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Giavina-Bianchi P, Vivolo Aun M, Giavina-Bianchi M, Ribeiro AJ, Camara Agondi R, Motta AA, Kalil J. Hereditary angioedema classification: Expanding knowledge by genotyping and endotyping. World Allergy Organ J 2024; 17:100906. [PMID: 38818086 PMCID: PMC11137532 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2024.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) encompasses a group of diseases characterized by recurrent, genetically mediated angioedema associated with increased vascular permeability primarily due to bradykinin. The disease poses diagnostic challenges, leading to underdiagnosis and delayed therapy. Severe manifestations include laryngeal and intestinal angioedema, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. If left undiagnosed, the estimated mortality rate of the disease ranges from 25% to 40% due to asphyxiation caused by laryngeal angioedema. There is a pressing need to enhance awareness of hereditary angioedema and its warning signs. The acronym "H4AE" may facilitate the memorization of these signs. This study comprehensively reviews clinical, laboratory, and physiopathological features of documented HAE subtypes. The study advocates for an improved HAE classification based on endotypes, building on the knowledge of angioedema pathophysiology. The proposed endotype classification of HAE offers a clear and applicable framework, encouraging advancements in disease understanding and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vivolo Aun
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
| | - Mara Giavina-Bianchi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Ribeiro
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camara Agondi
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Antônio Abílio Motta
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
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Aksakal S. Isolated angioedema due to face mask and other cases of isolated angioedema. Postgrad Med J 2023; 99:1167-1172. [PMID: 37474797 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Isolated angioedema can be divided into two groups as mast cell-mediated angioedema and bradykinin-mediated angioedema according to the known mechanisms of occurrence. However, angioedema can also occur with mechanisms whose cause is unknown. Treatment varies according to the mechanism of angioedema formation. In this prospective study, we present the causes of 80 isolated angioedema cases admitted to our clinic during the pandemic period. We would like to emphasize the causes that we found in our cases but which are rare in the literature. For example: angioedema due to allergy to nickel in the mask used during the pandemic period, T cell-mediated angioedema, alpha adrenergic receptor blocker use, and patients diagnosed with collagen tissue disease presenting with angioedema as the first clinical finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengul Aksakal
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, 55090, Turkey
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Wilkerson RG, Winters ME. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:513-532. [PMID: 37394257 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Angioedema is a well-recognized and potentially lethal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy. In ACEi-induced angioedema, bradykinin accumulates due to a decrease in its metabolism by ACE, the enzyme that is primarily responsible for this function. The action of bradykinin at bradykinin type 2 receptors leads to increased vascular permeability and the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous and submucosal space. Patients with ACEi-induced angioedema are at risk for airway compromise because of the tendency for the face, lips, tongue, and airway structures to be affected. The emergency physician should focus on airway evaluation and management when treating patients with ACEi-induced angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gentry Wilkerson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Michael E Winters
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. https://twitter.com/critcareguys
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Abstract
Angioedema is a well-recognized and potentially lethal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) therapy. In ACEi-induced angioedema, bradykinin accumulates due to a decrease in its metabolism by ACE, the enzyme that is primarily responsible for this function. The action of bradykinin at bradykinin type 2 receptors leads to increased vascular permeability and the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous and submucosal space. Patients with ACEi-induced angioedema are at risk for airway compromise because of the tendency for the face, lips, tongue, and airway structures to be affected. The emergency physician should focus on airway evaluation and management when treating patients with ACEi-induced angioedema.
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Managing Chronic Urticaria and Recurrent Angioedema Differently with Advancing Age. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2186-2194. [PMID: 33819638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angioedema and urticaria affect people of all ages. Accurate diagnosis and optimum management is essential for healthy aging. Older people continue to experience mast cell-mediated urticaria and angioedema, with a higher prevalence of autoimmune and a lower prevalence of autoallergic disease. Bradykinin-mediated angioedemas are more common in the elderly because of their association with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment. Acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency, another bradykinin-mediated angioedema, occurs predominantly in older people, whereas hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency continues to cause symptoms, even in old age. Drug-induced angioedemas disproportionately affect older people, the most frequent users of ACEIs, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Second-generation antihistamines with omalizumab if required are effective and well tolerated in older people with mast cell-mediated urticaria. For bradykinin-mediated angioedemas, these drugs are ineffective. C1-inhibitor replacement or blockade of kallikrein or the bradykinin B2 receptor of the contact pathway is required to treat hereditary angioedema and may be considered in other bradykinin-mediated angioedemas, if supportive treatment is insufficient. For aspirin-related angioedema and urticaria, alternative medications or, exceptionally, desensitization may be required.
