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Nobukuni K, Shirozu K, Maeda A, Funakoshi K, Higashi M, Yamaura K. Recovery of memory retention after anesthesia with remimazolam: an exploratory, randomized, open, propofol-controlled, single-center clinical trial. JA Clin Rep 2023; 9:41. [PMID: 37438459 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-023-00635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Remimazolam, a newly developed ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine, provides early recovery of consciousness but its effects on memory recovery are unclear. This study examined memory recovery after emergence from general anesthesia using remimazolam. METHODS Seventy-four patients undergoing breast surgery between October 2021 and March 2022 were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive propofol (control group) or remimazolam as general anesthetic during surgery. The primary endpoint was the number of posters patients remembered 24 h after surgery (among four posters shown after recovering from anesthesia) as an assessment of memory retention. The secondary endpoints were the recall of a numeric character patients had been shown just before anesthetic induction, as an assessment of retrograde amnesia 24 h after surgery. RESULTS Sixty-six patients (propofol, 32; remimazolam, 34) were assessed. Patients in the remimazolam group remembered significantly fewer posters shown to them after surgery than those in the propofol group (0 [0 - 2] vs. 2 [1 - 3], p < 0.001). In the remimazolam group, the patients who received flumazenil remembered a higher number of posters than those who did not receive flumazenil (3 [1 - 4] vs. 0 [0 - 0], p < 0.001). All patients remembered all events that occurred during the preoperative period as well as the numeric character. CONCLUSION Patients recovering from remimazolam anesthesia without receiving flumazenil do not remember events after regaining consciousness. IRB: Kyushu University School of Medicine Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) (approval number: 20212006). TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center on September 28, 2021 (UMIN-CTR: UMIN000045593). IMPLICATION STATEMENT Memory recovery is slower following emergence from remimazolam than from propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nobukuni
- Operating Rooms, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shirozu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Aiko Maeda
- Operating Rooms, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouta Funakoshi
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Midoriko Higashi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Song XY, Liu XW, Wang J. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) attenuates memory impairment in the offspring of rats exposed to sevoflurane anesthesia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:139-146. [PMID: 36609154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAHA was reported to enhance the expression of miR-129-5p, which was predicted to bind to 3' UTR of CASP-6, a gene playing crucial roles in the pathogenesis of memory impairment. Whether SAHA/miR-129-5p/CASP-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of prenatal exposure to sevoflurane remains to be explored. METHODS Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the functional parameters of learning and memory. Quantitative real-time qPCR was carried out to analyze the expression of miRNAs and CASP-6 mRNA under different conditions. RESULTS Sevoflurane exposure of pregnant rats and SAHA treatment of the offspring had no effect on the blood gases, litter size, survival rate and weight. SAHA administration remarkably reversed the learning and memory impairment in prenatal rats caused by sevoflurane exposure. Mechanistically, the abnormal expression of miR-129-5p and CASP-6 in the offspring of pregnant rats exposed to sevoflurane was effectively restored by SAHA treatment. The luciferase activity of CASP-6 vector was effectively inhibited by miR-129-5p in primary neuron cells of rats. Moreover, the expression of CASP-6 mRNA and protein was significantly suppressed by miR-129-5p and SAHA treatment in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that the administration of SAHA suppressed the expression of CASP-6 via modulating the expression of miR-129-5p, and SAHA may rescue the apoptosis of neurons caused by exposure to sevoflurane. The underlying mechanism might be the ability of SAHA to relieve learning and memory impairment in the offspring of the pregnant rats exposed to sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
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Propofol Modulates Early Memory Consolidation in Humans. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0537-19.2020. [PMID: 32295771 PMCID: PMC7307630 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0537-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of memory across time is crucial for adaptive behavior. Current theories posit that the underlying consolidation process depends on stabilization of synapses and reorganization of interactions between hippocampus and neocortex. However, the temporal properties of hippocampal-neocortical network reconfiguration during consolidation are still a matter of debate. Translational research on this issue is challenged by the paucity of techniques to transiently interfere with memory in the healthy human brain. Here, we report a neuro-pharmacological approach with the GABAAergic anesthetic propofol and a memory task sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. Patients undergoing minor surgery learned word lists before injection of an anesthetic dose of propofol. Results show that administration of the drug shortly after learning (∼13 min) impairs recall after awakening but spares recognition. By contrast, later administration (∼105 min) has no effect. These findings suggest significant changes in memory networks very early after learning that are decisive for later recall. Propofol general anesthesia provides an experimental tool to modulate the first steps of hippocampus-mediated memory consolidation in humans.
