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Arikoglu T, Tokmeci N, Demirhan A, Ozhan AK, Yalaki Aİ, Akbey V, Kuyucu S. Diagnostic evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to arylpropionic acid derivatives: a descriptive observational study focusing on clinical characteristics and potential risk factors in children. Int J Clin Pharm 2024:10.1007/s11096-024-01756-4. [PMID: 38861048 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arylpropionic acid derivatives (APs) are the main triggers of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity. Data on clinical patterns and risk factors for AP hypersensitivity in children are quite limited. AIM To assess the clinical characteristics and potential risk factors for proven AP hypersensitivity in children. METHOD Patients with a history of AP hypersensitivity were retrospectively assessed using a standardized diagnostic algorithm. Children with confirmed hypersensitivity were defined as selective responders or cross-intolerants based on the result of drug provocation tests and further categorized according to the EAACI/ENDA classification. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the potential risk factors for proven AP hypersensitivity. RESULTS A total of 166 patients (51.2% male, median age of six years) with a history of AP hypersensitivity were included. Ibuprofen (89.2%) was the most frequently reported AP in the patients' histories. The reported hypersensitivity of 40 (22.4%) patients was confirmed by diagnostic testing: eight (13.6%) patients with a history of reaction only to APs and 32 (29.9%) patients with a history of reactions to multiple NSAIDs, including chemically unrelated NSAIDs in addition to APs. Five (12.5%) patients were classified as selective responders and 35 (87.5%) were cross-intolerants. Overall, five (12.5%) of the confirmed cases could not be categorized according to the EAACI/ENDA classification. Older age (aOR: 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21, p = 0.015), chronic urticaria as an underlying disease (aOR: 2.87, 95% CI 1.09-7.54, p = 0.033) and a history of anaphylaxis (aOR: 7.84, 95% CI 1.86-33.04, p = 0.005) were related to confirmed AP hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION Almost a quarter of children and adolescents were confirmed to have AP hypersensitivity. Older age, the presence of chronic urticaria and a history of anaphylaxis were potential risk factors for proven AP hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Arikoglu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Nazan Tokmeci
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Adıyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ali Demirhan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Aylin Kont Ozhan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Aysu İlhan Yalaki
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Veysi Akbey
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Semanur Kuyucu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Kampüsü, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
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Çerçi P, Kendirlinan R, Büyüköztürk S, Gelincik A, Ünal D, Demir S, Erkekol FÖ, Karakaya G, Dursun AB, Çelikel S, Ediger D, Abadoglu O, Bavbek S. Hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in adults: Beyond current classification. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:84-92. [PMID: 37695234 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i5.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a significant clinical issue. Several classifications have been proposed to categorize these reactions, including the current European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology/European Network for Drug Allergy (EAACI/ENDA) classification. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of this classification in a real-world clinical setting. METHODS We conducted a national multicenter study involving patients from nine hospitals in four major urban centers in Turkey. All patients had a suggestive clinical history of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs. Researchers collected data using a structured form and classified reactions based on the EAACI/ENDA classification. Oral provocation tests with several NSAIDs were performed using a single-blind challenge per EAACI/ENDA guidelines. RESULTS Our retrospective study included 966 adult patients with a history of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs. The most common triggers were Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA), paracetamol, and metamizole. The most prevalent acute NSAID hypersensitivity group was NSAID-induced urticaria/angioedema (NIUA) (34.3%). However, 17.3% of patients did not fit neatly into the current EAACI/ENDA classification. Notably, patients with underlying asthma or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis exhibited unusual reactions, such as urticaria and/or angioedema induced by multiple chemical groups of NSAIDs, blended mixed reactions, and isolated periorbital angioedema in response to multiple chemical groups of NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS While the EAACI/ENDA classification system stratifies NSAID-induced hypersensitivity reactions into five distinct endotypes or phenotypes, it may not fully capture the diversity of these reactions. Our findings suggest a need for further research to refine this classification system and better accommodate patients with atypical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamir Çerçi
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara University, Türkiye
| | - Reşat Kendirlinan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara University, Türkiye
| | - Suna Büyüköztürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aslı Gelincik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Derya Ünal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Semra Demir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ferda Öner Erkekol
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ataturk Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gül Karakaya
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Adile Berna Dursun