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Bakhriansyah M, Meyboom RHB, Souverein PC, de Boer A, Klungel OH. Cyclo-oxygenase selectivity and chemical groups of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the frequency of reporting hypersensitivity reactions: a case/noncase study in VigiBase. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 33:589-600. [PMID: 30860620 PMCID: PMC6850345 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, no reports of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) according to cyclo-oxygenase (COX) selectivity and chemical groups have been published in a single study. The present study assessed the reporting frequency of HSRs for NSAIDs based on their relative inhibitory potency toward COX enzymes and chemical groups, including the presence/absence of a functional sulfonamide group, in strata observed 5 years after market authorization. A case/noncase study was performed among individual case safety reports (ICSRs) with NSAIDs as suspected drugs in VigiBase, the WHO spontaneous reporting database. Cases were ICSRs mentioning angioedema and anaphylactic/anaphylactoid shock conditions, while noncases were ICSRs without HSRs. NSAIDs were categorized into (i) NSAIDs with high COX-2 selectivity (coxibs), (ii) noncoxib NSAIDs with COX-2 preference, (iii) NSAIDs with poor selectivity, or (iv) NSAIDs with unknown selectivity. Chemical groups were defined based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system and the presence/absence of a functional sulfonamide group. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. We identified 13 229 cases and 106 444 noncases. In the first 5 years after marketing, poor-selectivity NSAIDs and acetic acid derivatives were associated with the highest ROR of HSRs (age- and sex-adjusted ROR 2.12, 95% CI 1.98-2.28; and ROR 2.21, 95% CI 1.83-2.66, respectively) compared with coxibs, and sulfonamide NSAIDs were associated with the highest ROR of HSRs compared with nonsulfonamide NSAIDs (age- and sex-adjusted ROR 1.38, 95% CI 1.29-1.47). After the first 5 years of marketing, most of the RORs returned to approximately 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bakhriansyah
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jalan Veteran No. 128, 70232 Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Ronald H B Meyboom
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review addresses the epidemiology, analyzes the current data and promotes global awareness of drug-induced anaphylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that may cause death! In the last decade, studies have shown an increasing incidence and prevalence of anaphylaxis. SUMMARY Drug-induced anaphylaxis fatalities have increased, and this syndrome remains underdiagnosed and undertreated.
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Stone C, Brown NJ. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Other Drug-associated Angioedema. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 37:483-495. [PMID: 28687104 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, β-lactam antibiotics, non-β lactam antibiotics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the most common classes of drugs that cause angioedema. Drug-induced angioedema is known to occur via mechanisms mediated by histamine, bradykinin, or leukotriene, and an understanding of these mechanisms is crucial in guiding therapeutic decisions. Nonallergic angioedema occurs in patients with genetic variants that affect metabolism or synthesis of bradykinin, substance P, prostaglandins, or leukotrienes, or when patients are taking drugs that have synergistic mechanisms. The mainstay in treatment of nonallergic drug-induced angioedema is cessation of the offending agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosby Stone
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South T-1218, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
| | - Nancy J Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South D-3100, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Giavina-Bianchi P, Arruda LK, Aun MV, Campos RA, Chong-Neto HJ, Constantino-Silva RN, Fernandes FR, Ferraro MF, Ferriani MP, França AT, Fusaro G, Garcia JF, Komninakis S, Maia LS, Mansour E, Moreno AS, Motta AA, Pesquero JB, Portilho N, Rosário NA, Serpa FS, Solé D, Takejima P, Toledo E, Valle SO, Veronez CL, Grumach AS. Brazilian Guidelines for Hereditary Angioedema Management - 2017 Update Part 1: Definition, Classification and Diagnosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e310. [PMID: 29723342 PMCID: PMC5910635 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent angioedema attacks with the involvement of multiple organs. The disease is unknown to many health professionals and is therefore underdiagnosed. Patients who are not adequately diagnosed and treated have an estimated mortality rate ranging from 25% to 40% due to asphyxiation by laryngeal angioedema. Intestinal angioedema is another important and incapacitating presentation that may be the main or only manifestation during an attack. In this article, a group of experts from the "Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI)" and the "Grupo de Estudos Brasileiro em Angioedema Hereditário (GEBRAEH)" has updated the Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Luisa Karla Arruda
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BR
| | - Marcelo V. Aun
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Regis A. Campos
- Departamento de Medicina Interna e Suporte Diagnostico, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA, BR
| | | | | | - Fátima R. Fernandes
- Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual Francisco Morato Oliveira, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Maria F. Ferraro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BR
| | - Mariana P.L. Ferriani
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BR
| | - Alfeu T. França
- Divisao de Imunologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Gustavo Fusaro
- Departamento de Pediatria, Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, MG, BR
| | - Juliana F.B. Garcia
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Luana S.M. Maia
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BR
| | - Eli Mansour
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BR
| | - Adriana S. Moreno
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, BR
| | - Antonio A. Motta
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - João B. Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Nathalia Portilho
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Nelson A. Rosário
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
| | - Faradiba S. Serpa
- Escola Superior de Ciencias da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Vitoria, Vitoria, ES, BR
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Divisao de Alergia, Imunologia e Reumatologia Clinica, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Priscila Takejima
- Divisao de Imunologia Clinica e Alergia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Eliana Toledo
- Divisao de Alergia e Imunologia Clinica, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, BR
| | - Solange O.R. Valle
- Divisao de Imunologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Camila L. Veronez
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Anete S. Grumach
- Imunologia Clinica, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
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Abstract
Drugs are among the main triggers of anaphylaxis, but identification of the culprit drug is frequently difficult. To confirm diagnosis of the causative agent, medical records and clinical history are fundamental. There are a few in vitro tests available in clinical practice, such as serum-specific IgE and basophil activation test. Skin tests are often useful for the diagnosis, although drug challenge is indicated in patients with inconclusive clinical history or to provide safe alternatives. Treatment of anaphylaxis is standard and intramuscular epinephrine is the main agent to prevent morbidity and mortality. Rapid desensitization may be indicated in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vivolo Aun
- Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 155, 8th Floor, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Bloco 03, 05403-900, Sao Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 155, 8th Floor, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Bloco 03, 05403-900, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Pedro Giavina-Bianchi
- Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 155, 8th Floor, Prédio dos Ambulatórios, Bloco 03, 05403-900, Sao Paulo, Brasil
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