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Frölich MA, White DM, Kraguljac NV, Lahti AC. Baseline Functional Connectivity Predicts Connectivity Changes Due to a Small Dose of Midazolam in Older Adults. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:224-232. [PMID: 31498189 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the perioperative context, benzodiazepines are widely used as anxiolytics. They affect cognition in general, but it is unclear whether the effects of a small dose of the short-acting benzodiazepine midazolam can be assessed objectively. To address this scientific question, we conducted a prospective observational study in adults 55-73 years of age. Using both validated psychometric and functional imaging techniques, we determined whether a 2-mg intravenous (IV) dose of midazolam affects cognitive function. METHODS We measured the effect of 2 mg IV of midazolam with both the well-established Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status test and resting-state functional magnetic imaging (rs-fMRI) in older adults. RESULTS Midazolam reduces immediate and delayed memory and has a profound and robust effect on rs-fMRI. Baseline resting-state connectivity predicts memory decline after midazolam administration. CONCLUSIONS Observed effects of midazolam on brain networks were statistically significant even in a small group of volunteers. If validated by other investigators, resting-state brain connectivity may have utility as a measure to predict sensitivity to midazolam in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M White
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nina V Kraguljac
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrienne C Lahti
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Baron Shahaf D, Hare GMT, Shahaf G. The Effects of Anesthetics on the Cortex-Lessons From Event-Related Potentials. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:2. [PMID: 32116577 PMCID: PMC7026482 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consciousness while under general anesthesia is a dreadful condition. Various electroencephalogram (EEG)-based technologies have been developed, on the basis of empirical evidence, in order to identify this condition. However, certain electrophysiological phenomena, which seem strongly related with depth of anesthesia in some drugs, appear less consistent with those of other anesthetic drugs. There is a gap between the complexity of the phenomenon of consciousness and its behavioral manifestations, on the one hand, and the empirical nature of the reported electrophysiological markers, which are associated with it, on the other hand. In fact, such a gap might prevent us from progressing toward unified electrophysiological markers of consciousness while under anesthesia, which are applicable to all anesthetic drugs. We believe that there is a need to bridge this conceptual gap. Therefore, in this work, we will try to present a theoretical framework for such bridging. First, we suggest focusing on neuropsychological processes, which seem to have a clear role in the behavioral manifestations of consciousness while under anesthesia but seem, nevertheless, better defined than consciousness itself-such as perception and attention. Then, we suggest analyzing the effects of anesthesia upon these neuropsychological processes, as they are manifested in the EEG signal. Specifically, we will focus on the effects of anesthesia on event-related potentials (ERPs), which seem more easily associable with neuropsychological modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory M T Hare
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,St. Michael's Hospital Center of Excellence for Patient Blood Management, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Potentiation Inhibits Learning in a Computational Network Model. Anesthesiology 2019; 129:106-117. [PMID: 29664887 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol produces memory impairment at concentrations well below those abolishing consciousness. Episodic memory, mediated by the hippocampus, is most sensitive. Two potentially overlapping scenarios may explain how γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA) potentiation by propofol disrupts episodic memory-the first mediated by shifting the balance from excitation to inhibition while the second involves disruption of rhythmic oscillations. We use a hippocampal network model to explore these scenarios. The basis for these experiments is the proposal that the brain represents memories as groups of anatomically dispersed strongly connected neurons. METHODS A neuronal network with connections modified by synaptic plasticity was exposed to patterned stimuli, after which spiking output demonstrated evidence of stimulus-related neuronal group development analogous to memory formation. The effect of GABAA potentiation on this memory model was studied in 100 unique networks. RESULTS GABAA potentiation consistent with moderate propofol effects reduced neuronal group size formed in response to a patterned stimulus by around 70%. Concurrently, accuracy of a Bayesian classifier in identifying learned patterns in the network output was reduced. Greater potentiation led to near total failure of group formation. Theta rhythm variations had no effect on group size or classifier accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Memory formation is widely thought to depend on changes in neuronal connection strengths during learning that enable neuronal groups to respond with greater facility to familiar stimuli. This experiment suggests the ability to form such groups is sensitive to alteration in the balance between excitation and inhibition such as that resulting from administration of a γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated anesthetic agent.
