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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Although hypertensive disorders seem to affect around 5-10% of pregnancies worldwide, literature counts less than 80 cases of PA diagnosed during the peri-partum period. In this review we discuss about current knowledge on pathophysiology, natural history, diagnosis and treatment of PA in pregnancy. Because of the physiologic changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the contraindication to both confirmatory test and subtype differentiation, diagnosis of PA during pregnancy is challenging and relies mostly on detection of low/suppressed renin and high aldosterone levels. The course of pregnancy in patients with PA is highly variable, ranging from progesterone-induced amelioration of blood pressure (BP) control to severe and resistant hypertension with potential maternal and fetal complications. Mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) are the recommended and most effective drugs for treatment of PA. As the anti-androgenic effect of spironolactone can potentially interfere with sexual development, their prescription is not recommended during pregnancy. On the other side, eplerenone, has proven to be safe and effective in 6 pregnant women and may be added to conventional first line drug regimen in presence of resistant hypertension or persistent hypokalemia. Ideally, patients with unilateral forms of PA should undergo adrenalectomy prior to conception, however, when PA is diagnosed during pregnancy and medical therapy fails to adequately control hypertension or its complications, adrenalectomy can be considered during the second trimester in case of unilateral adrenal mass at MRI-scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Forestiero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Genova 3, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Sconfienza
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Genova 3, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Genova 3, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Monticone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Genova 3, 10126, Torino, Italy
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2
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Cao Y, Hu D, Yun P, Huang X, Chen Y, Li F. Gitelman syndrome diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy: a case report and literature review. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Gitelman syndrome is a rare salt-losing tubulopathy caused by inactivating mutations in the SLC12A3 gene, which is expressed in the distal convoluted tubule and accounts for 5–10% of renal sodium reabsorption. Atypical symptoms and insidious conditions generally delay diagnosis until childhood or even adulthood. Here, we report the case of a 22-year-old Chinese woman who was admitted to our endocrinology department for severe hypokalemia during pregnancy.
Case presentation
The patient had no specific symptoms but exhibited hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, and normal blood pressure. Together, these symptoms indicated the clinical diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome, which was confirmed by genetic analysis. Many drugs have limited safety data during early pregnancy, and optimum potassium and magnesium levels are necessary for a successful pregnancy.
Conclusions
Diagnosis and management of Gitelman syndrome are crucial during pregnancy to ensure the safety of the mother and fetus, especially during the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Peng Yun
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Xinwei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Fangping Li
- Department of Endocrinology , The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
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3
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Micha G, Kalopita K, Theodorou S, Stroumpoulis K. Peripartum Management of Gitelman Syndrome for Vaginal Delivery: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Anesth Essays Res 2021; 15:146-148. [PMID: 34667363 PMCID: PMC8462432 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_82_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the anesthetic management of a spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 weeks' gestation in a 36-year-old patient with Gitelman syndrome (GS). GS is a rare autosomal recessive renal tubulopathy characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, and secondary aldosteronism, which results in hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. To minimize any increase in catecholamine levels and consequent risk of ventricular arrhythmias, a labor epidural analgesia was administered using ropivacaine and fentanyl, along with intravenous magnesium and potassium supplementation. Ropivacaine was substituted for routine bupivacaine to decrease the risk of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. In the event of a cesarean section, the anesthetic plan was to continue with top-up epidural anesthesia and in case of failure, to convert to general anesthesia using propofol and rocuronium for induction. Delivery outcome was successful and uneventful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Micha
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, "Elena Venizelou" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kalopita
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, "Elena Venizelou" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Theodorou
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, "Elena Venizelou" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stroumpoulis
