Fluid management in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit: diuresis--diuretics and hemofiltration

Monitoring Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Cardiogenic Shock — from the Emergency Room to Coronary Care Units

Cardiogenic shock remains the leading cause of death in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction, despite many advances encountered in the last years in reperfusion, mechanical, and pharmacological therapies addressed to stabilization of the hemodynamic condition of these critical patients. Such patients require immediate initiation of the most effective therapy, as well as a continuous monitoring in the Coronary Care Unit. Novel biomarkers have been shown to improve diagnosis and risk stratification in patients with cardiogenic shock, and their proper use may be especially important for the identification of the critical condition, leading to prompt therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current literature data on complex biomarker assessment and monitoring of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock in the Coronary Care Unit.

Conventional hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass increases the serum lactate level in adult cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass on lactate level in adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery.

DESIGN

An observational study.

SETTING

Prince Sultan cardiac center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

PARTICIPANTS

The study included 283 patients classified into two groups: Hemofiltration group (n=138), hemofiltration was done during CPB. Control group (n = 145), patients without hemofiltration.

INTERVENTIONS

Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Monitors included hematocrit, lactate levels, mixed venous oxygen saturation, amount of fluid removal during hemofiltration and urine output. The lactate elevated in group H than group C (P < 0.05), and the PH showed metabolic acidosis in group H (P < 0.05). The mixed venous oxygen saturation decreased in group H than group C (P < 0.05). The number of transfused packed red blood cells was lower in group H than group C (P < 0.05). The hematocrit was higher in group H than group C (P < 0.05). The urine output was lower in group H than group C (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass leads to hemoconcentration, elevated lactate level and increased inotropic support. There are some recommendations for hemofiltration: First; Hemofiltration should be limited for patients with impaired renal function, positive fluid balance, reduced response to diuretics or prolonged bypass time more than 2 hours. Second; Minimal amount of fluids should be administered to maintain adequate cardiac output and reduction of priming volumes is preferable to maintain controlled hemodilution. Third; it should be done before weaning of or after cardiopulmonary bypass and not during the whole time of cardiopulmonary bypass.