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Bennett-Weston A, Gay S, Anderson ES. Reflecting on the Spectrum of Involvement: How do we involve patients as partners in education? MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024. [PMID: 39105273 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Spectrum of Involvement describes six levels of active patient involvement in healthcare education. Only at the highest levels are patients described as 'equal partners'. Although this framework was never intended to be hierarchical, healthcare educators continue to strive towards aspirations for involving patients as 'equal partners' in education. However, we do not know what these partnerships mean for all stakeholders and how they can be achieved in practice. This study explores key stakeholders' understandings and experiences of patient partnerships in healthcare education. METHODS A qualitative case study design was adopted, underpinned by a social constructivist philosophical stance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients (n = 10) and educators (n = 10) from across a Medical School and a Healthcare School. Five focus groups were held with penultimate year students (n = 20) from across the two Schools. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes were generated: (i) equal partnerships are neither feasible nor desirable; (ii) partnership is about being and feeling valued; and (iii) valuing patients as partners. Patients did not always desire the highest levels of involvement, as 'equal partners' in education. All stakeholders agreed that partnership need not be synonymous with equality. Instead, they contended that true partnerships were about valuing patients for their contributions at any level of involvement. Remuneration, student feedback, training and providing institutional access were viewed as important methods of valuing patients as partners. CONCLUSION Patients, educators and students questioned the notion that patient partnerships are only achievable at the highest levels of involvement. Critical application of the Spectrum of Involvement in future research and education is encouraged. This study addresses a gap in the literature, providing tangible approaches to valuing patients as partners that are endorsed by all stakeholders. We propose a model for achieving valued patient partnerships in educational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Bennett-Weston
- Stoneygate Centre for Empathic Healthcare, Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Simon Gay
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Anderson
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, Leicester, UK
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Yaros J, de Mortier C, Oude Egbrink M, Evers S, Paulus A. Cost identification in health professions education: A scoping review. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:920-929. [PMID: 38700082 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resource scarcity in health professions education (HPE) demands rigorous consideration of costs. Yet, thus far, we have been unable to completely and consistently identify the costs of HPE. To address this knowledge gap and enable use of economic evidence in decision making, a detailed overview of all existing costs and approaches to cost identification in HPE is needed. OBJECTIVES This review summarises the diversity of costs, cost perspectives and cost identification methods used in economic research of HPE to answer the following questions: which educational topics, costs, cost perspectives and cost identification methods are being investigated in HPE literature? METHODS This investigation followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews. PubMed, ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO were iteratively searched for English language publications between 2012 and 2022 that reported costs of HPE. Data was extracted for study characteristics, educational context and economic methodology. RESULTS A total of 136 articles of original research on the costs of educating all major licence healthcare professionals were included. A diffuse interest in costs is reflected in publications from 93 distinct journals and by the diversity of educational topics and cost types explored. However, the majority of investigations failed to define the cost perspective (86, 63%) and cost identification methods (117, 86%) and did not demonstrate common reporting structure or cost terminology, all of which contribute to persistent inconsistencies in cost identification. CONCLUSION The source of disharmonious cost identification in HPE is fuelled by diverse interests and divergent concepts of costs and costing methodology. Left in its current state, disharmonious cost identification will continue to limit transparency, comparison and synthesis of evidence, hamper objectivity in implementation and policy decisions and impede the efficient and sustainable allocation of resources. A research agenda must be developed, prioritised, and validated by the broader community to develop a theoretical framework for HPE cost research, define stakeholders, elicit values and preferences and chart a path toward harmonised costing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yaros
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Department of Health Services Research (HSR), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chloé de Mortier
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Knowledge Institute of Medical Specialists, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Oude Egbrink
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Evers
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Center for Economic Evaluation and Machine Learning, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aggie Paulus
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Services Research, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Huang ZE, Li ZH, Qiu X, Chen YH, Luo WL, Fu YQ, Xiong Y, Yi QF. Latent profiles of narrative competence and professional identity among nursing students: A cross-sectional analytic study based on the Ring theory of personhood. Nurse Educ Pract 2024; 79:104065. [PMID: 38996580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
