation. The wild-type strain 11-164 was present in the cecal contents at >10(7) CFU/g on 5 days after challenge infection and after this time period, whereas its hldD mutant was present at <10(3) CFU/g throughout the experimental period. Trans-complementation of the hldD mutant with the wild-type hldD allele completely restored the in vivo colonization level to that of the wild-type strain. Mutants with a shorter LOS had higher hydrophobicities. Thus, the length of the LOS core oligosaccharide affected the surface hydrophobicity and bile resistance of C. jejuni as well as its ability to colonize chicken intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Iwata
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiku
- Analytical Science Division, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Amano
- Bioscience Research Education Center, Akita University, Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ono
- Analytical Science Division, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Koutsilieri E, Lutz MB, Scheller C. Autoimmunity, dendritic cells and relevance for Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:75-81. [PMID: 22699458 PMCID: PMC3535404 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases have become recently a focus of research and discussions. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder without known etiopathogenesis. The past decade has generated evidence for an involvement of the immune system in PD pathogenesis. Both inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms have been recognized and studies have emphasized the role of activated microglia and T-cell infiltration. In this short review, we focus on dendritic cells, on their role in initiation of autoimmune responses, we discuss aspects of neuroinflammation and autoimmunity in PD, and we report new evidence for the involvement of neuromelanin in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koutsilieri
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Dourado ME, Félix RH, da Silva WKA, Queiroz JW, Jeronimo SMB. Clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barré syndrome in a tropical country: a Brazilian experience. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 125:47-53. [PMID: 21428966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical variants, outcomes, and prognosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in a Brazilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and laboratory data of 149 cases of GBS diagnosed from 1994 to 2007 were analyzed. RESULTS Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was the most frequent variant (81.8%) of GBS, followed by acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) (14.7%) and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) (3.3%). The incidence of GBS was 0.3/100,000 for the state of Rio Grande do Norte and cases occurred at a younger age. GBS was preceded by infections, with the axonal variant associated with episodes of diarrheas (P = 0.025). Proximal weakness was more frequent in AIDP, and distal weakness predominant in the axonal variant. Compared to 42.4% of cases with AIDP (P < 0.0001), 84.6% of cases with the axonal variant had nadir in <10 days. Individuals with the axonal variant took longer to recover deambulation (P < 0.0001). The mortality of GBS was 5.3%. CONCLUSION A predominance of the AIDP variant was seen, and the incidence of the disease decreased with age. As expected, the distribution of weakness correlated with the clinical variants, and individuals with the axonal variant had a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Dourado
- Health Post-Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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14
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Lehmann HC, Meyer Zu Horste G, Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated neuropathies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 2:261-81. [PMID: 21179533 DOI: 10.1177/1756285609104792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated neuropathies represent a heterogeneous spectrum of peripheral nerve disorders that can be classified according to time course, predominant involvement of motor/sensory fibers, distribution of deficits and paraclinical parameters such as electrophysiology and serum antibodies. In the last few years, significant advances have been achieved in elucidating underlying pathomechanisms, which made it possible to identify potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the latest development in pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated neuropathies.