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Veselis RA. Complexities of human memory: relevance to anaesthetic practice. Br J Anaesth 2019; 121:210-218. [PMID: 29935575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of anaesthetic actions on memory have largely focused on easily definable aspects of episodic memory, with emphasis on particular drug interactions on specific memory processes. However, the memory landscape of the perioperative experience includes many facets that lie outside these conceptualisations. These include patient recall of preoperative conversations, patient beliefs regarding allergies and unusual/uncommon anaesthetic events, memories of awareness, and particularly vivid dreams during anaesthesia. In no small part, memories are influenced by a patient's interpretations of events in light of their own belief systems. From the practitioner's point of view, relating fully to the patient's experience requires some framework of understanding. The purpose of this review is to highlight research over the previous decades on belief systems and their interactions with autobiographical memory, which organises episodic memories into a personally relevant narrative. As a result, memory is a set of continuously malleable processes, and is best described as a (re)constructive rather than photographic instantiation. Belief systems are separate but closely interacting processes with autobiographical memory. The interaction of a constantly evolving set of memories with belief systems can explain phenomena such as illusions, distortions, and (re)constructions of factitious events. How anaesthetics and our patient interactions influence these behaviours, and vice versa, will be important questions to explore and define with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Mason KP, Kelhoffer ER, Prescilla R, Mehta M, Root JC, Young VJ, Robinson F, Veselis RA. Feasibility of measuring memory response to increasing dexmedetomidine sedation in children. Br J Anaesth 2018; 118:254-263. [PMID: 28100530 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The memory effect of dexmedetomidine has not been prospectively evaluated in children. We evaluated the feasibility of measuring memory and sedation responses in children during dexmedetomidine sedation for non-painful radiological imaging studies. Secondarily, we quantified changes in memory in relation to the onset of sedation. METHODS A 10 min bolus of dexmedetomidine (2 mcg kg-1) was given to children as they named simple line drawings every five s. The absence of sedation was identified as any verbal response, regardless of correctness. After recovery, recognition memory was tested with correct Yes/No recognitions (50% novel pictures) and was matched to sedation responses during the bolus period (subsequent memory paradigm). RESULTS Of 64 accruals, 30 children (mean [SD]6.1 (1.2) yr, eight male) received dexmedetomidine and completed all study tasks. Individual responses were able to be modelled successfully in the 30 children completing all the study tasks, demonstrating feasibility of this approach. Children had 50% probability of verbal response at five min 40 s after infusion start, whereas 50% probability of subsequent recognition memory occurred sooner at four min five s. CONCLUSIONS Quantifying memory and sedation effects during dexmedetomidine infusion in verbal children was possible and demonstrated that memory function was present until shortly before verbal unresponsiveness occurred. This is the first study to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on memory in children. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT 02354378.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mason
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E R Kelhoffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Prescilla
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - M Mehta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - J C Root
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology in Anesthesiology, Neurocognitve Research Lab, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - V J Young
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Radek L, Kallionpää R, Karvonen M, Scheinin A, Maksimow A, Långsjö J, Kaisti K, Vahlberg T, Revonsuo A, Scheinin H, Valli K. Dreaming and awareness during dexmedetomidine- and propofol-induced unresponsiveness. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:260-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Spoken words are processed during dexmedetomidine-induced unresponsiveness. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:270-280. [PMID: 29935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the effects of anaesthetic drugs on the processing of semantic stimuli could yield insights into how brain functions change in the transition from wakefulness to unresponsiveness. Here, we explored the N400 event-related potential during dexmedetomidine- and propofol-induced unresponsiveness. METHODS Forty-seven healthy subjects were randomised to receive either dexmedetomidine (n=23) or propofol (n=24) in this open-label parallel-group study. Loss of responsiveness was achieved by stepwise increments of pseudo-steady-state plasma concentrations, and presumed loss of consciousness was induced using 1.5 times the concentration required for loss of responsiveness. Pre-recorded spoken sentences ending either with an expected (congruous) or an unexpected (incongruous) word were presented during unresponsiveness. The resulting electroencephalogram data were analysed for the presence of the N400 component, and for the N400 effect defined as the difference between the N400 components elicited by congruous and incongruous stimuli, in the time window 300-600 ms post-stimulus. Recognition of the presented stimuli was tested after recovery of responsiveness. RESULTS The N400 effect was not observed during dexmedetomidine- or propofol-induced unresponsiveness. The N400 component, however, persisted during dexmedetomidine administration. The N400 component elicited by congruous stimuli during unresponsiveness in the dexmedetomidine group resembled the large component evoked by incongruous stimuli at the awake baseline. After recovery, no recognition of the stimuli heard during unresponsiveness occurred. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine and propofol disrupt the discrimination of congruous and incongruous spoken sentences, and recognition memory at loss of responsiveness. However, the processing of words is partially preserved during dexmedetomidine-induced unresponsiveness. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01889004.