AIM To identify latent profiles of narrative competence in nursing students and examine the association between the potential competence profiles and professional identity from a person-centred perspective. BACKGROUND According to the Ring theory of personhood, nursing students can develop their professional identities from individual, relational and social aspects through interaction with patients, as well as listening to, understanding and responding to patients' disease narratives. However, few studies have examined the relationship between narrative competence and professional identity through the quantitative method. DESIGN A cross-sectional analytic study. METHODS A total of 472 nursing students responded to the survey between March and May 2023. The Professional Identity Questionnaire for Nurse Students and the Narrative Competence Scale were given to participants. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify narrative competence profiles. The Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars method was used to analyse whether these latent profiles for narrative competence affected nursing students' general, individual, interpersonal and social professional identities. RESULTS Latent profiles were identified as "low narrative competence" (12.1 %), "relatively low narrative competence" (39.9 %), "moderate narrative competence" (40.1 %) and "high narrative competence" (7.9 %). The profiles only show level differences rather than combinations of competence areas. These profiles had varying effects on the nursing students' general professional identities, as well as their individual, relational and social professional identities. CONCLUSION This study highlights the significance of providing tailored guidance and support to nursing students, taking into account their unique narrative competency profile, to promote the formation of professional identity from individual, relational and social aspects. Nursing educators should effectively distinguish nursing students with inadequate narrative competence and value patients' disease narratives to promote narrative competence and professional identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Er Huang
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhuo-Heng Li
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xing Qiu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- School of Humanities, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wang-Lin Luo
- Health Human Resources Development Center, Health Commission of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
| | - Ya-Qian Fu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yang Xiong
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qi-Feng Yi
- Department of Nursing, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Towle A, Ong K, Wang L, Kline CC. Patient/public perceptions on engagement with a medical school: What needs to happen to support authentic and sustained participation. MEDICAL TEACHER 2024; 46:963-970. [PMID: 38071663 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2023.2289843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient/public involvement in health professional education is increasing but remains episodic, narrowly focused, reliant on individual enthusiasts, and lacks supportive institutional infrastructure. There is little evidence-informed practical guidance on how to take a more strategic and formal approach. We undertook a qualitative study to learn from patients and the public how medical schools could engage in an authentic and sustainable way. METHODS In 2022 we conducted eight focus groups with patients and members of community organizations. Participants were asked about experiences and perceptions of what needs to happen to enable and support them to participate in medical education, barriers to authentic engagement, and how they might be overcome. Recordings were transcribed and data coded inductively. A summary report was circulated to participants for validation of findings. RESULTS The focus groups were attended by 38 participants representing a wide variety of perspectives. Participants provided practical suggestions that we categorized into six major themes: inviting participation; preparing for participation; supporting participation; increasing and supporting diversity; recognizing participation; institutional buy-in and support. CONCLUSIONS Individual instructors can enhance authentic patient engagement through recruitment, support and recognition practices. Institutional commitment is required to sustain and widen participation through funding, policies and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Towle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenneth Ong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucy Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cathy C Kline
- Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Rieffestahl AM, Morcke AM, Mogensen HO, Risør T. When the Patient is Absent in Patient-Centered Communication Training: A Discursive Analysis of How Medical Students Learn to Interact with Patients. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2024; 36:269-279. [PMID: 37266998 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2217169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Patient-centered communication is an ideal for undergraduate medical education and has been for decades. However, medical students often find the patient-centered approach challenging. The present study finds a possible discordance between formal intentions of a medical curriculum and the corresponding learning environment. The objective of our study was to explore how medical curriculum resonates with the purpose of patient-centered medicine, including how a possible dynamic may have helped maintain this discordance in undergraduate medical education. Approach: The study took a qualitative approach exploring the medical curriculum via a structured communication course. The educational context for the course was considered a discursive environment, partially constructed through documents. The concept of textual agency was used to analyze curriculum and course documents. This was to explore how competencies were presented in the medical curriculum and course descriptions and how they were translated through the practices of the communication course. