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Zhang S, Zhang X, Li H, Wang D, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhao G, Dong H, Li J. Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamatergic Neurons Facilitated Emergence From Isoflurane Anesthesia Involves Excitation of Lateral Septum GABA-ergic Neurons in Mice. Anesth Analg 2024; 139:397-410. [PMID: 38048607 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventral tegmental area (VTA) glutamatergic neurons promote wakefulness in the sleep-wake cycle; however, their roles and neural circuit mechanisms during isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia remain unclear. METHODS Fiber photometry and in vivo electrophysiology were used to observe the changes in neuronal or terminal activity during ISO anesthesia and arousal processes. Optogenetic and anesthesia behaviors were used to investigate the effects of VTA glutamatergic neurons and their projections to the lateral septum (LS) during ISO anesthesia and arousal. Anterograde and retrograde tracings were performed to identify the connections between VTA glutamatergic neurons and the LS. RESULTS Population activity and firing rates of VTA glutamatergic neurons decreased during ISO anesthesia (ISO: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-2.06 Spikes.s -1 vs wake: 95% CI, 3.53-7.83 Spikes.s -1 ; P =.0001; n = 34 from 4 mice). Optogenetic activation of VTA glutamatergic neurons reduced the burst-suppression ratio in electroencephalography (laser: 95% CI, 13.09%-28.76% vs pre: 95% CI, 52.85%-71.59%; P =.0009; n = 6) and facilitated emergence (ChR2: 95% CI, 343.3-388.0 seconds vs mCherry: 95% CI, 447.6-509.8 seconds; P < .0001; n = 11/12) from ISO anesthesia. VTA glutamatergic neurons monosynaptically innervated LS γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons. The activity of VTA glutamatergic terminals in the LS decreased during ISO anesthesia, and optogenetic activation of the VTA glutamatergic terminals in the LS facilitated emergence from ISO anesthesia. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamatergic terminals increased the firing rates of LS γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) neurons (laser: 95% CI, 0.85-4.03 Spikes.s -1 vs pre: 95% CI, 0.24-0.78 Spikes.s -1 ; P =.008; n = 23 from 4 mice) during ISO anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS VTA glutamatergic neurons facilitated emergence from ISO anesthesia involving excitation of LS GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiming Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sa Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangchao Zhao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Feng CH, Du XN, Wang Z, Wu T, Zhang LN. The activity of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain interferes with anesthesia-arousal process of propofol. Neuropeptides 2024; 107:102449. [PMID: 38908356 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that basal forebrain (BF) regulates arousal during propofol anesthesia. However, as the BF comprises cholinergic neurons alongside two other types of neurons, the specific role of cholinergic neurons has not been definitively elucidated. In our study, calcium signal imaging was utilized to monitor the real-time activities of cholinergic neurons in the BF during propofol anesthesia. Additionally, we selectively stimulated these neurons to investigate EEG and behavioral responses during propofol anesthesia. Furthermore, we specifically lesioned cholinergic neurons in the BF to investigate the sensitivity to propofol and the induction time. The results revealed that propofol suppressed calcium signals of cholinergic neurons within the BF following intraperitoneal injection. Notably, upon recovery of the righting reflex, the calcium signals partially recovered. Spectral analysis of the EEG elucidated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons led to a decrease in δ power underlie propofol anesthesia. Conversely, depletion of cholinergic neurons in the BF enhanced sensitivity to propofol and shortened the induction time. These findings clarify the role of cholinergic neurons in the anesthesia-arousal process, as well as the depth and the sensitivity of propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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Plasil SL, Farris SP, Blednov Y, Mayfield RD, Mangieri RA, Nwokeji UJ, Aziz HC, Lambeth PS, Harris RA, Homanics GE. Mutation of novel ethanol-responsive lncRNA Gm41261 impacts ethanol-related behavioral responses in mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12886. [PMID: 38373108 PMCID: PMC10876150 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure results in widespread dysregulation of gene expression that contributes to the pathogenesis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of the transcriptome that we hypothesize coordinate alcohol-induced transcriptome dysregulation and contribute to AUD. Based on RNA-Sequencing data of human prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens of AUD versus non-AUD brain, the human LINC01265 and its predicted murine homolog Gm41261 (i.e., TX2) were selected for functional interrogation. We tested the hypothesis that TX2 contributes to ethanol drinking and behavioral responses to ethanol. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis was used to create a TX2 mutant mouse line in which 306 base-pairs were deleted from the locus. RNA analysis revealed that an abnormal TX2 transcript was produced at an unchanged level in mutant animals. Behaviorally, mutant mice had reduced ethanol, gaboxadol and zolpidem-induced loss of the righting response and reduced tolerance to ethanol in both sexes. In addition, a male-specific reduction in two-bottle choice every-other-day ethanol drinking was observed. Male TX2 mutants exhibited evidence of enhanced GABA release and altered GABAA receptor subunit composition in neurons of the nucleus accumbens shell. In C57BL6/J mice, TX2 within the cortex was cytoplasmic and largely present in Rbfox3+ neurons and IBA1+ microglia, but not in Olig2+ oligodendrocytes or in the majority of GFAP+ astrocytes. These data support the hypothesis that TX2 mutagenesis and dysregulation impacts ethanol drinking behavior and ethanol-induced behavioral responses in mice, likely through alterations in the GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Plasil