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Changes in brain activation induced by visual stimulus during and after propofol conscious sedation. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1256-1260. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chen Y, Pryor KO, Avidan MS. In Response. Anesth Analg 2016; 123:1639. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Veselis R, Kelhoffer E, Mehta M, Root JC, Robinson F, Mason KP. Propofol sedation in children: sleep trumps amnesia. Sleep Med 2016; 27-28:115-120. [PMID: 27938911 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Detailed assessments of the effects of propofol on memory in children are lacking. We assessed the feasibility of measuring memory during propofol infusion, as commonly performed in sedation for MRI scanning. In addition, we determined the onset of memory loss in relation to the onset of sedation measured by verbal responsiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children scheduled for sedation for MRI received a 10-min infusion of propofol (3 mg/kg) as they viewed and named 100 simple line drawings, one shown every five seconds, until they were no longer responsive (encoding). A control group receiving no sedation for MRI underwent similar tasks. Sedation was measured as any verbal response, regardless of correctness. After recovery from sedation, recognition memory was tested, with correct yes/no recognitions matched to sedation responses during encoding (subsequent memory paradigm). RESULTS Of the 48 children who received propofol, 30 could complete all study tasks (6.2 ± 1.6 years, 16 males). Individual responses could be modeled in all 30 children. On average, there was a 50% probability of no verbal response 3.1 min after the start of infusion, with 50% memory loss at 2.7 min. Children receiving propofol recognized 65 ± 16% of the pictures seen, whereas the control group recognized 93 ± 5%. CONCLUSION Measurement of memory and sedation is possible in verbal children receiving propofol by infusion in a clinical setting. Despite propofol being an amnestic agent, there was little or no amnestic effect of propofol while the child was verbally responsive. It is important for sedation providers to realize that propofol sedation does not always produce amnesia while the child is responsive. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV NUMBER NCT02278003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric Kelhoffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Meghana Mehta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - James C Root
- Neurocognitive Research Lab, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychology in Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Keira P Mason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Messina AG, Wang M, Ward MJ, Wilker CC, Smith BB, Vezina DP, Pace NL. Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD007272. [PMID: 27755648 PMCID: PMC6461159 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007272.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND General anaesthesia is usually associated with unconsciousness. 'Awareness' is when patients have postoperative recall of events or experiences during surgery. 'Wakefulness' is when patients become conscious during surgery, but have no postoperative recollection of the period of consciousness. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of two types of anaesthetic interventions in reducing clinically significant awareness:- anaesthetic drug regimens; and- intraoperative anaesthetic depth monitors. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, ISSUE 4 2016); PubMed from 1950 to April 2016; MEDLINE from 1950 to April 2016; and Embase from 1980 to April 2016. We contacted experts to identify additional studies. We performed a handsearch of the citations in the review. We did not search trial registries. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of either anaesthetic regimens or anaesthetic depth monitors. We excluded volunteer studies, studies of patients prior to skin incision, intensive care unit studies, and studies that only randomized different word presentations for memory tests (not anaesthetic interventions).Anaesthetic drug regimens included studies of induction or maintenance, or both. Anaesthetic depth monitors included the Bispectral Index monitor, M-Entropy, Narcotrend monitor, cerebral function monitor, cerebral state monitor, patient state index, and lower oesophageal contractility monitor. The use of anaesthetic depth monitors allows the titration of anaesthetic drugs to maintain unconsciousness. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two authors independently scanned abstracts, extracted data from the studies, and evaluated studies for risk of bias. We made attempts to contact all authors for additional clarification. We performed meta-analysis statistics in packages of the R language. MAIN RESULTS We included 160 studies with 54,109 enrolled participants; 53,713 participants started the studies and 50,034 completed the studies or data analysis (or both). We could not use 115 RCTs in meta-analytic comparisons because they had zero awareness events. We did not merge 27 of the remaining 45 studies because they had excessive clinical and methodological heterogeneity. We pooled the remaining 18 eligible RCTs in meta-analysis. There are 10 studies awaiting classification which we will process when we update the review.The meta-analyses included 18 trials with 36,034 participants. In the analysis of anaesthetic depth monitoring (either Bispectral Index or M-entropy) versus standard clinical and electronic monitoring, there were nine trials with 34,744 participants. The overall event rate was 0.5%. The effect favoured neither anaesthetic depth monitoring nor standard clinical and electronic monitoring, with little precision in the odds ratio (OR) estimate (OR 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 1.62).In a five-study subset of Bispectral Index monitoring versus standard clinical and electronic monitoring, with 34,181 participants, 503 participants gave awareness reports to a blinded, expert panel who adjudicated or judged the outcome for each patient after reviewing the questionnaires: no awareness, possible awareness, or definite awareness. Experts judged 351 patient awareness reports to have no awareness, 87 to have possible awareness, and 65 to have definite awareness. The effect size favoured neither Bispectral Index monitoring nor standard clinical and electronic monitoring, with little precision in the OR estimate for the combination of definite and possible awareness (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.35 to 2.65). The effect size favoured Bispectral Index monitoring for definite awareness, but with little precision in the OR estimate (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.75).We performed three smaller