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze observations made during the course. Findings: Our analysis suggested that the medical curriculum content and structure still emphasize bio-medical disciplines and knowledge domains in students learning. This connected well with the socialization of medical students toward the role as medical experts whose primary task is to provide information, while patients are defined as passive subjects, who received information. The course description also operationalized complexities of patient-centered communication to a measurable, instrumental structure of skills. This focus on one-directional communication frames the students' understanding of the courses and their performance in it. They learn that: (1) meeting a real patient is a rare opportunity, (2) engaging patients' thoughts and feelings in the conversation is challenging, and (3) the biomedical aspect should be prioritized in the conversation. Insights: These findings suggested that the medical curriculum we studied gave limited room for patient-centered medicine, even in communication training. The power of macro-level documents framed and focused micro-level learning activities and could help explain observed disharmonies in patient-medical student encounters. We see how patient-centered medicine - in both texts and practice - is represented and enacted as a peripheral activity and patients are given a marginal position in encounters with students. The findings suggested that there are challenges for progress and change toward a more patient-centered communication training and curriculum. However, empirical findings also offered points of departure for course leaders and curriculum planners wishing to take steps toward a stronger and more reflective patient-centered approach in medical education, supported through the document structure and the translation of the curriculum through relevant learning activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Rieffestahl
- Section of General Practice and The Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Morcke
- Centre for Educational Development, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne O Mogensen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Risør
- Section of General Practice and The Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Sarraf-Yazdi S, Pisupati A, Goh CK, Ong YT, Toh YR, Goh SPL, Krishna LKR. A scoping review and theory-informed conceptual model of professional identity formation in medical education. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024. [PMID: 38597258 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Professional identity formation (PIF) is a central tenet of effective medical education. However, efforts to support, assess and study PIF are hindered by unclear definitions and conceptualisations of what it means to 'think, act, and feel like a physician'. Gaps in understanding PIF, and by extension, its support mechanisms, can predispose individuals towards disengaged or unprofessional conduct and institutions towards short-sighted or reactionary responses to systemic issues. METHODS A Systematic Evidence-Based Approach-guided systematic scoping review of PIF theories was conducted related to medical students, trainees and practising doctors, published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2021 in PubMed, Embase, ERIC and Scopus databases. RESULTS A total of 2441 abstracts were reviewed, 607 full-text articles evaluated and 204 articles included. The domains identified were understanding PIF through the lens of pivotal theories and characterising PIF by delineating the underlying factors that influence it and processes that define it. CONCLUSIONS Based on regnant theories and frameworks related to self-concepts of identity and personhood, the relationships between key PIF influences, processes and outcomes were examined. A theory-backed integrated conceptual model was proposed to delineate the interconnected relationships among these, aiming to untangle some of the complexities inherent to PIF, to shed light on existing practices and to identify shortcomings in our understanding so as to develop mechanisms in support of its multifaceted, interlinked components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anushka Pisupati
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chloe Keyi Goh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Ting Ong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - You Ru Toh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suzanne Pei Lin Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- KK Women's and Children Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Academic Palliative and End of Life Care Centre, United Kingdom Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Palliative Care Centre for Excellence in Research and Education, Singapore
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Rieffestahl AM, Mogensen HO, Morcke AM, Risør T. 'If you had taken the lead…' - a qualitative study of patients with chronic conditions and their perspective in clinical encounters with medical students. Chronic Illn 2023; 19:692-703. [PMID: 35918800 DOI: 10.1177/17423953221115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore what patients with chronic conditions emphasize as important in the patient-medical student conversation, and how the patients' experiences relate to trust. METHODS Twenty-one video-recorded sessions of patients' feedback in simulation-based communication courses for medical students were observed, transcribed, analyzed inductively and organized into three themes. RESULTS In the patients' feedback, three aspects were emphasized as important relating to trust: a) when the medical student relates medical information to the patient's lifeworld, b) when the student leads the patient throughout the conversation, and c) when the patient gets emotional support from the student. The patients felt that being met this way by the students grows trust and allows them to lean into the uncertainties they experience while still feeling safe. DISCUSSION The patients emphasize three aspects of importance in conversations with the medical students that grow trust. We argue that these aspects cannot be found in the traditional authority-led practice but can be found in leadership, which imply empathy and willingness to learn from patients. We suggest that students should learn that to effectively communicate with patients infers such leadership. By doing so, medical students can walk alongside their patients to build a relationship and nurture trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Rieffestahl
- Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of General Practice and The Research Unit for general Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne O Mogensen
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Morcke
- Centre for Educational Development, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torsten Risør
- Section of General Practice and The Research Unit for general Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Burm S, Cristancho S, Watling CJ, LaDonna KA. Expanding the advocacy lens: using photo-elicitation to capture patients' and physicians' perspectives about health advocacy. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023; 28:411-426. [PMID: 36214940 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Heath advocacy (HA) remains a difficult competency to train and assess, in part because practicing physicians and learners carry uncertainty about what HA means and we are missing patients' perspectives about the role HA plays in their care. Visual methods are useful tools for exploring nebulous topics in health professions education; using these participatory approaches with physicians and patients might counteract the identified training challenges around HA and more importantly, remedy the exclusion of patient perspectives. In this paper we share the verbal and visual reflections of patients and physicians regarding their conceptualizations of, and engagement in 'everyday' advocacy. In doing so, we reveal some of HA's hidden dimensions and what their images uncovered about the role of advocacy in patient care. Constructivist grounded theory guided data collection and analysis. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation, a visual research method that uses participant generated photographs to elicit participants knowledge and experiences around a particular topic. We invited patients living with chronic health conditions (n = 10) and physicians from diverse medical and surgical specialties (n = 14) to self-select photographs representing their experiences navigating HA in their personal and professional lives. Both groups found taking photographs useful for revealing the nuanced and circumstantial factors that either enabled or challenged their engagement in HA. While patients' photos highlighted their embodiment of HA, physicians' photos depicted HA as something quite elusive or as a complicated and daunting task. Photo-elicitation was a powerful tool in eliciting a diversity of perspectives that exist around the HA role and the work advocates perform; training programs might consider using visuals to augment teaching for this challenging competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burm
- Continuing Professional Development and Division of Medical Education, Clinical Research Centre, C-104, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Ave, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Sayra Cristancho
- Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J Watling
- Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kori A LaDonna
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Barnhoorn PC, Nierkens V, Numans ME, Steinert Y, van Mook WNKA. "What kind of doctor do you want to become?": Clinical supervisors' perceptions of their roles in the professional identity formation of General Practice residents. MEDICAL TEACHER 2023; 45:485-491. [PMID: 36288745 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2022.2137395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Supporting the development of a professional identity is a primary objective in postgraduate education. Few empirical studies have explored professional identity formation (PIF) in residency, and little is known about supervisors' perceptions of their roles in residents' PIF. In this study, we sought to understand how supervisors perceive their roles in the PIF of General Practice (GP) residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guided by principles of qualitative description, we conducted eight focus groups with 55 supervisors at four General Practice training institutes across the Netherlands. Informed by a conceptual framework of PIF, we performed a thematic analysis of focus group transcripts. RESULTS Three themes related to how GP supervisors described their roles in supporting residents' PIF: supervising with the desired goal of GP training in mind; role modeling and mentoring as key strategies to achieve that goal; and the value of developing bonds of trust to support the process. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore PIF in GP training from the perspective of clinical supervisors. The identified themes mirror the components of the therapeutic alliance between doctors and patients from a supervisor's perspective and highlight the pivotal roles of the supervisor in a resident's PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Barnhoorn
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Nierkens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Steinert
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Walther N K A van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, and Maastricht UMC + Academy, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bennett-Weston A, Gay S, Anderson ES. A theoretical systematic review of patient involvement in health and social care education. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023; 28:279-304. [PMID: 35841446 PMCID: PMC9992014 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Patient involvement in health and social care education lacks theoretical underpinning, despite increasing calls for rigour. Theories help explain how learning is advanced and offer guidance for how faculty work with patients who become involved in curriculum delivery. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise how theory shapes our understanding of patient involvement in health and social care education. Three databases were systematically searched. Studies demonstrating explicit and high-quality application of theory to patient involvement in teaching and learning or involvement within a community of health and social care educators, were included. A narrative synthesis was undertaken using Activity Theory as an analytical lens to highlight the multifaceted components of patient involvement in professional education. Seven high-quality, theoretically underpinned studies were included. Four studies applied theory to pedagogy, showing how deep learning from patient involvement occurred. Despite a growing body of studies which attempt to use theory to explain learning, many were descriptive, lacked theoretical quality and were therefore excluded. Three studies applied theory to illuminate the complexity of involving patients in the educational system, showing how patients can be supported and valued in teaching roles. This review highlights that more work is required to identify the mechanisms through which patient involvement enhances learning and, to explore what involvement within the education community means for faculty and patients. Our understandings of patient-educator partnerships for learning could be progressed by further high-quality theory driven studies, which include the patient voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Bennett-Weston