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, "Elena Venizelou" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Zhang L, Peng X, Zhao B, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Tian D, Yan Z, Yao L, Liu J, Qiu L, Xing X, Chen L. Clinical and laboratory features of female Gitelman syndrome and the pregnancy outcomes in a Chinese cohort. Nephrology (Carlton) 2020; 25:749-757. [PMID: 32542819 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare inherited salt-losing renal tubulopathy. Data on clinical features and the pregnancy outcome for female GS patients in a large cohort are lacking. The study was aimed to explore the phenotype and pregnant issue for female GS patients. METHODS GS cases from the National Rare Diseases Registry System of China (NRSC) were collected, and detailed clinical, laboratory and genetic data were analysed. Articles on pregnancy in GS were also systemically reviewed. RESULTS A total of 101 GS patients were included; among them, 42.6% were female and 79.2% showed hypomagnesaemia. A lower proportion of female patients presented before 18 years of age, with less frequently reported polyuria, higher serum potassium and less urine sodium and chloride excretions. There was no gender difference in the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) dysfunction evaluated by hydrochlorothiazide test. Twelve of the 43 female GS patients delivered after disease symptom onset, and their pregnancies were generally uneventful. As a group, pregnant GS patients had lower potassium levels in the first-trimester (P = .002) requiring higher potassium supplementation. After delivery, serum potassium (P = .02) and magnesium (P = .03) increased significantly. Both caesarean section and vaginal delivery were safe. CONCLUSION Female GS patients may have a less severe phenotype with generally favourable outcomes of pregnancy. Intensive monitoring and increased potassium supplementation are necessary during pregnancy, especially in the first-trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Inner Mongolia Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoli Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Inner Mongolia Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Syndromes de Bartter–Gitelman. Nephrol Ther 2020; 16:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Venugopalan S, Puthenveettil N, Rajan S, Paul J. Anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section in a patient with Gitelman syndrome. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:524-526. [PMID: 32792720 PMCID: PMC7398015 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_40_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing disorder of renal tubules, which results in hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Associated hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia are also seen. Gitelman syndrome is a variant of renal Bartter's syndrome. Anaesthetic management of these obstetric patients is challenging and requires a careful multidisciplinary approach. Close monitoring of potassium and magnesium levels and their supplementation is required to avoid complications to mother and baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Venugopalan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nitu Puthenveettil
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Rajan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jerry Paul
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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7
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Çetik S, Basaran NC, Ozisik L, Oz SG, Arici M. Gitelman Syndrome Diagnosed in a Woman in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2019; 6:001100. [PMID: 31139589 PMCID: PMC6499100 DOI: 10.12890/2019_001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome is a rare renal tubule disease characterized by hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalciuria and normal blood pressure. It shows autosomal recessive inheritance and is usually not diagnosed until late childhood or adulthood. We report the case of 34-year-old woman who at 21 weeks of pregnancy was admitted to the gynaecology department for abdominal pain, muscle cramps and weakness. Routine blood tests showed hypokalaemia (2.32 mEq/l), hypomagnesaemia (1.18 mEq/l), compensated metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.439, bicarbonate 26.1 mmol/l), increased urinary magnesium excretion (140.25 mg/day, normal range 73–122 mg/day) and reduced urinary calcium excretion (49.25 mg/day, normal range 100–250 mg/day). In light of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with Gitelman syndrome and optimum potassium and magnesium levels were maintained with oral supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıla Çetik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nursel Calik Basaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lale Ozisik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serife Gul Oz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arici