meta-analyses of anaesthetic drugs. There were nine studies with 1290 participants. Wakefulness was reduced by ketamine and etomidate compared to thiopental. Wakefulness was more frequent than awareness. Benzodiazepines reduces awareness compared to thiopental, ketamine, and placebo., Also, higher doses of inhaled anaesthetics versus lower doses reduced the risk of awareness.We graded the quality of the evidence as low or very low in the 'Summary of findings' tables for the five comparisons.Most of the secondary outcomes in this review were not reported in the included RCTs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Anaesthetic depth monitors may have similar effects to standard clinical and electrical monitoring on the risk of awareness during surgery. In older studies comparing anaesthetics in a smaller portion of the patient sample, wakefulness occurred more frequently than awareness. Use of etomidate and ketamine lowered the risk of wakefulness compared to thiopental. Benzodiazepines compared to thiopental and ketamine, or higher doses of inhaled anaesthetics versus lower doses, reduced the risk of awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Messina
- School of Management, University of Texas at DallasThe Alliance for Medical Management EducationBox 2331920 N. Coit RoadRichardsonTXUSA75080
| | - Michael Wang
- University of LeicesterClinical Psychology UnitLancaster RoadLeicesterUKLE1 7HA
| | - Marshall J Ward
- Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center1 Medical Center DrLebanonNHUSA03766
| | - Chase C Wilker
- ARUP LaboratoriesClinical Toxicology IIISalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Brett B Smith
- University of UtahUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA84112
| | - Daniel P Vezina
- University of UtahDepartment of Anesthesiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of CardiologySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Veteran's AdministrationEchocardiography LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Nathan Leon Pace
- University of UtahDepartment of Anesthesiology3C444 SOM30 North 1900 EastSalt Lake CityUTUSA84132‐2304
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Hara M, Zhou ZY, Hemmings HC. α2-Adrenergic Receptor and Isoflurane Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx and Exocytosis in Hippocampal Neurons. Anesthesiology 2016; 125:535-46. [PMID: 27337223 PMCID: PMC4988866 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that the anesthetic-sparing effects of α2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists involve α2A-AR heteroreceptors on nonadrenergic neurons. Since volatile anesthetics inhibit neurotransmitter release by reducing synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis, the authors hypothesized that α2-AR agonists inhibit nonadrenergic SV exocytosis and thereby potentiate presynaptic inhibition of exocytosis by isoflurane. METHODS Quantitative imaging of fluorescent biosensors of action potential-evoked SV exocytosis (synaptophysin-pHluorin) and Ca influx (GCaMP6) were used to characterize presynaptic actions of the clinically used α2-AR agonists dexmedetomidine and clonidine, and their interaction with isoflurane, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine (0.1 μM, n = 10) or clonidine (0.5 μM, n = 8) inhibited action potential-evoked exocytosis (54 ± 5% and 59 ± 8% of control, respectively; P < 0.001). Effects on exocytosis were blocked by the subtype-nonselective α2-AR antagonist atipamezole or the α2A-AR-selective antagonist BRL 44408 but not by the α2C-AR-selective antagonist JP 1302. Dexmedetomidine inhibited exocytosis and presynaptic Ca influx without affecting Ca coupling to exocytosis, consistent with an effect upstream of Ca-exocytosis coupling. Exocytosis coupled to both N-type and P/Q-type Ca channels was inhibited by dexmedetomidine or clonidine. Dexmedetomidine potentiated inhibition of exocytosis by 0.7 mM isoflurane (to 42 ± 5%, compared to 63 ± 8% for isoflurane alone; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal SV exocytosis is inhibited by α2A-AR activation in proportion to reduced Ca entry. These effects are additive with those of isoflurane, consistent with a role for α2A-AR presynaptic heteroreceptor inhibition of nonadrenergic synaptic transmission in the anesthetic-sparing effects of α2A-AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hugh C. Hemmings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kim SE, Ko IG, Kim CJ, Chung JY, Yi JW, Choi JH, Jang MS, Han JH. Dexmedetomidine promotes the recovery of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 631:91-96. [PMID: 27546825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective α2 adrenergic agonist, is an anesthetic and sedative agent, and is reported to exert neuroprotective effects after hypoxic ischemia. However, there are few studies on the electrophysiological effect of DEX in hippocampal slices under ischemic conditions. The effects of DEX on field potential in hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were evaluated. Hippocampal slices were prepared from rats, and the evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded using the MED 64 system. Hypoxic-ischemia was induced by perfusion with glucose-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) bubbled with 95% N2 and 5% CO2, and hippocampal slices were perfused with DEX-added aCSF before, during, and after OGD induction. In the normal hippocampal slices, perfusion with 1 and 10μM DEX did not significantly decrease the normalized fEPSP amplitude, but 100μM DEX significantly reduced the fEPSP amplitude compared with its baseline control. The induction of OGD remarkably decreased the fEPSP amplitude, whereas the pre-, co-, and post-treatment of 10μM DEX gradually promoted recovery after washing out, and consequently the amplitude of fEPSP in DEX pre-, co-, and post-treated OGD slices were significantly higher than that in the untreated OGD slices at 10min and 60min after washing out. In particular, co-treatment with DEX conspicuously promoted the recovery of the fEPSP amplitude at the beginning of washing out. These results suggest the possibility of DEX as a therapeutic agent to prevent hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and promote functional recovery after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ribeiro PO, Antunes LM, Nunes CS, Silva HB, Cunha RA, Tomé ÂR. The Effects of Different Concentrations of the α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Medetomidine on Basal Excitatory Synaptic Transmission and Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal Slices of Adult Mice. Anesth Analg 2016; 120:1130-1137. [PMID: 25658314 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-Adrenoceptor agonists are used frequently in human and veterinary anesthesia as sedative/analgesic drugs. However, they can impair cognition. Little is known about the concentration-dependent effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists on synaptic plasticity, the neurophysiological basis of learning and memory. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of medetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, on basal excitatory synaptic transmission and on 2 forms of synaptic plasticity: paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and long-term potentiation (LTP). METHODS Evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in Schaffer fibers-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses of mouse hippocampal slices, and the initial field excitatory postsynaptic potentials slope was measured. For basal synaptic transmission and PPF, increasing concentrations of medetomidine (1-200 μM) were applied to each slice. For LTP experiments, individual slices were used for each tested concentration of medetomidine (0.1-0.4 μM), where LTP induction and LTP maintenance were measured. RESULTS The lower tested concentrations of medetomidine decreased LTP in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas greater concentrations were required to decrease fiber volley amplitude and basal excitatory synaptic transmission. PPF was only affected by the greatest concentration (200 μM). CONCLUSIONS Medetomidine decreased LTP in the mouse hippocampus, in accordance with the ability of medetomidine to induce memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia O Ribeiro
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Porto, Portugal; Department of Sciences and Technology, Portuguese Open University, Delegação do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Anaesthesiology Service, Clinical Anaesthesiology Research Centre, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Chen Y, Cai A, Fritz BA, Dexter F, Pryor KO, Jacobsohn E, Glick DB, Willingham MD, Escallier KE, Winter AC, Avidan MS. Amnesia of the Operating Room in the B-Unaware and BAG-RECALL Clinical Trials. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:1158-68. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pryor KO, Root JC, Mehta M, Stern E, Pan H, Veselis RA, Silbersweig DA. Effect of propofol on the medial temporal lobe emotional memory system: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 Suppl 1:i104-i113. [PMID: 26174294 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical doses of propofol produce anterograde amnesia, characterized by an early failure of memory consolidation. It is unknown how propofol affects the amygdala-dependent emotional memory system, which modulates consolidation in the hippocampus in response to emotional arousal and neurohumoral stress. We present an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of propofol on the emotional memory system in human subjects. METHODS Thirty-five healthy subjects were randomized to receive propofol, at an estimated brain concentration of 0.90 μg ml(-1), or placebo. During drug infusion, emotionally arousing and neutral images were presented in a continuous recognition task, while blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation responses were acquired. After a drug-free interval of 2 h, subsequent memory for successfully encoded items was assessed. Imaging analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping and behavioural analysis using signal detection models. RESULTS Propofol had no effect on the stereotypical amygdalar response to emotional arousal, but caused marked suppression of the hippocampal response. Propofol caused memory performance to become uncoupled from amygdalar activation, but it remained correlated with activation in the posterior hippocampus, which decreased in proportion to amnesia. CONCLUSIONS Propofol is relatively ineffective at suppressing amygdalar activation at sedative doses, but abolishes emotional modulation and causes amnesia via mechanisms that commonly involve hyporesponsiveness of the hippocampus. These findings raise the possibility that amygdala-dependent fear systems may remain intact even when a patient has diminished memory of events. This may be of clinical importance in the perioperative development of fear-based psychopathologies, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00504894.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Pryor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J C Root
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Mehta
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - E Stern
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 824 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - H Pan
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 824 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - D A Silbersweig
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 824 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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The 9th International Symposium on Memory and Awareness in Anesthesia (MAA9). Br J Anaesth 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pryor K, Hemmings H. NAP5: intraoperative awareness detected, and undetected. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113:530-3. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dexmedetomidine suppresses long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 field of anesthetized rats. J Anesth 2014; 28:828-32. [PMID: 24854521 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-014-1853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on hippocampal synaptic activity in vivo. METHODS The adult rats used for this study received a intraperitoneal bolus injection of 3, 10, 30, or 100 μg/kg of DEX or an equivalent volume of saline. Electrophysiological recording of the hippocampal CA1 region was initiated 20 min after drug administration. The results are expressed as the percentages of the population spike amplitude measured just before high-frequency stimulation (HFS). The electrophysiological data were analyzed with an area under the curve (AUC) of 10-60 min after HFS. Moreover, to investigate the sedative dose of DEX in rats, we recorded the duration of loss of spontaneous movement after the administration of each dose of DEX. RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of DEX at doses of 30 and 100 μg/kg induced a range of sedative effects. The AUC measurements were significantly lower in the 30 and 100 μg/kg groups than in those injected with vehicle (vehicle: 8.81 ± 0.49, n = 7; DEX 30 µg/kg: 6.02 ± 0.99, n = 6; DEX 100 µg/kg: 5.10 ± 0.43, n = 5; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of our in vivo study reveal that sedative doses of DEX impaired the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). These findings may signify a causal link between DEX-induced sedative action and hippocampal LTP suppression, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the DEX-induced sedative and/or amnestic effect.