- The George Davies Centre, Leicester Medical School, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Simon Gay
- The George Davies Centre, Leicester Medical School, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Elizabeth S. Anderson
- The George Davies Centre, Leicester Medical School, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
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Grundnig JS, Steiner-Hofbauer V, Katz H, Holzinger A. 'Good' and 'bad' doctors - a qualitative study of the Austrian public on the elements of professional medical identity. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2022; 27:2114133. [PMID: 36004404 PMCID: PMC9423859 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Professional identity formation has become a key focus for medical education, but there is still much to learn about how to help students develop their professional identity. At a time when influential concepts such as public- and patient-centered care have become common values, there is little research on the conceptions of the public that trainees might adopt during their training. Defining characteristics of 'good' and 'bad' physicians can be a starting point when considering how to incorporate aspects of professional behavior into medical curricula. Therefore, this study examined the essential elements of physician identity from the public's perspective. This study aimed to describe the Austrian public's viewpoint about the characteristics of 'good' and 'bad' doctors. Using a qualitative research design, interviews were conducted with the Austrian public (n = 1000, mean age 46.4 ± 15.8 years). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed via qualitative content analysis. The respondents stated 2078 answers for 'good' and 1728 for 'bad' doctors. The content analysis produced seven categories: 'social skills' (36.3%), 'professional competence' (30.2%), 'personality' (10.8%), 'communication' (6.3%), 'practice organization' (5.9%), 'ethical and moral behavior' (5.7%), and 'I do not know, or I have no idea' (4.9%). The public can help medical students to construct their professional identity by supporting the exploration of and commitment to professional values that society expects of physicians. Ideally, fusing medical expertise with social skills will fulfill the ideal of what the public considers a 'good' doctor. This shared definition of a 'good physician' has several implications for medical education. Future physicians can benefit from education about the general population's medical needs as well as personal needs, fears, and concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henri Katz
- Teaching Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mount GR, Kahlke R, Melton J, Varpio L. A Critical Review of Professional Identity Formation Interventions in Medical Education. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:S96-S106. [PMID: 35947478 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Professional identity formation (PIF) can be defined as the integration of the knowledge, skills, values, and behaviors of a profession with one's preexisting identity and values. Several different, and sometimes conflicting, conceptualizations and theories about PIF populate the literature; applying these different theories in PIF curricula and pedagogic strategies can profoundly impact the PIF of future physicians. The authors conducted a critical review of the recent literature on PIF interventions in medical education to explore the conceptualizations of and theoretical approaches to PIF that underlie them. METHOD The authors searched articles on PIF educational interventions published in 5 major medical education journals between 2010 and March 2021. The articles' context and findings were extracted, analyzed, and summarized to identify conceptualizations and theoretical approaches to PIF. RESULTS The authors identified 43 studies examining medical education interventions aimed at influencing PIF. The majority of the studies (n = 31) focused on undergraduate medical education. Reflective writing and the use of narrative reflections were the dominant modes of student activity in PIF interventions, supporting the dominant individualist approach to PIF. Less commonly PIF was understood as a socialization process or as an active process with both individually and socially focused influences. CONCLUSIONS Relying on reflective writing as the intervention of choice to impact PIF feeds the dominant individualist perspective on PIF. An unintended consequence of this individualist orientation is that cultural problems embedded in the profession can become burdens for individual physicians to personally bear. Future education and research into PIF should account for theoretical preferences and the impact of these preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Mount
- G.R. Mount is associate professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-2823
| | - Renate Kahlke
- R. Kahlke is a scientist, McMaster Education Research, Innovation & Theory Program, and assistant professor, Division of Education & Innovation, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-5039
| | - John Melton
- J. Melton is assistant professor, Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lara Varpio
- L. Varpio is professor of medicine and associate director of research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1412-4341
