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Xu Y, Wang J, Ren H, Dai H, Zhou Y, Ren X, Wang Y, Feng S, Deng X, Wu J, Fu T, Nie T, He H, Wei T, Zhu B, Hui L, Li B, Wang J, Wang H, Chen L, Shi X, Cheng X. Human endoderm stem cells reverse inflammation-related acute liver failure through cystatin SN-mediated inhibition of interferon signaling. Cell Res 2023; 33:147-164. [PMID: 36670290 PMCID: PMC9892047 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease that occurs secondary to drug toxicity, infection or a devastating immune response. Orthotopic liver transplantation is an effective treatment but limited by the shortage of donor organs, the requirement for life-long immune suppression and surgical challenges. Stem cell transplantation is a promising alternative therapy for fulminant liver failure owing to the immunomodulatory abilities of stem cells. Here, we report that when transplanted into the liver, human endoderm stem cells (hEnSCs) that are germ layer-specific and nontumorigenic cells derived from pluripotent stem cells are able to effectively ameliorate hepatic injury in multiple rodent and swine drug-induced ALF models. We demonstrate that hEnSCs tune the local immune microenvironment by skewing macrophages/Kupffer cells towards an anti-inflammatory state and by reducing the infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and inflammatory T helper cells. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of infiltrating and resident monocytes/macrophages isolated from animal livers revealed dramatic changes, including changes in gene expression that correlated with the change of activation states, and dynamic population heterogeneity among these cells after hEnSC transplantation. We further demonstrate that hEnSCs modulate the activation state of macrophages/Kupffer cells via cystatin SN (CST1)-mediated inhibition of interferon signaling and therefore highlight CST1 as a candidate therapeutic agent for diseases that involve over-activation of interferons. We propose that hEnSC transplantation represents a novel and powerful cell therapeutic treatment for ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Xu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- grid.428392.60000 0004 1800 1685Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XHepatobiliary Institute Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- grid.428392.60000 0004 1800 1685Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XHepatobiliary Institute Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Hao Dai
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.510564.3Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongzhao Ren
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Feng
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Deng
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlong Fu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Nie
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng He
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongkun Wei
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Hepatobiliary Institute Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Maiwall R, Bajpai M, Singh A, Agarwal T, Kumar G, Bharadwaj A, Nautiyal N, Tevethia H, Jagdish RK, Vijayaraghavan R, Choudhury A, Mathur RP, Hidam A, Pati NT, Sharma MK, Kumar A, Sarin SK. Standard-Volume Plasma Exchange Improves Outcomes in Patients With Acute Liver Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e831-e854. [PMID: 33524593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High volume plasma-exchange (HVPE) improves survival in patients with acute liver failure (ALF), but apprehension regarding volume overload and worsening of cerebral edema remain. METHODS In an open-label randomized controlled trial, 40 consecutive patients of ALF were randomized 1:1 to either standard medical treatment (SMT) or SMT with standard-volume plasma-exchange (SVPE). SVPE was performed using centrifugal apheresis [target volume of 1.5 to 2.0 plasma volumes per session] until desired response was achieved. Cerebral edema was assessed by brain imaging. Results were analyzed in an intention-to-treat analysis. Primary outcome was 21-day transplant-free survival. The levels of cytokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and endotoxins were analyzed at baseline and day 5. RESULTS ALF patients [aged 31.5 ± 12.2 years, 60% male, 78% viral, 83% hyperacute, 70% with SIRS were included. At day 5, SVPE [mean sessions 2.15 ± 1.42, median plasma volume replaced 5.049 L] compared to SMT alone, resulted in higher lactate clearance (p = .02), amelioration of SIRS (84% vs. 26%; P = .02), reduction in ammonia levels [(221.5 ± 96.9) vs.(439 ± 385.6) μg/dl, P = .02) and SOFA scores [9.9(±3.3) vs. 14.6(±4.8); P = .001]. There were no treatment related deaths. SVPE was associated with a higher 21-day transplant free-survival [75% vs. 45%; P = .04, HR 0.30, 95%CI 0.01-0.88]. A significant decrease in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines along with a decrease in endotoxin and DAMPs was seen with SVPE. CONCLUSION In ALF patients with cerebral edema, SVPE is safe and effective and improves survival possibly by a reduction in cytokine storm and ammonia. CLINICALTRIAL gov (identifier: NCT02718079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenu Bajpai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanvi Agarwal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Guresh Kumar
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Bharadwaj
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Nautiyal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Tevethia
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Jagdish
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajan Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Choudhury
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashini Hidam
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupama Trehan Pati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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3