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Smyth KA, Fritzler MJ, Kirton A. Acquired infantile abducens palsy associated with anti-GM2 antibodies. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 44:459-62. [PMID: 21555058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies have been associated with acquired neuropathies, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. We describe a case of acute abducens nerve palsy acquired 2 weeks after symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and rash in a 6-month-old. Elevated anti-GM2 ganglioside immunoglobulin M antibodies were detected in the serum. The palsy slowly improved over time, although eventually surgical intervention was required. Elevated anti-GM2 immunoglobulin M antibodies have previously been reported in Guillain-Barré syndrome variants involving sensory and cranial neuropathies, but never in isolated unilateral cranial nerve VI mononeuropathy. Anti-ganglioside antibodies may play a role in the pathogenesis of postinfectious isolated abducens palsy in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Smyth
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kuwabara S, Misawa S. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Clinical subtypes and their correlation with electrophysiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2011.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Weiss PF, Klink AJ, Luan X, Feudtner C. Temporal association of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and parainfluenza pediatric hospitalizations and hospitalized cases of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:2587-94. [PMID: 20843903 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if hospitalizations for specific infectious exposures are associated with hospital admissions for Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data of children admitted to 40 children's hospitals between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2008. We examined the association of standardized rates of group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABS), Staphylococcus aureus, parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospital admissions with standardized rates of HSP hospital admissions on a month by month basis using autoregressive moving average process models to account for temporal autocorrelation and clustering by hospital. RESULTS Among the 3,132 admissions for HSP observed over the 7-year study period, hospital admissions were most frequent September through April, but with substantial variability between hospitals for each month. Accounting for these month by month differences within each hospital, the rate of HSP admissions in a given month increased significantly as the standardized rates of GABS (p = 0.01), S. aureus (p < 0.01), and parainfluenza (p = 0.03) admissions increased. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a local month by month temporal association between hospitalization for GABS, S. aureus, and parainfluenza and hospitalization for HSP. Future investigations will be required to determine causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Monteiro MA, Baqar S, Hall ER, Chen YH, Porter CK, Bentzel DE, Applebee L, Guerry P. Capsule polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against diarrheal disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1128-36. [PMID: 19114545 PMCID: PMC2643618 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01056-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) of Campylobacter jejuni is one of the few identified virulence determinants of this important human pathogen. Since CPS conjugate vaccines have been so effective against other mucosal pathogens, we evaluated this approach using CPSs from two strains of C. jejuni, 81-176 (HS23 and HS36 serotype complex) and CG8486 (HS4 serotype complex). The CPSs of 81-176 and CG8486 were independently linked to the carrier protein CRM(197) by reductive amination between an aldehyde(s), strategically created at the nonreducing end of each CPS, and accessible amines of CRM(197). In both cases, the CPS:CRM(197) ratio used was 2:1 by weight. Mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis showed that on average, each glycoconjugate preparation contained, at least in part, two to five CPSs attached to one CRM(197). When administered subcutaneously to mice, these vaccines elicited robust immune responses and significantly reduced the disease following intranasal challenge with the homologous strains of C. jejuni. The CPS(81-176)-CRM(197) vaccine also provided 100% protection against diarrhea in the New World monkey Aotus nancymaae following orogastric challenge with C. jejuni 81-176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Monteiro
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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19
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20
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Blank M, Barzilai O, Shoenfeld Y. Molecular mimicry and auto-immunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 32:111-8. [PMID: 17426366 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The term "molecular mimicry" was coined by R. Damian in 1964, who was first to suggest that antigenic determinants of micro-organisms may resemble antigenic determinants of their host. Damian suggested that this similarity served as a defense mechanism of a microorganism from the host's immune system and prevented the development of immune response to the micro-organism, thereby protecting it from host defense. Years later, the term "molecular mimicry" was attributed a different meaning-namely, antigenic determinants of microorganisms might elicit an auto-immune response that harms the host. The concept of molecular mimicry is based on a structural similarity between a pathogen or metabolite and self-structures. The similarity could be expressed as shared amino acid sequences (linear or mimotope) or similar conformational structure between a pathogen and self-antigen. "Molecular mimicry" has become a very popular explanation for the frequent association of infection with auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Blank
- The Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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21