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Fiquet L, Dupard M, Fortier H, Pancher M, Annezo F, Renaut P, Allory E. Perspectives of patient educators about their participation in an interprofessional program for healthcare students and postgraduate medical students. J Interprof Care 2022; 37:464-472. [PMID: 36153743 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2022.2099817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Including patients in interprofessional education (IPE) programs adds value to healthcare students' education. However, little is known about the perspective and experience of the involved patient educators (PEs). An IPE program (Interprofessional Seminars, IPS) that includes PEs was developed in France in 2009. The aim of this study was to describe the PEs' perspectives about their involvement in IPS. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 32 experienced PEs, and analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis in the framework of an inductive approach. PEs had an identifiable profile. They were motivated by a sense of civic service, had well-developed communication skills, and were prepared to share their experiential knowledge with students. They were concerned about their capacity to express themselves in front of students and the need to consolidate their involvement through a structured partnership that involves briefing, collaboration, remuneration, and feedback. They proposed to establish compulsory interprofessional training for all students and to strengthen the collaboration between an interprofessional group of students and a PE. Our results highlight the PEs' desire to be involved in IPE and to develop a genuine patient-student partnership. These insights should support the systematic integration of PEs in IPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Fiquet
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes), Rennes, France
| | - Marie Dupard
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Fortier
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Pancher
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Annezo
- AFDET (Association Française pour le développement de l’éducation thérapeutique), Paris, France
| | - Pierric Renaut
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Allory
- Department of general practice, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes), Rennes, France
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14
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Kline CC, Riganti P, Moller-Hansen A, Godolphin W, Towle A. Patients benefit from mentoring students in an interprofessional health mentors program: A contextual-developmental analysis. MEDICAL TEACHER 2022; 44:730-736. [PMID: 35000537 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2021.2020737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mentorship programs in health professional education are often characterized as a mutually beneficial relationship between mentor and mentee, but little is known about benefits for mentors. Mentors can be health professionals, academic faculty, other students (peers), and patients (health mentors). We studied the benefits that health mentors (people with chronic health conditions or disabilities, or a caregiver) get from mentoring students, and the contextual factors that contribute to, or explain these benefits. METHODS We surveyed 72 health mentors who had mentored between one and eight cohorts of students from different health professions in the health mentors program at the University of British Columbia. Using a contextual-developmental framework of mentorship, we analyzed mentors' responses to open-ended questions about how they benefit from the program. RESULTS Benefits fit into three categories: generativity (guiding the next generation), transformation (personal growth and reflection), and 'career' development (new activities resulting from increased self-efficacy). Contextual factors that contributed to benefits included the non-clinical setting, informality of meetings and reciprocal learning, and feeling valued by the program and students. CONCLUSIONS Health mentors perceive benefits in passing on their lived experiences to students, leading to personal growth and new activities. Their perspectives offer unique insights into the workings of effective mentorship relationships. There is much to be learned about how benefits of mentoring are linked to program design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy C Kline
- Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paula Riganti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ashley Moller-Hansen
- Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William Godolphin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela Towle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Patient & Community Partnership for Education, Office of UBC Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Barnhoorn PC, Nierkens V, Numans ME, Steinert Y, Kramer AWM, van Mook WNKA. General practice residents’ perspectives on their professional identity formation: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022. [PMCID: PMC9301807 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To move beyond professionalism as a measurable competency, medical educators have highlighted the importance of forming a professional identity, in which learners come to ‘think, act, and feel like physicians’. This socialisation process is known as professional identity formation (PIF). Few empirical studies on PIF in residency have been undertaken. None of these studies focused on PIF during the full length of GP training as well as the interplay of concurrent socialising factors. Understanding the socialisation process involved in the development of a resident’s professional identity and the roles of influencing factors and their change over time could add to a more purposeful approach to PIF. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the process of PIF during the full length of General Practice (GP) training and which factors residents perceive as influential. Design A qualitative descriptive study employing focus group interviews. Setting Four GP training institutes across the Netherlands. Participants Ninety-two GP residents in their final training year participated in 12 focus group interviews. Results Study findings indicated that identity formation occurs primarily in the workplace, as residents move from doing to becoming and negotiate perceived norms. A tapestry of interrelated influencing factors—most prominently clinical experiences, clinical supervisors and self-assessments—changed over time and were felt to exert their influence predominantly in the workplace. Conclusions This study provides deeper empirical insights into PIF during GP residency. Doing the work of a GP exerted a pivotal influence on residents’ shift from doing as a GP to thinking, acting and feeling like a GP, that is, becoming a GP. Clinical supervisors are of utmost importance as role models and coaches in creating an environment that supports residents’ PIF. Implications for practice include faculty development initiatives to help supervisors be aware of how they can perform their various roles across different PIF stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Barnhoorn