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - S. P. Farris
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Y. Blednov
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - R. D. Mayfield
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - R. A. Mangieri
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - U. J. Nwokeji
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - H. C. Aziz
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - P. S. Lambeth
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - R. A. Harris
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction ResearchThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - G. E. Homanics
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurobiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Vincent KF, Solt K. Modulating anesthetic emergence with pathway-selective dopamine signaling. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2023; 36:468-475. [PMID: 37552017 PMCID: PMC10528732 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent preclinical findings investigating dopaminergic circuits for their involvement in reversing anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. RECENT FINDINGS The release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area onto dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens promotes emergence following general anesthesia. Two relevant targets of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens include the lateral hypothalamus and ventral pallidum. Activating mesocortical dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the prelimbic cortex has also been shown to hasten emergence from general anesthesia. In contrast, the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway is not involved in regulating anesthetic emergence. The role of the tuberoinfundibular endocrine dopamine pathway remains to be tested; however, recent studies have identified an important function of neuroendocrine signaling on modulating general anesthesia. SUMMARY Potential avenues for accelerating anesthetic emergence may be found through targeting specific arousal-promoting pathways in the brain. Accumulating evidence from rodent studies manipulating cell type- and circuit-specific signaling pathways have identified dopamine as a potent modulator of general anesthesia. Specifically, dopamine signaling along the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways plays a fundamental role in regulating consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F. Vincent
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhou JS, Peng GF, Liang WD, Chen Z, Liu YY, Wang BY, Guo ML, Deng YL, Ye JM, Zhong ML, Wang LF. Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228895. [PMID: 37781698 PMCID: PMC10539608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The pharmacological properties of ketamine, namely, its sympathetic excitation, mild respiratory depression, and potent analgesia, are still highly valued in its use as an anesthetic for some patients. In particular, since its advent, S-ketamine has been widely used as an anesthetic in many countries due to its increased affinity for NMDA receptors and its enhanced anesthetic and analgesic effects. However, the anesthetic and analgesic mechanisms of S-ketamine are not fully understood. In addition to antagonizing NMDA receptors, a variety of other receptors or channels may be involved, but there are no relevant mechanistic summaries in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of action of S-ketamine on relevant receptors and systems in the body that result in its pharmacological properties, such as anesthesia and analgesia, with the aim of providing a reference for its clinical applications and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-shun Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guan-fa Peng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei-dong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying-ying Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bing-yu Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ming-ling Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yun-ling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun-ming Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mao-lin Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Li-feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
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6
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Peng Y, Yuan C, Zhang Y. The role of the basal forebrain in general anesthesia. IBRAIN 2022; 9:102-110. [PMID: 37786520 PMCID: PMC10529324 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain is a group of nerve nuclei on the ventral side of the ventral ganglion, composed of γ-aminobutyric acid neurons, glutamatergic neurons, cholinergic neurons, and orexigenic neurons. Previous studies have focused on the involvement of the basal forebrain in regulating reward, learning, movement, sleep-awakening, and other neurobiological behaviors, but its role in the regulation of general anesthesia has not been systematically elucidated. Therefore, the different neuronal subtypes in the basal forebrain and projection pathways in general anesthesia will be discussed in this paper. In this paper, we aim to determine and elaborate on the role of the basal forebrain in general anesthesia and the development of theoretical research and provide a new theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Ting Peng
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Cheng‐Dong Yuan
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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Leung LS, Moallem S, Prado MAM, Prado VF, Chu L. Muscarinic and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor blockade reveal differences in hippocampal local field potentials in mice with low cholinergic tone. Hippocampus 2022; 32:731-751. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Shahin Moallem
