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Jackson RL, Jung JY. The identification of gifted underachievement: Validity evidence for the commonly used methods. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 92:1133-1159. [PMID: 35199852 PMCID: PMC9543815 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Much confusion exists about the underachievement of gifted students due to significant variations in how the phenomenon has been identified. From a review of the literature, five methods were found to be commonly used to identify gifted underachievement. Aims The purpose of the study was to assess the equivalence of the commonly used methods to identify gifted underachievement, and to determine which of these methods may be optimal. Sample Data were collected from a school in Sydney, Australia. Method Three measures of convergence (i.e., difference in proportions, phi association, and kappa agreement) were used to assess the equivalence of the identification methods, while latent class analysis was used to determine the optimal identification method. Results The convergence evidence suggested that the commonly used identification methods may not be considered convergent, while the criterion evidence indicated that one of the five identification methods may have strong levels of criterion validity. Conclusions A conclusion was reached that the simple difference method may be the most valid method to identify gifted underachievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Luke Jackson
- School of Education, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jae Yup Jung
- School of Education, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Zofkie AC, Fomina YY, Roberts SW, McIntire DD, Nelson DB, Adhikari EH. Effectiveness of Chlamydia trachomatis expedited partner therapy in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:325.e1-325.e7. [PMID: 33894150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.04.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expedited partner therapy for Chlamydia trachomatis has had mixed efficacy in different populations, but limited data exist on the efficacy of the therapy in a pregnant population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of establishing a prenatal expedited partner therapy program in eradicating chlamydia before delivery and to examine the maternal and neonatal outcomes between women who received expedited partner therapy for chlamydia and women who received standard partner referral testing and treatment during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN An expedited partner therapy program was implemented on August 21, 2019, at a public hospital in a county with high chlamydia prevalence. Pregnant women were provided with single-dose packets of azithromycin to treat partners following a diagnosis of chlamydia infection. We prospectively observed pregnant women treated in the expedited partner therapy program who delivered at our institution in the same year and compared the outcomes with a historic cohort from the previous year that had traditional partner referral testing and treatment. We excluded women with concurrent gonorrhea, HIV, syphilis, or current intimate partner violence. The primary outcome was chlamydia reinfection or no-cure rates at repeat testing in 4 to 6 weeks following treatment or at the 36-week prenatal care screening. Secondary outcomes included obstetrical, maternal, and neonatal outcomes, including premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, neonatal intensive care unit admission, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis. RESULTS The rate of chlamydia infection was 3.6% over a 2-year period in our delivered population. In the year following the implementation of the expedited partner therapy, compared with 419 women (mean±standard deviation, 23.4±5.5 years) who were diagnosed with chlamydia infection in the previous year, 471 women (mean±standard deviation age, 23.8±5.3 years) who delivered at our institution were diagnosed with chlamydia infection. There was no difference in race, parity, prenatal care attendance, or concomitant sexually transmitted infections. Compared with the pre-expedited partner therapy group, the rate of reinfection in the post-expedited partner therapy group was not statistically different (60/471 [13%] vs 61/419 [15%]; odds ratio, 0.86 [95% confidence interval 0.58-1.26]). In a per-protocol analysis, 72 women (17%) in the pre-expedited partner therapy group and 389 women (83%) in post-expedited partner therapy group received expedited partner therapy; reinfection was not statistically different between groups (P=.47). There was no difference in secondary outcomes, although a trend toward improved rates of endometritis was noted in the post-expedited partner therapy group (odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-1.02). CONCLUSION The implementation of a prenatal expedited partner therapy program did not affect the rate of chlamydia reinfection before delivery. Treatment of chlamydia in an inner-city population has multiple factors that lead to successful treatment. Future efforts to reduce sexually transmitted infection and chlamydia reinfection rates in an at-risk population should include exploring patient education and safe sex practices beyond expedited partner therapy alone during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Zofkie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX.