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Nierkens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Steinert
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anneke WM Kramer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Walther NKA van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ramani S, Thampy H, Grundy J, Sternschein R. Fostering clinical trainees' teacher identity. CLINICAL TEACHER 2022; 19:276-281. [PMID: 35734883 DOI: 10.1111/tct.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subha Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Health Professions Education, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harish Thampy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health at the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jess Grundy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health at the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Sternschein
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bhuiya T, Zhong X, Pollack G, Fornari A, Ahuja TK. Tell Me More®: A medical student focused humanistic communication model to enhance student professional identity formation through meaningful patient encounters. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:641-646. [PMID: 34281722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Tell Me More (TMM)® program provides a template for guided interviews to help providers procure an expansive social history from patients and connect with them as people beyond their illness. (TMM)® may provide a dual benefit: it improves the patient's experience with their healthcare team and the medical students' experience in developing their identity as a physician. Our aim was to characterize the impact of the patient-student conversations in TMM® on the participating medical students through analysis of their written reflections throughout the program. METHODS Students conducted interviews with hospitalized patients using the TMM® template, Through narrative medicine and individualized posters, patients were able to highlight their unique qualities. RESULTS Qualitative analyses of 63 journal reflections from 14 students, across 7 hospital settings, identified 6 themes. These included connection, humanism, discovery, impact, privilege, and perspective. CONCLUSION Reflective practice as a learning pedagogy created an opportunity to enhance the medical students' awareness of empathy and compassion during the TMM® program. Documentation of reflections assured students would process the encounter as a profound learning experience and develop their professional identity formation as a student preparing to become a physician. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS TMM® provides an opportunity for medical students to practice and apply their interpersonal and communication skills through authentic patient encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzim Bhuiya
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Zhong
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pollack
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, USA
| | - Alice Fornari
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, USA
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Keller EJ, Nixon K, Oladini L, Chrisman HB, Chaudhari A, Milad MP, Vogelzang RL. The power of proximity: Effects of a multidisciplinary fibroid clinic on inter-specialty perceptions and practice patterns. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263058. [PMID: 35077500 PMCID: PMC8789146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidisciplinary collaboration has generally been shown to have positive effects on healthcare but can be difficult to facilitate. This study assessed the effects of a multidisciplinary fibroid clinic on practice patterns and clinician perceptions to better understand drivers of interspecialty collaboration. Materials and methods Annual rates of hysterectomies, myomectomies, and uterine fibroid embolizations (UFEs) performed in an urban healthcare system were collected from 2012–2019. Rates of each procedure were compared over time before and after launching a multidisciplinary fibroid clinic at the academic medical center. Referral rates were also compared. The gynecologists and interventional radiologists (IRs) involved in the clinic were interviewed 2 years prior to and after the clinic launch about their approaches to fibroids and perceptions of others who treat this condition. A phenomenological approach was used to identify and compare themes within the interviews by two researchers with excellent inter-rater agreement (κ = 0.80). Results and discussion Annual rates of fibroid procedures increased over time (p<0.01) but the relative number of UFEs decreased (p = 0.01). UFE referrals by the clinic gynecologists significantly increased as did the number of combined fibroid procedures (p<0.01). However, the rates of one fibroid procedure relative to others were not different between the clinic and rest of the healthcare system (p = 0.55). Specialty-specific perceptions of fibroid treatments and inter-specialty dynamics did not change. Despite this, clinicians unanimously perceived the clinic and post-clinic practice patterns as positive and distinct from their previous work and relationships between gynecology and IR elsewhere. Limitations of this study included its single clinic design and potential confounder of differences in advertising pre- versus post-clinic. Conclusion Creating the right practice environment may be more important for fostering inter-specialty collaboration and work satisfaction than shared mental models or procedural volumes in certain practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Keller