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Increased risk of awareness under anesthesia: an issue of consciousness or of memory? Anesthesiology 2014; 119:1236-8. [PMID: 24121216 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Mashour GA. Cognitive unbinding: a neuroscientific paradigm of general anesthesia and related states of unconsciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2751-9. [PMID: 24076246 PMCID: PMC3870022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Cognitive unbinding" refers to the impaired synthesis of specialized cognitive activities in the brain and has been proposed as a mechanistic paradigm of unconsciousness. This article draws on recent neuroscientific data to revisit the tenets and predictions of cognitive unbinding, using general anesthesia as a representative state of unconsciousness. Current evidence from neuroimaging and neurophysiology supports the proposition that cognitive unbinding is a parsimonious explanation for the direct mechanism (or "proximate cause") of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness across multiple drug classes. The relevance of cognitive unbinding to sleep, disorders of consciousness, and psychological processes is also explored. It is concluded that cognitive unbinding is a viable neuroscientific framework for unconscious processes across the fields of anesthesiology, sleep neurobiology, neurology and psychoanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Mashour
- Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 1H247 University Hospital/SPC-5048, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048, USA.
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Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of a low dose of dexmedetomidine that impairs long-term memory. Anesthesiology 2013; 117:981-95. [PMID: 22929730 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31826be467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work suggests the amnesia from dexmedetomidine (an α2-adrenergic agonist) is caused by a failure of information to be encoded into long-term memory and that dexmedetomidine might differentially affect memory for emotionally arousing material. We investigated these issues in humans using event-related neuroimaging to reveal alterations in brain activity and subsequent memory effects associated with drug exposure. METHODS Forty-eight healthy volunteers received a computer-controlled infusion of either placebo or low-dose dexmedetomidine (target = 0.15 ng/ml plasma) during neuroimaging while they viewed and rated 80 emotionally arousing (e.g., graphic war wound) and 80 nonarousing neutral (e.g., cup) pictures for emotional arousal content. Long-term picture memory was tested 4 days later without neuroimaging. Imaging data were analyzed for drug effects, emotional processing differences, and memory-related changes with statistical parametric mapping-8. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine impaired overall (mean ± SEM) picture memory (placebo: 0.58 ± 0.03 vs. dexmedetomidine: 0.45 ± 0.03, P = 0.001), but did not differentially modulate memory as a function of item arousal. Arousing pictures were better remembered for both groups. Dexmedetomidine had regionally heterogeneous effects on brain activity, primarily decreasing it in the cortex and increasing it in thalamic and posterior hippocampal regions. Nevertheless, a single subsequent memory effect for item memory common to both groups was identified only in the left hippocampus/amygdala. Much of this effect was found to be larger for the placebo than dexmedetomidine group. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine impaired long-term picture memory, but did not disproportionately block memory for emotionally arousing items. The memory impairment on dexmedetomidine corresponds with a weakened hippocampal subsequent memory effect.