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Serhat Çelikel
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Acibadem Healthcare Group, Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dane Ediger
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Bursa, Bursa Uludag University, Türkiye
| | | | - Sevim Bavbek
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara University, Türkiye;
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Villarreal-González RV, Canel-Paredes A, Arias-Cruz A, Fraga-Olvera A, Delgado-Bañuelos A, Rico-Solís GA, Ochoa-García IV, Jiménez-Sandoval JO, Ramírez-Heredia J, Flores-González JV, Cortés-Grimaldo RM, Zecua-Nájera Y, Ortega-Cisneros M. [Drug allergy: Fundamental aspects in diagnosis and treatment.]. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2023; 69:195-213. [PMID: 37218047 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v69i4.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Any substance used as a treatment for any disease can produce harmful or unpleasant events called adverse drug reactions (ADRs). They are due to inherent biological effects of the drug and are caused by immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To describe the immunological mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to drugs, their epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. METHODS A review of the most current literature in English and Spanish was carried out, in the main databases, related to the HSR of various drug groups. RESULTS This study describes the terms used to define ADRs and HSRs, their classification and clinical manifestations, current diagnostic tools, treatment algorithms and prognosis of the most frequently used medications and with the highest prevalence of reported adverse events. CONCLUSION ADRs are a challenging entity, with a complex pathophysiology that has not been fully understood. Its approach requires a careful consideration since not all drugs have validated tests for their diagnosis nor a specific treatment. When indicating the use of any drug, the severity of the disease, the availability of other treatments and the potential risks of developing future adverse events should always be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalaura Virginia Villarreal-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alejandra Canel-Paredes
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alfredo Arias-Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alira Fraga-Olvera
- Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México; Hospital Amerimed, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Angélica Delgado-Bañuelos
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital General Regional 58, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Itzel Vianey Ochoa-García
- Departamento de Inmunología clínica y Alergia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Jalisco, México
| | - Jaime Omar Jiménez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México; Hospital Regional Río Blanco, SESVER, Veracruz, México
| | - Jennifer Ramírez-Heredia
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México; Hospital MAC, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Rosa María Cortés-Grimaldo
- Departamento de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Jalisco, México
| | - Yahvéh Zecua-Nájera
- Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México; Centro Médico San Carlos, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Margarita Ortega-Cisneros
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Alergia, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.
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Minaldi E, Cahill K. Recent Updates in Understanding NSAID Hypersensitivity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:181-188. [PMID: 36757490 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a review of available literature regarding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity with an emphasis on more recent findings. RECENT FINDINGS Oral provocation tests with aspirin are important for diagnosis and management in adult and pediatric populations with reported NSAID hypersensitivity. Risk of cross-reactivity to COX-2 inhibitors varies by NSAID hypersensitivity phenotype. COX-2 inhibitors are tolerated in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Reported NSAID allergy is associated with a higher risk of a substance use disorder. Effective treatment of underlying chronic spontaneous urticaria can allow tolerance of NSAIDs in NSAID-exacerbated cutaneous disease. The pathophysiology, cross-reactivity, and appropriate diagnostic evaluation differ between the 5 distinct NSAID hypersensitivity phenotypes. Further research into the pathophysiology of NSAID hypersensitivity in patients with and without underlying disease is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Minaldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine Cahill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
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Siña MJ, Valdés F, Zelada Ú, Tagle MT, Campillay R, Sandoval D, Herrera P, Bastías C. Aspirin desensitization in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory exacerbated respiratory disease: The first prospective cohort in Chile. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:951323. [PMID: 36816475 PMCID: PMC9929946 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.951323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is characterized by the Samter triad: chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, asthma, and nonallergic hypersensitivity to NSAIDs. Its diagnosis is based on a complete clinical history and an aspirin (ASA) challenge test. Medical treatments include biological drugs and ASA desensitization. Objective This study aims to evaluate the clinical response of patients with N-ERD undergoing functional endoscopic surgery (FES), followed by ASA desensitization and maintenance treatment, being the first prospective cohort study carried out in Chile. Methods We conducted 1-year follow-up of 12 patients with N-ERD treated with FES, desensitization, and maintenance with ASA. For each control, the medication score, sinonasal symptomatology (SNOT-22), PEF (peak expiratory flow), nasal polyposis (Lildholdt score), and the appearance of adverse effects were recorded. Computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal cavities was performed at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up to calculate the Lund-Mackay score. Results Patients presented a reduction of SNOT-22 after the FES, which was maintained at 12 months (p = 0.002); the symptoms that showed the greatest reduction were feeling embarrassed and nasal obstruction. The Lildholdt score was also significantly reduced (p = 0.001); in only three patients, the nasal polyps recurred, and all were small. The PEF showed a slight nonsignificant increase of 3.3%. In total, 75% of patients had an adverse effect, the most frequent being abdominal pain (66.7%), but none of the 12 patients required discontinuation of aspirin treatment in 1-year follow-up. The Lund-Mackay score had a significant reduction of 6.6 points (p < 0.001). Conclusion ASA desensitization is safe and effective in reducing upper and lower respiratory symptoms in patients with N-ERD and delays the reappearance of nasal polyps, although it is not exempt from adverse effects, with the vast majority being mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Josefina Siña
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Valdés
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology Section, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile,Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Correspondence: Felipe Valdés
| | - Úrsula Zelada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Tagle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology Section, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Campillay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology Section, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Herrera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology Section, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Bastías
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology Section, Barros Luco Trudeau Healthcare Complex, Santiago, Chile,Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhuang P, Xie L, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Liu H, Bi C, Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang Y. Inhibition of desmoglein-1 by aspirin leads to synthetic lethality of keratinocytes in Shuanghuanglian-induced cutaneous eruption response. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:145-154. [PMID: 34126182 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous eruptions caused by the combination of Chinese and Western medicine have attracted widespread attention; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential mechanism of cutaneous eruptions in vivo and in vitro using the combination of Shuanghuanglian injection powder (SHL) and aspirin (ASA) as an example. ASA and SHL co-administration induced inflammatory responses in HaCat cells, as evidenced by marked increases in the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α, and the level of apoptosis. Additionally, histopathological investigation of mice skin tissues showed local inflammatory cell infiltration. Western boltting was used to detect the effects of ASA on desmoglein-1 (DSG1) expression; we found that DSG1 expression was down-regulated in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the key components of SHL were administered to HaCat cells with down-regulated DSG1; it was seen that neochlorogenic acid and rutin have a significant effect on HaCat cell apoptosis. These results demonstrate that DSG1 deficiency is a potential cause of cutaneous eruptions caused by the combination of SHL and ASA, and neochlorogenic acid and rutin are the main allergenic components. This study provides a new research strategy for the safety evaluation of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Chenghao Bi
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yubo Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Trinh HKT, Pham LD, Le KM, Park HS. Pharmacogenomics of Hypersensitivity to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Front Genet 2021; 12:647257. [PMID: 34249079 PMCID: PMC8269449 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.647257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively prescribed in daily clinical practice. NSAIDs are the main cause of drug hypersensitivity reactions all over the world. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes by NSAIDs can perpetuate arachidonic acid metabolism, shunting to the 5-lipoxygenase pathway and its downstream inflammatory process. Clinical phenotypes of NSAID hypersensitivity are diverse and can be classified into cross-reactive or selective responses. Efforts have been made to understand pathogenic mechanisms, in which, genetic and epigenetic backgrounds are implicated in various processes of NSAID-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Although there were some similarities among patients, several genetic polymorphisms are distinct in those exhibiting respiratory or cutaneous symptoms. Moreover, the expression levels, as well as the methylation status of genes related to immune responses were demonstrated to be involved in NSAID-induced hypersensitivity reactions. There is still a lack of data on delayed type reactions. Further studies with a larger sample size, which integrate different genetic pathways, can help overcome current limitations of gen etic/epigenetic studies, and provide valuable information on NSAID hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Duy Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kieu Minh Le
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
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Hur GY, Park HS. Clinical Characteristics of NSAID-induced Blended Reaction. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:171-172. [PMID: 33474853 PMCID: PMC7840881 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Young Hur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Editorial: Advances in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19:263-265. [PMID: 31169595 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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