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kayla Nixon
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Lola Oladini
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Howard B. Chrisman
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Angela Chaudhari
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Magdy P. Milad
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Vogelzang
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Bremer AE, van de Pol MHJ, Laan RFJM, Fluit CRMG. How an EPA-based curriculum supports professional identity formation. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:48. [PMID: 35057788 PMCID: PMC8781044 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are widely used in medical education, and they might be an important incentive to stimulate professional identity formation (PIF) of medical students, by actively encouraging participation in the workplace. The goal of this study was to explore the effects of an EPA-based curriculum on the PIF of medical students in undergraduate curricula. METHODS In this study at the Radboud University Medical Center in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, the authors interviewed twenty-one medical students in three focus group interviews (November 2019), and conducted a thematic analysis based on both the synthesizing concepts PIF, communities of practice and EPAs, and newly defined themes. RESULTS Four central themes proved crucial for understanding the influence of EPAs on PIF: creating learning opportunities, managing feedback, dealing with supervision in context and developing confidence. EPAs helped students to create learning opportunities and to choose activities purposefully, and the use of EPAs stimulated their feedback-seeking behavior. The context and way of supervision had a great impact on their development, where some contexts offer better learning opportunities than others. EPAs helped them develop trust and self-confidence, but trust from supervisors hardly appears to result from using EPAs. CONCLUSIONS An EPA-based curriculum does stimulate PIF in the complex context of working and learning by supporting participation in the workplace and by encouraging feedback-seeking behavior. Striking the right balance between participation, feedback-seeking behavior and choosing learning activities is essential. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Netherlands Association of Medical Education (NVMO, case number 2019.5.12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Bremer
- Department of Radboudumc Health Academy, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roland F. J. M. Laan
- Department of Radboudumc Health Academy, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Roberts LW. Our Patients, Our Teachers. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:1497-1498. [PMID: 34705742 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Patel M, Aitken D, Xue Y, Sockalingam S, Simpson A. An evaluation of cascading mentorship as advocacy training in undergraduate medical education. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:65. [PMID: 33478476 PMCID: PMC7818733 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians are in a position of great influence to advocate for health equity. As such, it is important for physicians-in-training to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to fulfil this role. Although various undergraduate medical programs have implemented health advocacy training, they often lack experiential learning and physician involvement. These aspects are foundational to the Advocacy Mentorship Initiative (AMI) which utilizes cascading mentorship as a novel approach to advocacy training. Medical students develop advocacy competency as peer mentors to youth raised in at-risk environments, while also being mentored themselves by physician residents. We aim to determine whether there are specific advantages to utilizing cascading mentorship to facilitate the attainment of advocacy competencies in undergraduate medical education. METHODS Medical students participating in AMI between 2017 to 2020 completed pre- and post-exposure questionnaires. Questionnaires assessed confidence in advocacy-related skills and knowledge of youth advocacy concepts, as well as learning goals, skills gained, benefits of AMI and resident mentors, and impact on future career. Sign tests were utilized to analyze quantitative results, and content analysis was used for open-ended responses. A triangulation protocol was also utilized. RESULTS Fifty mentors participated, 24 (48%) of which completed both pre- and post-exposure questionnaires. Participants gained confidence in advocacy-related skills (p < 0.05) such as working with vulnerable populations and advocating for medical and non-medical needs. They also reported significant improvements (p < 0.01) in their understanding of social determinants of health and concepts related to children's health and development. Content analysis showed that participants built meaningful relationships with mentees in which they learned about social determinants of health, youth advocacy, and developed various advocacy-related skills. Participants greatly valued mentorship by residents, identifying benefits such as support and advice regarding relations with at-risk youth, and career mentorship. AMI impacted participants' career trajectories in terms of interest in working with youth, psychiatry, and advocacy. CONCLUSIONS AMI offers a unique method of advocacy training through cascading mentorship that engages medical students both as mentors to at-risk youth and mentees to resident physicians. Through cascading mentorship, medical students advance in their advocacy-related skills and understanding of social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Center for Addictions and Mental Health (CAMH), 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.
| | - Devon Aitken
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yunlin Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Addictions and Mental Health (CAMH), 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Alexander Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Addictions and Mental Health (CAMH), 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
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