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Bernatchez S, Gilbert M, Blanchard MC, Karwaski MF, Li J, Defrees S, Wakarchuk WW. Variants of the β1,3-Galactosyltransferase CgtB from the Bacterium Campylobacter Jejuni have Distinct Acceptor Specificities. Glycobiology 2007; 17:1333-43. [PMID: 17766267 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene clusters encoding the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferases from Campylobacter jejuni have previously been divided in eight classes based on their genetic organization. Here, three variants of the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase CgtB from two classes were purified as fusions with the maltose-binding protein (MalE) from Escherichia coli and their acceptor preference was determined. The acceptor preference of each CgtB variant was directly related to the presence or absence of sialic acid in the acceptor, which correlated with the core oligosaccharide structure in vivo. The three variants were evaluated for their ability to use a derivitized monosaccharide, a GM2 ganglioside mimic, a GA2 ganglioside mimic as well as a peptide containing alpha-linked GalNAc. This characterization shows the flexibility of these galactosyltransferases for diverse acceptors. The CgtB variants were engineered via carboxy-terminal deletions and inversion of the gene fusion order. The combination of a 20 to 30 aa deletion in CgtB followed by MalE at its carboxy terminus significantly improved the glycosyltransferase activity (up to a 51.8-fold increase of activity compared to the full length enzyme) in all cases regardless of the acceptor tested. The improved enzyme CgtB(OH4384)DeltaC-MalE was used to galactosylate a glyco-peptide acceptor based on the interferon alpha2b protein O-linked glycosylation site as confirmed by the CE-MS analysis of the reaction products. This improved enzyme was also used successfully to galactosylate the human therapeutic protein IFNalpha2b[GalNAcalpha]. This constitutes the first report of the in vitro synthesis of the O-linked T-antigen glycan on a human protein by a bacterial glycosyltransferase and illustrates the potential of bacterial glycosyltransferases as tools for in vitro glycosylation of human proteins of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bernatchez
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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22
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Yasukawa Z, Sato C, Kitajima K. Identification of an inflammation-inducible serum protein recognized by anti-disialic acid antibodies as carbonic anhydrase II. J Biochem 2007; 141:429-41. [PMID: 17298961 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvm047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-phase proteins are an important marker of inflammation and sometimes have a role in the general defense response towards tissue injury. In the present study, we identified a 32-kDa protein that was immunoreactive with monoclonal antibody 2-4B (mAb.2-4B), which is specific to di/oligoNeu5Gc structures, and that behaved as an acute-phase protein following stimulation with either turpentine oil or lipopolysaccharides. The 32-kDa protein was identified as carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses of the purified protein. Mouse and human CA-II was immunoreactive and immunoprecipitated with mAb.2-4B, but contained no sialic acid. In addition to mAb.2-4B, the mAb. S2-566 an antibody specific for diNeu5Ac-containing glycans, recognized the CA-II, whereas an anti-oligo/polysialic acid antibody did not. These results indicate that a part of the CA-II protein structure mimics the disialic acid structure recognized by the monoclonal antibodies. This is the first report that CA-II circulates in the serum following inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenta Yasukawa
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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23
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FUNAMOTO M, NIBE K, MOROZUMI M, EDAMURA K, UCHIDA K. Pathological Features of Ganglioradiculitis (Sensory Neuropathy) in Two Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1247-53. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miwako FUNAMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University
| | - Kazumi NIBE
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University
| | | | - Kazuya EDAMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University
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24
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Yu RK, Usuki S, Ariga T. Ganglioside molecular mimicry and its pathological roles in Guillain-Barré syndrome and related diseases. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6517-27. [PMID: 16966405 PMCID: PMC1698092 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00967-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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25
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26
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Matullo CM, Rall GFF. Immunological wrong turns in the face of multiple viral challenges. Future Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.1.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the myriad of ways by which viruses can cause disease, development of new and creative model systems using laboratory mice will be required. Mouse models have been essential tools for the study of viral pathogenesis over the past 50 years, allowing for detailed assessments of viral replication, spread and immune response induction. However, virtually all of these studies were accomplished using a single-challenge approach, in which immunologically naïve adult mice were inoculated with only one pathogen. This approach, while useful for exploring individual pathogen–host interactions, does not parallel the complexity of immune history and potential concurrent immune challenges that occur in humans. This review discusses current progress in viral pathogenesis using the single-challenge approach, followed by an overview of the present understanding of how concurrent immune challenges may influence pathogenesis. It is suggested that the development of more complex mouse models will be a substantial advance, leading to the discovery of previously unappreciated aspects of immune cell recruitment and novel ways by which viruses can, either directly or indirectly, promote illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Matullo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Division of Basic Science, Viral Pathogenesis Program, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111,USA, Thomas Jefferson University, Kimmel Cancer Center,Department of Microbiology and Immunology,233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA
| | - Glenn F F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Division of Basic Science, Viral Pathogenesis Program, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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