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Belzile M, Pouliot A, Cumyn A, Côté AM. Renal physiology and fluid and electrolyte disorders in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 57:1-14. [PMID: 30638905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of women are healthy entering pregnancy and do not require measurement of renal function or serum electrolytes. Clinicians must remain alert to the possibility of renal as well as fluid and electrolyte disorders in pregnancy, as the presenting complaints are often vague and mistaken for the normal physiology of pregnancy. In this chapter, our objectives are 1) to review the renal physiology from a practical/clinical standpoint; 2) to provide the clinical obstetrician a case-based approach to fluid and electrolyte disorders commonly encountered in pregnancy; 3) to consolidate knowledge on renal physiology and fluid and electrolyte disorders in pregnancy with MCQs that are directly aligned with content; and 4) to highlight key practice points and present a research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Belzile
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Pouliot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Annabelle Cumyn
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Côté
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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9
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Elbouajaji K, Blanchier D, Pourrat O, Sarreau M. [Management of Gitelman syndrome during pregnancy reporting 12 cases]. Nephrol Ther 2018; 14:536-543. [PMID: 30309814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gitelman syndrome is a rare hereditary renal tubulopathy, responsable of hypokalemia and hypomagnesaemia-related ionic disorders, which management is poorly codified during pregnancy. We report 12 cases of pregnancies with Gitelman syndrome and we compare our data with those of literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS It is a report of 12 pregnancies in 5 patients with Gitelman syndrome between 2002 and 2016. Follow up and outcome of pregnancy, delivery modalities and maternal-fetal prognosis have been collected. RESULTS In our serie, maximum kaliemie observed was 3.4mmol/L, with an average potassium, over all pregnancies of 2.3mmol/L. Oral potassium and magnesium supplementation at the end of pregnancy were 8900mg/day and 460mg/day, respectively. There were no serious maternal complications. Two pregnancies were complicated by intrauterine growth retardation in a context of preeclampsia. There is a large disparity in the methods of anesthetic management of these patients. Materno-fetal prognosis at 1 month post-partum is good. CONCLUSION Gitelman syndrome is a rare pathology where there is a lack of homogeneity in management of pregnancy. Monitoring of monthly ionogram is necessary. The goal is to obtain stable, non-symptomatic kaliemias, which will never be standardized even in increasing treatment. The most important is to inform and detect situations at risk of decompensation, including vomiting or the use of certain anesthetics. In agreement with literature data, monitoring of fetal growth and the amount of amniotic fluid in the third trimester is still warranted. These pregnancies require the development of a common care in multidisciplinary consultation meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Elbouajaji
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Dominique Blanchier
- Service de néphrologie, CH d'Angoulême, Rond-point de Girac, 16000 Angoulême, France
| | - Olivier Pourrat
- Service de réanimation médicale, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Mélie Sarreau
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, CH d'Angoulême, Rond-point de Girac, 16000 Angoulême, France.
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10
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Abstract
Hereditary kidney disease comprises approximately 10% of adults and nearly all children who require renal replacement therapy. Technologic advances have improved our ability to perform genetic diagnosis and enhanced our understanding of renal and syndromic diseases. In this article, we review the genetics of renal diseases, including common monogenic diseases such as polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, and Fabry disease, as well as complex disorders such as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. We provide the nephrologist with a general strategy to approach hereditary disorders, which includes a discussion of commonly used genetic tests, a guide to genetic counseling, and reproductive options such as prenatal diagnosis or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for at-risk couples. Finally, we review pregnancy outcomes in certain renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mehta
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences/Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Belinda Jim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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11
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Two cases of successful pregnancy in patients with Gitelman's syndrome. Clin Nephrol 2018; 84:301-6. [PMID: 26109196 PMCID: PMC4776256 DOI: 10.5414/cn108526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is a distal convoluted tubule (DCT) defect clinically characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Pregnancy in women with GS often results in severe hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia. We report two cases of successful pregnancies, after previous fetal loss, in patients with GS managed with aggressive oral and intravenous electrolyte repletion. These cases illustrate increased potassium and magnesium requirements over the course of the pregnancies and are notable due to the high doses of electrolytes required. They also demonstrate the possibility of successful pregnancy outcomes with frequent laboratory monitoring and aggressive titration of electrolyte replacement either orally or intravenously to maintain appropriate serum levels necessary to provide a suitable environment for fetal development.