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Gough A, Soto-Gutierrez A, Vernetti L, Ebrahimkhani MR, Stern AM, Taylor DL. Human biomimetic liver microphysiology systems in drug development and precision medicine. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:252-268. [PMID: 33335282 PMCID: PMC9106093 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiology systems (MPS), also called organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are miniaturized functional units of organs constructed with multiple cell types under a variety of physical and biochemical environmental cues that complement animal models as part of a new paradigm of drug discovery and development. Biomimetic human liver MPS have evolved from simpler 2D cell models, spheroids and organoids to address the increasing need to understand patient-specific mechanisms of complex and rare diseases, the response to therapeutic treatments, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of potential therapeutics. The parallel development and application of transdisciplinary technologies, including microfluidic devices, bioprinting, engineered matrix materials, defined physiological and pathophysiological media, patient-derived primary cells, and pluripotent stem cells as well as synthetic biology to engineer cell genes and functions, have created the potential to produce patient-specific, biomimetic MPS for detailed mechanistic studies. It is projected that success in the development and maturation of patient-derived MPS with known genotypes and fully matured adult phenotypes will lead to advanced applications in precision medicine. In this Review, we examine human biomimetic liver MPS that are designed to recapitulate the liver acinus structure and functions to enhance our knowledge of the mechanisms of disease progression and of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of therapeutic candidates and drugs as well as to evaluate their mechanisms of action and their application in precision medicine and preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the neurologic sequelae of various nutritional micronutrient deficiencies, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. Where relevant, appropriate treatments for these conditions are also discussed. The developing field of the microbiome and nervous system interaction is also outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Pathology in the gastrointestinal system can affect the nervous system when it causes micronutrient deficiency, when immune responses created by the gastrointestinal system affect the nervous system, when toxins caused by gastrointestinal organ failure harm the nervous system, and when treatments aimed at a gastrointestinal medical condition cause damage to the nervous system as a side effect. SUMMARY This article addresses familiar concepts and new developments in the treatment and understanding of diseases that affect the gut and nervous system simultaneously.
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5
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Rousta AM, Mirahmadi SMS, Shahmohammadi A, Ramzi S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. S-allyl cysteine, an active ingredient of garlic, attenuates acute liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide/ d-galactosamine in mouse: Underlying mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22518. [PMID: 32453893 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, beneficial effect of S-allyl cysteine (SAC) was evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-Gal) model of acute liver injury (ALI). To mimic ALI, LPS and d-Gal (50 μg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively) were intraperitoneally administered and animals received SAC per os (25 or 100 mg/kg/d) for 3 days till 1 hour before LPS/d-Gal injection. Pretreatment of LPS/d-Gal group with SAC-lowered activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase and partially reversed inappropriate alterations of hepatic oxidative stress- and inflammation-related biomarkers including liver reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hepatic activity of the defensive enzyme superoxide dismutase, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), cyclooxygenase 2, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase 1, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase activity. Additionally, SAC was capable to ameliorate apoptotic biomarkers including caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. In summary, SAC can protect liver against LPS/d-Gal by attenuation of neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis which is partly linked to its suppression of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samira Ramzi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Zhou YP, Xia Q. Inhibition of miR-103a-3p suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and liver injury by regulating FBXW7 expression. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1798-1810. [PMID: 32369227 PMCID: PMC7496651 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress are involved in septic liver dysfunction. Herein, the role of miR‐103a‐3p/FBXW7 axis in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)‐induced septic liver injury was investigated in mice. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining was used to evaluate LPS‐induced liver injury. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of microRNA (miR) and messenger RNA, and western blot analysis was conducted to examine the protein levels. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the binding between miR‐103a‐3p and FBXW7. Both annexin V‐fluoresceine isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining and caspase‐3 activity were employed to determine cell apoptosis. First, miR‐103a‐3p was upregulated in the septic serum of mice and patients with sepsis, and miR‐103a‐3p was elevated in the septic liver of LPS‐induced mice. Then, interfering miR‐103a‐3p significantly decreased apoptosis by suppressing Bax expression and upregulating Bcl‐2 levels in LPS‐induced AML12 and LO2 cells, and septic liver of mice. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐103a‐3p repressed LPS‐induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, interfering miR‐103a‐3p obviously attenuated LPS‐induced overactivation of oxidation via promoting expression of antioxidative enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, FBXW7 was a target of miR‐103a‐3p, and overexpression of FBXW7 significantly ameliorated LPS‐induced septic liver injury in mice. Finally, knockdown of FBXW7 markedly reversed anti‐miR‐103a‐3p‐mediated suppression of septic liver injury in mice. In conclusion, interfering miR‐103a‐3p or overexpression of FBXW7 improved LPS‐induced septic liver injury by suppressing apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, NO. 1278, Bao-de Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, NO. 301, Yan-Chang-Zhong Road, Shanghai, China
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7
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Ruthenium derivatives attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses and liver injury via suppressing NF-κB signaling and free radical production. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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9
