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Vasthare R, Lim Y R A, Bagga A, Nayak PP, Bhat B, S S. The phenomenological approach in dentistry - a narrative review. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2341450. [PMID: 38634343 PMCID: PMC11028029 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2341450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenomenology is a branch of philosophy that focuses on human lived experience. Illness including dental diseases can affect this living experience. Within the dental literature, there is very little reported on the use of phenomenology compared to other healthcare sciences. Hence, the aim was to review the literature and provide an overview of various applications of phenomenology in dental research. METHODS This study was a narrative review using literature in the last 10 years identified by web-based search on PubMed and Scopus using keywords. A total of 33 articles that were closely related to the field and application in dentistry were included. The methodology, main results, and future research recommendations, if applicable, were extracted and reviewed. RESULTS The authors in this study had identified several areas such as orofacial pain and pain control research, dental anxiety, dental education, oral healthcare perceptions and access, living with dental diseases and dental treatment experience in which the phenomenological method was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the topic. CONCLUSIONS There are several advantages of using the phenomenological research method, such as the small sample size needed, the diverse and unique perspective that can be obtained and the ability to improve current understanding, especially from the first-person perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasad Vasthare
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Arron Lim Y R
- Department of Orthodontics, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Aayushi Bagga
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prajna P. Nayak
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bhargav Bhat
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sahana S
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Alexandraki I, Kern A, Beck Dallaghan GL, Baker R, Seegmiller J. Motivators and barriers for rural community preceptors in teaching: A qualitative study. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:737-749. [PMID: 38031383 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing challenges in recruiting and retaining community-based teaching physicians (e.g., community preceptors) call for a better understanding of motivators and barriers community preceptors perceive in their teaching role. Given the importance of medical school partnerships with community-based sites for student training, it is essential to understand the perspectives of community preceptors as teaching physicians in a context away from the medical school, such as rural, and the factors affecting their career choice to engage in teaching while practising medicine. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with rural community preceptors and used open coding to conceptualise data and axial coding to connect codes into categories. We used the socio-cognitive career theory framework to organise categories into themes. RESULTS Eleven rural community preceptors from two medical schools participated. Specialties included family medicine, internal medicine and paediatrics; clinical practice and teaching experience ranged from 3-36 and 2-29 years, respectively. Readiness for teaching ('self-efficacy') was pivotal in community preceptors' decision to teach and derived largely from vicarious learning from teaching attendings in medical school or residency; social persuasion and encouragement from clinical partners; and their accomplishments as practising physicians. However, limited faculty development, incomplete knowledge of expectations, disengagement from the medical school and lack of current mentors hindered their self-confidence. Teaching fulfilled their aspirations ('outcome expectations') to give back to the profession, but they felt undervalued and disconnected from other clinician educators. Teaching increased job satisfaction, but clinical workload, and financial impact impeded their goals for achieving excellence ('performance'). CONCLUSIONS Self-efficacy was a pivotal motivator in rural community preceptors' decision to teach. Role models from early training inspired them to teach. Internal awards sustained teaching efforts. Future research should explore structural barriers influencing rural community preceptors' teaching experiences to better support their career choice to become medical educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alexandraki
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne Kern
- University of Idaho, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA
| | | | - Russell Baker
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jeffrey Seegmiller
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Hirsh DA, Crampton PES, Osman NY. Applying self-determination theory to stem medical schools' clinical teacher sustainability crisis. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:118-128. [PMID: 37593835 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