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12
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Blanchard A, Bockenhauer D, Bolignano D, Calò LA, Cosyns E, Devuyst O, Ellison DH, Karet Frankl FE, Knoers NVAM, Konrad M, Lin SH, Vargas-Poussou R. Gitelman syndrome: consensus and guidance from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2017; 91:24-33. [PMID: 28003083 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare, salt-losing tubulopathy characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. The disease is recessively inherited, caused by inactivating mutations in the SLC12A3 gene that encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). GS is usually detected during adolescence or adulthood, either fortuitously or in association with mild or nonspecific symptoms or both. The disease is characterized by high phenotypic variability and a significant reduction in the quality of life, and it may be associated with severe manifestations. GS is usually managed by a liberal salt intake together with oral magnesium and potassium supplements. A general problem in rare diseases is the lack of high quality evidence to inform diagnosis, prognosis, and management. We report here on the current state of knowledge related to the diagnostic evaluation, follow-up, management, and treatment of GS; identify knowledge gaps; and propose a research agenda to substantiate a number of issues related to GS. This expert consensus statement aims to establish an initial framework to enable clinical auditing and thus improve quality control of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Blanchard
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1418, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; UMR 970, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fiona E Karet Frankl
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Cambridge, UK; Division of Renal Medicine, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nine V A M Knoers
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Konrad
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
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13
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Elkoundi A, Kartite N, Bensghir M, Doghmi N, Lalaoui SJ. Gitelman syndrome: a rare life-threatening case of hypokalemic paralysis mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome during pregnancy and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1597-1603. [PMID: 29026553 PMCID: PMC5628240 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In rare cases, patients with Gitelman syndrome may present with hypokalemic paralysis mimicking Guillain–Barré syndrome. The severity of resultant symptoms may be life‐threatening. Controversial drugs such as aldactone, amiloride, and eplerenone should be used in this situation despite the lack of safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelghafour Elkoundi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Military Hospital Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Mohammed V University Rabat Morocco
| | - Noureddine Kartite
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Military Hospital Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Mohammed V University Rabat Morocco
| | - Mustapha Bensghir
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Military Hospital Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Mohammed V University Rabat Morocco
| | - Nawfal Doghmi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Military Hospital Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Mohammed V University Rabat Morocco
| | - Salim Jaafar Lalaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Military Hospital Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Mohammed V University Rabat Morocco
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14
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Morton A. Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2015; 5:259-62. [PMID: 26597737 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Less than 50 cases of pregnancy in women with primary aldosteronism have been reported, suggesting the disorder is significantly underdiagnosed in confinement. Accurate diagnosis is complicated by physiological changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in pregnancy, leading to a risk of false negative results on screening tests. The course of primary aldosteronism during pregnancy is highly variable, although overall it is associated with a very high risk of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The optimal management of primary aldosteronism during pregnancy is unclear, with uncertainty regarding the safety of mineralocorticoid antagonists and amiloride, their relative efficacy compared with the antihypertensive medications commonly used during pregnancy, and as to whether prognosis is improved by laparoscopic adrenalectomy where an adrenal adenoma can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Morton
- Mater Health Services, Raymond Tce, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
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15
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Pregnancy in Chronic Kidney Disease: questions and answers in a changing panorama. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:625-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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West CA, McDonough AA, Masilamani SME, Verlander JW, Baylis C. Renal NCC is unchanged in the midpregnant rat and decreased in the late pregnant rat despite avid renal Na+ retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F63-70. [PMID: 25925254 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00147.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by plasma volume expansion due to Na(+) retention, driven by aldosterone. The aldosterone-responsive epithelial Na(+) channel is activated in the kidney in pregnancy. In the present study, we investigated the aldosterone-responsive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) in mid- and late pregnant rats compared with virgin rats. We determined the abundance of total NCC, phosphorylated NCC (pNCC; pT53, pS71 and pS89), phosphorylated STE20/SPS-1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (pSPAK; pS373), and phosphorylated oxidative stress-related kinase (pOSR1; pS325) in the kidney cortex. We also measured mRNA expression of NCC and members of the SPAK/NCC regulatory kinase network, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK)1, total with no lysine kinase (WNK)1, WNK3, and WNK4. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry for NCC kidneys from virgin and pregnant rats. Total NCC, pNCC, and pSPAK/OSR1 abundance were unchanged in midpregnant versus virgin rats. In late pregnant versus virgin rats, total NCC and pNCC were decreased; however, pSPAK/OSR1 was unchanged. We detected no differences in mRNA expression of NCC, SGK1, total WNK1, WNK3, and WNK4. By immunohistochemistry, NCC was mainly localized to the apical region in virgin rats, and density in the apical region was reduced in late pregnancy. Therefore, despite high circulating aldosterone levels in pregnancy, the aldosterone-responsive transporter NCC is not increased in total or activated (phosphorylated) abundance or in apical localization in midpregnant rats, and all are reduced in late pregnancy. This contrasts to the mineralocorticoid-mediated activation of the epithelial Na(+) channel, which we have previously reported. Why and how NCC escapes aldosterone activation in pregnancy is not clear but may relate to regional differences in aldosterone sensitivity the increased K(+) intake or other undefined mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A West
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Shyama M E Masilamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill W Verlander
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chris Baylis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Shinar S, Gal-Oz A, Weinstein T, Levin I, Maslovitz S. Gitelman syndrome during pregnancy – from diagnosis to treatment: a case series and review of the literature. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2013-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare renal disease, originating from a defect in the Na-Cl co-transporter in the distal tubule, which causes hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis and low-normal blood pressure. Mild hypokalemia of pregnancy is physiological. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, polyuria and low blood pressures are also common complaints associated with a normal pregnancy. Therefore, the diagnosis of an organic renal disorder, i.e., GS, may go undetected, until severe hypokalemia and possible life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias develop. Maternal consequences are obvious. The possibility of fetal pathology remains unclear.