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Marco A. M. Prado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Robarts Research Institute University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Robarts Research Institute University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Liangwei Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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Leung LS, Ma J. Medial Septum Modulates Consciousness and Psychosis-Related Behaviors Through Hippocampal Gamma Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895000. [PMID: 35874429 PMCID: PMC9301478 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally high-amplitude hippocampal gamma activity (30–100 Hz) in behaving animals is seen after a hippocampal seizure, following injection of phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine, and transiently in a delirium stage during induction of general anesthesia. High-amplitude hippocampal gamma activity in behaving rats is associated with hyperactive behavior and impairment in sensorimotor gating and sensory gating. The medial septum is necessary for the high-amplitude gamma activity and abnormal behaviors observed following a hippocampal seizure or injection of PCP/ketamine. Glutamatergic projection of the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and dopaminergic transmission in NAC is necessary for abnormal behaviors. Large hippocampal gamma waves are suggested to contribute to seizure-induced automatism following temporal lobe seizures, and the schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by PCP/ketamine. Low-amplitude gamma activity is found during general anesthesia, associated with loss of consciousness in humans and loss of righting reflex in animals. Local inactivation or lesion of the medial septum, NAC, and brain areas connected to the septohippocampal-NAC system attenuates the increase in hippocampal gamma and associated behavioral disruptions induced by hippocampal seizure or PCP/ketamine. Inactivation or lesion of the septohippocampal-NAC system decreases the dose of anesthetic necessary for gamma decrease and loss of consciousness in animals. Thus, it is proposed that the septohippocampal-NAC system serves to control consciousness and the behavioral hyperactivity and neural dysfunctions during psychosis.
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Dean JG, Fields CW, Brito MA, Silverstein BH, Rybicki-Kler C, Fryzel AM, Groenhout T, Liu T, Mashour GA, Pal D. Inactivation of Prefrontal Cortex Attenuates Behavioral Arousal Induced by Stimulation of Basal Forebrain During Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1140-1152. [PMID: 35436248 PMCID: PMC9093733 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic stimulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) can reverse anesthesia. Conversely, inactivation of PFC can delay emergence from anesthesia. PFC receives cholinergic projections from basal forebrain, which contains wake-promoting neurons. However, the role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in arousal from the anesthetized state requires refinement, and it is currently unknown whether the arousal-promoting effect of basal forebrain is mediated through PFC. To address these gaps in knowledge, we implemented a novel approach to the use of chemogenetic stimulation and tested the role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in behavioral arousal during sevoflurane anesthesia. Next, we investigated the effect of tetrodotoxin-mediated inactivation of PFC on behavioral arousal produced by electrical stimulation of basal forebrain during sevoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon G Dean
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Center for Consciousness Science
| | | | - Michael A Brito
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - George A Mashour
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dinesh Pal
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology.,Molecular and Integrative Physiology.,Center for Consciousness Science.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Huels ER, Groenhout T, Fields CW, Liu T, Mashour GA, Pal D. Inactivation of Prefrontal Cortex Delays Emergence From Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:690717. [PMID: 34305541 PMCID: PMC8299111 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.690717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies aimed at investigating brain regions involved in arousal state control have been traditionally limited to subcortical structures. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that inactivation of prefrontal cortex, but not two subregions within parietal cortex—somatosensory barrel field and medial/lateral parietal association cortex—would suppress arousal, as measured by an increase in anesthetic sensitivity. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were surgically prepared for recording electroencephalogram and bilateral infusion into prefrontal cortex (N = 13), somatosensory barrel field (N = 10), or medial/lateral parietal association cortex (N = 9). After at least 10 days of post-surgical recovery, 156 μM tetrodotoxin or saline was microinjected into one of the cortical sites. Ninety minutes after injection, rats were anesthetized with 2.5% sevoflurane and the time to loss of righting reflex, a surrogate for loss of consciousness, was measured. Sevoflurane was stopped after 45 min and the time to return of righting reflex, a surrogate for return of consciousness, was measured. Tetrodotoxin-mediated inactivation of all three cortical sites decreased (p < 0.05) the time to loss of righting reflex. By contrast, only inactivation of prefrontal cortex, but not somatosensory barrel field or medial/lateral parietal association cortex, increased (p < 0.001) the time to return of righting reflex. Burst suppression ratio was not altered following inactivation of any of the cortical sites, suggesting that there was no global effect due to pharmacologic lesion. These findings demonstrate that prefrontal cortex plays a causal role in emergence from anesthesia and behavioral arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Huels
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Trent Groenhout
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher W Fields
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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