THE PROBLEM Medical schools require highly skilled and committed clinical faculty to teach, assess, supervise and mentor students' clinical care. Medical education is facing a crisis in recruiting and sustaining these clinical teachers. Faced with multiple demands and responsibilities in fast-paced clinical environments, teachers may not have the time, resources or stamina to sustain these critical roles. Medical school leaders must commit to and provide structures and processes to attract, sustain and retain clinical teachers. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The authors use the lens of self-determination theory to frame approaches to support teacher sustainability. Self-determination theory describes sources of human motivation. The theory and its evidence base characterise three human psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This theory can bridge individual psychological and institutional leadership perspectives to help medical school leaders anticipate and respond to their clinical teachers' needs. The authors propose three practical steps: practices to advance employee-centredness, processes to align individual and institutional values, and restructuring education to support clinical teachers' needs alongside student and patient needs. The authors describe limitations to this relational approach that focuses on leadership actions and consider individual agency as another key factor for sustainability. DISCUSSION Medical school leaders can develop and apply theory-driven approaches to advance sustainability. Sustainability now and in the future requires careful attention to the needs of clinical teachers and to their relationships with and within medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hirsh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul E S Crampton
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nora Y Osman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Beck Dallaghan GL, Lin X, Melvin JK, Golding J, Steiner B, Kulkarni V. Maximizing clinical rotation placements for US medical students: exploring an optimization model. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2022; 27:2024488. [PMID: 34986760 PMCID: PMC8741226 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2021.2024488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For years, US medical schools have relied on community-based, private clinicians to educate medical students. There has been a steady decline in the number of physicians willing to take on medical students in their clinical practices. Recent issues related to the pandemic raise questions about how many patients students should see to have a meaningful clinical experience. METHODS As part of a 16-week longitudinal clinical experience, medical students spend 2 days each week in a family medicine or internal medicine clinic. As repetition enhances learning, maximizing the number of patients students see is important. Using a mixed integer linear program, we sought to determine the optimal schedule that maximizes the number of patients whom students see during a rotation. Patient visits were collected from January to April 2018 for clinics used by the medical school. By maximizing the minimum number of patients per learner over all non-empty day-clinic combinations, we deliver equitable rotation plans based on our assumptions. RESULTS For this pilot study, multiple experiments were performed with different numbers of students assigned to clinics. Each experiment also generated a weekly rotation plan for a given student. Based on this optimization model, the minimum number of patients per student over 16 weeks was 87 (3 patients per day) and actually increased the number of students who could be assigned to one of the clinics from 1 student per rotation to 8 students. CONCLUSIONS The mixed integer linear program assigned more students to clinics that have more total visits in order to achieve the optimal and fairest learning quality. In addition, by conducting various experiments on different numbers of students, we observed that we were able to allocate more students without affecting the number of patients students see.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Lin
- Operations and Decision Technologies, The University of California-Irvine Paul Merage School of Business, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Kyle Melvin
- The Department of Family and Community Medicine, UNC Primary Care, Siler City, NC, USA
| | - Julie Golding
- Academic Affairs for Application Phase, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beat Steiner
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vidyadhar Kulkarni
- Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Shagrin BS, Gheihman G, Sullivan AM, Li H, Hirsh DA. Faculty perspectives on facilitating medical students' longitudinal learning: A mixed-methods study. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 56:1002-1016. [PMID: 35599241 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical students' longitudinal care of patients supports clinical learning and promotes patient-centredness. The literature presents little empirically derived guidance for faculty to facilitate students' longitudinal learning and care. Informed by the conceptual framework of relational learning, this study investigated faculty perspectives about longitudinal teaching, their strategies for facilitating students' longitudinal learning and perceived barriers and enablers. METHODS Using a convergent mixed-methods approach at a single academic medical centre, the authors conducted a survey and two focus groups in 2018-2019 with faculty members teaching in three longitudinal clinical courses. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Qualitative content analysis described deductive categories and identified inductive themes. RESULTS Forty-three eligible faculty (69%) completed the survey. Ninety-one percent (n = 39) reported that teaching in a longitudinal model enhanced their experience as preceptors. Faculty described activities students performed to provide longitudinal care: spending time with patients independently (n = 38, 88%), making follow-up phone calls (n = 35; 81%) and participating in home- and community-based visits (n = 20, 47%), among others. Twelve faculty participated in two focus groups. Deductive analysis characterised strategies for facilitating students' longitudinal learning and barriers and enablers. Strategies included "encouraging students to follow patients," "faculty adaptability," "offering guidance and setting expectations," and "careful patient selection." Barriers included scheduling limitations, and enablers included student initiative. Inductive analysis identified two themes: faculty goals for students and faculty benefits from teaching. Goals included meaningful engagement with patients and their illness over time. Benefits from teaching included personal gratification, mentorship, and holistic student assessment. DISCUSSION Our survey and focus group findings demonstrated positive faculty attitudes and experiences, characterised faculty goals and approaches, and identified elements of the educational context that hindered or facilitated longitudinal teaching and learning. This study's faculty perspectives build upon prior investigations of students' and patients' perspectives, offer teaching strategies, and may guide faculty development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Shagrin
- Cambridge Integrated Clerkship, Harvard Medical School/Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galina Gheihman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy M Sullivan
- Shapiro Institute for Education and Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Honghe Li
- Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - David A Hirsh
- Cambridge Integrated Clerkship, Harvard Medical School/Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hutchins AM, Winham DM, Fellows JP, Heer MM. Training interns in nutrition and dietetics: a cross-sectional study of the barriers and motivators to being a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist preceptor. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:277. [PMID: 33992103 PMCID: PMC8126131 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As is common across the health professions, training of Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) requires experiential learning for interns/students to gain skills and demonstrate entry-level competency. Preceptors are essential to the experiential learning component of health care professional training, providing supervision and mentoring as students and interns gain the skills required for entry-level practice competency. Over the past 27 years, 47-73% of applicants to dietetic internships have received a placement. Practitioners willing to volunteer as preceptors are needed to generate more internship or experiential learning opportunities for the profession to continue to meet workforce demands. METHODS The objective of this national-level online cross-sectional survey was to identify perceptions and attitudes associated with the preceptor role and incentives that might encourage precepting by current RDNs. A random sample of RDN and Nutrition and Dietetic Technicians, Registered (NDTR) professionals from the Commission on Dietetic Registration credentialed practitioner database were eligible to participate in the online survey. The main outcome measures included perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives to precept compared by preceptor experience categories (current, former, never precepted). Comparisons of perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives were made between preceptor experience categories using Chi-square and ANOVA. RESULTS Of 2464 invitations, 308 participants had complete variables for analysis. Top incentives were the opportunity to earn continuing education units (65.9%) and having expenses paid to attend a national conference (49.5%). Significantly more (P < 0.001) "former" and "never" preceptors reported the ability to choose when to take an intern, training on how to teach and communicate with interns, and access to an "on-call" specialist as incentives compared to "current" preceptors. Significantly more (P < 0.01) "never" preceptors reported training on internship expectations and the ability to provide input on intern selection process as incentives compared to "current" or "former" preceptors. CONCLUSIONS Incentives to serve as a preceptor differ based on "current", "former", or "never" precepted status. Promoting and strategizing solutions to the current imbalance between the greater number of dietetic internship applicants compared to preceptors should be targeted based on preceptor status to retain current preceptors, encourage former preceptors to return and recruit professionals who have never served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Hutchins
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
| | - Donna M. Winham
- Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 2302 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1078 USA
| | - Jinette P. Fellows
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
- Present Address: Clinical Dietitian, Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo, 1600 W. 24th Street, Pueblo, CO 81003 USA
| | - Michelle M. Heer
- Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 2302 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1078 USA
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Melvin JK, Story Byerley J, Steiner MJ, Steiner B, Dallaghan GLB. Balancing clinical capacity with learner numbers. CLINICAL TEACHER 2019; 17:13-21. [DOI: 10.1111/tct.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kyle Melvin
- Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Julie Story Byerley
- Pediatrics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Medical Student EducationUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Michael J Steiner
- Pediatrics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Beat Steiner
- Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Medical Student EducationUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Gary L Beck Dallaghan
- Educational ScholarshipUniversity of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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