Study design: In this study, we describe nine pregnancies in seven women with a clinical diagnosis of GS. Nearly all women were diagnosed initially during pregnancy. We describe their clinical presentation, serum and urine electrolyte levels during pregnancy and immediately post-partum, their treatment and pregnancy outcome.
Results: Fetal pregnancy outcomes were mostly favorable. While it is likely that women suffering from GS do not require special fetal surveillance, they are at high risk for electrolyte depletion and thus aggravation of GS during pregnancy.
Conclusion: Clinical suspicion of GS should arise in all women presenting with symptomatic hypokalemia. Once the diagnosis is made, adequate supplementation and routine maternal monitoring should ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Gal-Oz
- Department of Nephrology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talia Weinstein
- Department of Nephrology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ishai Levin
- Department of Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Maslovitz
- Department of Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Berry MR, Robinson C, Karet Frankl FE. Unexpected clinical sequelae of Gitelman syndrome: hypertension in adulthood is common and females have higher potassium requirements. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1533-42. [PMID: 23328711 PMCID: PMC3685308 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in SLC12A3, encoding the thiazide-sensitive transporter NCCT (sodium chloride co-transporter) in the distal tubule. It is characterized by renal potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) wasting, relative hypotension and hypocalciuria. However, there is phenotypic variability and long-term studies are scarce. Methods We retrospectively assessed clinical and genetic characteristics, and electrolyte requirements, in a cohort of 36 patients with genetically proven GS. Results The 21 males and 15 females were of median age 39.5 years, range 17–66 years. Six were diagnosed in childhood. Among the 72 mutant alleles, 41 different sequence alterations were identified, of which 13 were previously unreported. Surprisingly, 44% (n = 16) of the cohort has developed hypertension (13 males, 3 females, P = 0.019; median age 53 versus 57 years, P = 0.95). One was already hypertensive by age 23 years. Currently normotensive patients were significantly younger: median 37 versus 55 years (P = 0.005). Hypertensive patients were more likely to harbour mutations in the C-terminal half of the NCCT protein (P = 0.016). Females required more K (median 128 versus 72 mmol/day; P = 0.01) but not Mg. Those with exon 26 and/or at least one destructive mutation had higher K requirements than those with neither: 108 versus 72 mmol (P = 0.016) and a tendency towards higher Mg needs: 30 versus 7.4 mmol (P = 0.07). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the development of secondary hypertension may be an expected feature of the ageing GS population despite the obligate salt wasting that characterizes the disorder. We hypothesize that this may be related to chronic secondary hyperaldosteronism. The apparently more severe phenotype in women may be related to the effects of female sex hormones on expression or function of NCCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Berry
- Division of Renal Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Moustakakis MN, Bockorny M. Gitelman syndrome and pregnancy. Clin Kidney J 2012; 5:552-5. [PMID: 26064481 PMCID: PMC4400552 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfs126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal-recessive condition characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. Very little information is available in the literature to guide the management of pregnant patients with GS. We report a case of a 27-year-old woman with GS who became pregnant and despite persistent hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia during pregnancy and labor, had a successful maternal and fetal outcome.
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Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft. ARZNEIMITTEL IN SCHWANGERSCHAFT UND STILLZEIT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7271212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-21203-1.10002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Calò LA, Caielli P. Gitelman’s syndrome and pregnancy: new potential pathophysiological influencing factors, therapeutic approach and materno-fetal outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 25:1511-3. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.629254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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