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Comparison of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Normal and D-Galactosamine-Induced Mice Model of Liver Injury Before and After Liver Decellularization. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Guazzelli PA, Cittolin-Santos GF, Meira-Martins LA, Grings M, Nonose Y, Lazzarotto GS, Nogara D, da Silva JS, Fontella FU, Wajner M, Leipnitz G, Souza DO, de Assis AM. Acute Liver Failure Induces Glial Reactivity, Oxidative Stress and Impairs Brain Energy Metabolism in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:327. [PMID: 31998076 PMCID: PMC6968792 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) implies a severe and rapid liver dysfunction that leads to impaired liver metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Recent studies have suggested that several brain alterations such as astrocytic dysfunction and energy metabolism impairment may synergistically interact, playing a role in the development of HE. The purpose of the present study is to investigate early alterations in redox status, energy metabolism and astrocytic reactivity of rats submitted to ALF. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted either to subtotal hepatectomy (92% of liver mass) or sham operation to induce ALF. Twenty-four hours after the surgery, animals with ALF presented higher plasmatic levels of ammonia, lactate, ALT and AST and lower levels of glucose than the animals in the sham group. Animals with ALF presented several astrocytic morphological alterations indicating astrocytic reactivity. The ALF group also presented higher mitochondrial oxygen consumption, higher enzymatic activity and higher ATP levels in the brain (frontoparietal cortex). Moreover, ALF induced an increase in glutamate oxidation concomitant with a decrease in glucose and lactate oxidation. The increase in brain energy metabolism caused by astrocytic reactivity resulted in augmented levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) and a decreased activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). These findings suggest that in the early stages of ALF the brain presents a hypermetabolic state, oxidative stress and astrocytic reactivity, which could be in part sustained by an increase in mitochondrial oxidation of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Arend Guazzelli
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leo Anderson Meira-Martins
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Nonose
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Lazzarotto
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela Nogara
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jussemara S da Silva
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda U Fontella
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Martimbianco de Assis
- Post-graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Católica de Pelotas-UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
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11
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Li J, Zhao YR, Tian Z. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in acute liver failure: From the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:412-420. [PMID: 31183002 PMCID: PMC6547291 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i5.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) usually results in hepatocellular dysfunction and coagulopathy and carries a high mortality rate. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are famous for their role in liver fibrosis. Although some recent studies revealed that HSCs might participate in the pathogenesis of ALF, the accurate mechanism is still not fully understood. This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the functions of HSCs in ALF and revealed both protective and promotive roles during the pathogenesis of ALF: HSC activation participates in the maintenance of cell attachment and the architecture of liver tissue via extracellular matrix production and assists liver regeneration by producing growth factors; and HSC inflammation plays a role in relaying inflammation signaling from sinusoids to parenchyma via secretion of inflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of roles of HSCs in the pathogenesis of ALF may lead to improvements and novel strategies for treating ALF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Ren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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12
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Cittolin-Santos G, Guazzelli P, Nonose Y, Almeida R, Fontella F, Pasquetti M, Ferreira-Lima F, Lazzaroto G, Berlezi R, Osvaldt A, Calcagnotto M, de Assis A, Souza D. Behavioral, Neurochemical and Brain Oscillation Abnormalities in an Experimental Model of Acute Liver Failure. Neuroscience 2019; 401:117-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sophocarpine Attenuates LPS-Induced Liver Injury and Improves Survival of Mice through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5871431. [PMID: 29861657 PMCID: PMC5976937 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5871431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic liver injury/failure that is mainly characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis led to a great part of terminal liver pathology with limited effective intervention. Here, we used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation model to simulate the septic liver injury and investigated the effect of sophocarpine on LPS-stimulated mice with endotoxemia. We found that sophocarpine increases the survival rate of mice and attenuates the LPS-induced liver injury, which is indicated by pathology and serum liver enzymes. Further research found that sophocarpine ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress indicators (H2O2, O2∙−, and NO) and enhanced the expression of antioxidant molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). In addition, sophocarpine also attenuated regional and systematic inflammation and further reduced apoptosis of hepatocytes. Mechanistic evidence was also investigated in the present study as sophocarpine inhibited hepatic expression of the CYP2E/Nrf2 pathway during oxidative stress, inactivated p38/JNK cascade and NF-κB pathway, and, meanwhile, suppressed PI3K/AKT signaling that reduced apoptosis. Conclusively, the present study unveiled the protective role of sophocarpine in LPS-stimulated oxidative reaction, inflammation, and apoptosis by suppressing the CYP2E/Nrf2/ROS as well as PI3K/AKT pathways, suggesting its promising role in attenuating inflammation and liver injury of septic endotoxemia.
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Pievsky D, Rustgi N, Pyrsopoulos NT. Classification and Epidemiologic Aspects of Acute Liver Failure. Clin Liver Dis 2018; 22:229-241. [PMID: 29605063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure is a rare condition with high short-term morbidity and mortality. The most widely accepted definition is an abnormality in coagulation with any degree of encephalopathy in a patient without cirrhosis and an illness duration of less than 26 weeks. Multiple classifications systems are currently in use to help categorize the condition. This article reviews the most commonly used systems. The epidemiologic aspects of the disease are also reviewed, including incidence, prevalence, demographics, geographic distribution, and racial and cultural factors and are discussed for the various subtypes of acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pievsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
| | - Neil Rustgi
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Nikolaos T Pyrsopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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