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Zhang H, Zhang SB, Zhang QQ, Liu M, He XY, Zou Z, Sun HJ, You ZD, Shi XY. Rescue of cAMP response element-binding protein signaling reversed spatial memory retention impairments induced by subanesthetic dose of propofol. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:484-93. [PMID: 23534694 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The intravenous anesthetic propofol caused episodic memory impairments in human. We hypothesized propofol caused episodic-like spatial memory retention but not acquisition impairments in rats and rescuing cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling using selective type IV phosphodiesterase (PDEIV) inhibitor rolipram reversed these effects. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: control; propofol (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal); rolipram; and rolipram + propofol (pretreatment of rolipram 25 min before propofol, 0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Sedation and motor coordination were evaluated 5, 15, and 25 min after propofol injection. Invisible Morris water maze (MWM) acquisition and probe test (memory retention) were performed 5 min and 24 h after propofol injection. Visible MWM training was simultaneously performed to resist nonspatial effects. Hippocampal CREB signaling was detected 5 min, 50 min, and 24 h after propofol administration. RESULTS Rolipram did not change propofol-induced anesthetic/sedative states or impair motor skills. No difference was found on the latency to the platform during the visible MWM. Propofol impaired spatial memory retention but not acquisition. Rolipram reversed propofol-induced spatial memory impairments and suppression on cAMP levels, CaMKIIα and CREB phosphorylation, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and Arc protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Propofol caused spatial memory retention impairments but not acquisition inability possibly by inhibiting CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Quan X, Yi J, Ye TH, Tian SY, Zou L, Yu XR, Huang YG. Propofol and memory: a study using a process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:391-9. [PMID: 23488834 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Quan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - J. Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - T. H. Ye
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - S. Y. Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - L. Zou
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - X. R. Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Y. G. Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
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Wang M, Messina AG, Russell IF. The topography of awareness: a classification of intra-operative cognitive states. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:1197-201. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liao W, Ma G, Su Q, Fang Y, Gu B, Zou X. Dexmedetomidine versus Midazolam for Conscious Sedation in Postoperative Patients Undergoing Flexible Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Study. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:1371-80. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This prospective randomized study evaluated the efficacy and patient tolerance of dexmedetomidine compared with midazolam for sedation in postoperative patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. METHODS: A total of 198 postoperative patients were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine ( n = 99) or midazolam ( n = 99) to produce conscious sedation for bronchoscopy. Peripheral oxygen saturation, heart rate and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were recorded before, during and after the procedure. Patient tolerance was recorded using various visual analogue scales. RESULTS: The mean lowest peripheral oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the midazolam group than in the dexmedetomidine group. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure were both significantly higher during bronchoscopy in the midazolam group than in the dexmedetomidine group. Bronchoscopy was well tolerated in both groups; there was no between-group difference in patient discomfort scores or in the percentage of patients who would accept repeat bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine provided better oxygen saturation and was equally well tolerated for conscious sedation in postoperative patients undergoing bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - G Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qg Su
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bc Gu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xm Zou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pearce RA, Duscher P, Van Dyke K, Lee M, Andrei AC, Perouansky M. Isoflurane impairs odour discrimination learning in rats: differential effects on short- and long-term memory. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:630-7. [PMID: 22258200 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaesthetics suppress the formation of lasting memories at concentrations that do not suppress perception, but it is unclear which elements of the complex cascade leading from a conscious experience to a lasting memory trace are disrupted. Experiments in conscious humans suggest that subhypnotic concentrations of anaesthetics impair consolidation or maintenance rather than acquisition of a representation (long-term more than short-term memory). We sought to test whether these agents similarly impair learning in rats. METHODS We used operant conditioning in rats to examine the effect of isoflurane on acquisition compared with long-term (24 h) memory of non-aversive olfactory memories using two different odour discrimination tasks. Rats learned the 'valences' of odour pairs presented either separately (task A) or simultaneously (task B), under control conditions and under isoflurane inhalation. In a separate set of experiments, we tested the ability of the animals to recall a learning set that had been acquired 24 h previously. RESULTS Under 0.4% isoflurane inhalation, the average number of trials required to reach criterion performance (18 correct responses in 20 successive trials) increased from 21.9 to 43.5 (P<0.05) and 24.2 to 54.4 (P<0.05) for tasks A and B, respectively. Under 0.3% isoflurane inhalation, only task B was impaired (from 24.2 to 31.5 trials, P<0.05). Recall at 24 h was dose-dependently impaired or prevented by isoflurane for both tasks. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane interfered with long-term memory of odour valence without preventing its acquisition. This paradigm may serve as a non-aversive animal model of conscious amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Perouansky M, Pearce RA. How we recall (or don't): the hippocampal memory machine and anesthetic amnesia. Can J Anaesth 2010; 58:157-66. [PMID: 21170624 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-010-9417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The hippocampal formation occupies a central position for the processing of sensory input into learned, remembered, and consciously retrievable information. The mechanisms by which anesthetic drugs interfere with these processes are now emerging. We review the current understanding of the role of the hippocampal formation in the generation of memory traces and how anesthetics might interfere with its function. CLINICAL FEATURES Intraoperative amnesia is a desired endpoint of general anesthesia from the perspective of both the patient and the practitioner. "Intraoperative awareness with recall" can result when learning and memory do occur. In addition, anesthetics are capable of inducing a state of "conscious amnesia" that can provide insight into the workings of the brain and might be useful clinically. CONCLUSIONS Anesthesiologists routinely induce the most fascinating pharmacologic effects in existence, the reversible interference of anesthetics with higher cognitive functions. Understanding how the drugs in our custody exert their effects should be our contribution to mankind's universal knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Perouansky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, B6/319 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3272, USA.
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