| | - Yevgenia Y Fomina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX
| | - Scott W Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX
| | - Donald D McIntire
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David B Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX
| | - Emily H Adhikari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX
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Reid F, Oakeshott P, Kerry SR, Hay PE, Jensen JS. Chlamydia related bacteria (Chlamydiales) in early pregnancy: community-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:119.e9-119.e14. [PMID: 27773758 PMCID: PMC5317141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Serological case–control studies suggest that certain chlamydia-related bacteria (Chlamydiales) which cause cows to abort may do the same in humans. Chlamydiales include Waddlia chondrophila, Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Data on prevalence of Chlamydiales in pregnancy are sparse. Using stored urine samples from a carefully characterised cohort of 847 newly pregnant women recruited from 37 general practices in London, UK, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and types of Chlamydiales infections. We also explored possible associations with miscarriage or spontaneous preterm birth. Methods Samples were tested using W. chondrophila and pan-Chlamydiales specific real-time PCRs targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Samples positive on either PCR were subjected to DNA sequencing and C. trachomatis PCR. Results The overall prevalence of Chlamydiales was 4.3% (36/847, 95% CI 3.0% to 5.8%). The prevalence of W. chondrophila was 0.6% (n = 5), C. trachomatis 1.7% (n = 14), and other Chlamydiales species 2.0% (n = 17). Infection with C. trachomatis was more common in women aged <25, of black ethnicity or with bacterial vaginosis, but this did not apply to W. chondrophila or other Chlamydiales. Follow up was 99.9% at 16 weeks gestation and 90% at term. No infection was significantly associated with miscarriage at ≤12 weeks (prevalence 10%, 81/827) or preterm birth <37 weeks (prevalence 4%, 23/628). Of 25 samples sequenced, seven (28%) were positive for Chlamydiales bacterium sequences associated with respiratory tract infections in children. Conclusion In the first study to use the pan-Chlamydiales assay on female urine samples, 4% of pregnant women tested positive for Chlamydiales, including species known to be pathogenic in mothers and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reid
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Oakeshott
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
| | - S R Kerry
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - P E Hay
- Courtyard Genitourinary Medicine Clinic, St George's NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J S Jensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lunny C, Taylor D, Hoang L, Wong T, Gilbert M, Lester R, Krajden M, Ogilvie G. Self-Collected versus Clinician-Collected Sampling for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132776. [PMID: 26168051 PMCID: PMC4500554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increases in STI rates since the late 1990s in Canada have occurred despite widespread primary care and targeted public health programs and in the setting of universal health care. More innovative interventions are required that would eliminate barriers to STI testing such as internet-based or mail-in home and community service testing for patients that are hard to reach, who refuse to go for clinician-based testing, or who decline an examination. Jurisdictions such as New Zealand and some American states currently use self-collected sampling, but without the required evidence to determine whether self-collected specimens are as accurate as clinician-collected specimens in terms of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnostic accuracy. The objective of the review is to compare self-collected vaginal, urine, pharyngeal and rectal samples to our reference standard - clinician-collected cervical, urethral, pharyngeal and rectal sampling techniques to identify a positive specimen using nucleic acid amplification test assays. METHODS The hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic and the fixed effect models were used to assess the accuracy of comparable specimens that were collected by patients compared to clinicians. Sensitivity and specificity estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported as our main outcome measures. FINDINGS We included 21 studies based on over 6100 paired samples. Fourteen included studies examined chlamydia only, 6 compared both gonorrhea and chlamydia separately in the same study, and one examined gonorrhea. The six chlamydia studies comparing self-collection by vaginal swab to a clinician-collected cervical swab had the highest sensitivity (92%, 95% CI 87-95) and specificity (98%, 95% CI 97-99), compared to other specimen-types (urine/urethra or urine/cervix). Six studies compared urine self-samples to urethra clinician-collected samples in males and produced a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 83-93) and a specificity of 99% (95% CI 0.94-0.99). Taking into account that urine samples may be less sensitive than cervical samples, eight chlamydia studies that compared urine self-collected verses clinician-collected cervical samples had a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 81-91) and high specificity of 99% (95% CI 0.98-1.00). For gonorrhea testing, self-collected urine samples compared to clinician-collected urethra samples in males produced a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI 83-97) and specificity of 99% (95% CI 0.98-1.00). CONCLUSION The sensitivity and specificity of vaginal self-collected swabs compared to swabs collected by clinicians supports the use of vaginal swab as the recommended specimen of choice in home-based screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Urine samples for gonorrhea collected by men had comparably high sensitivity and specificity, so could be recommended as they can be left at room temperature for several days, allowing for the possibility of mail-in home-based testing. In populations that may not go for testing at all, do not have the option of clinical testing, or who refuse a clinical examination, self-collected screening would be a good alternative. We recommend that guidelines on how to self-collect gonorrhea and chlamydia urine, vaginal, rectal and pharyngeal specimens be published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Lunny
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Australasian Cochrane Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darlene Taylor
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom Wong
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Gilbert
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard Lester
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- Division of STI/HIV Prevention and Control, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mantzana P, Pournaras S, Skentou C, Deligeoroglou E, Katsioulis A, Antonakopoulos G, Hadjichristodoulou C, Tsakris A, Messinis IE, Daponte A. Applicability of self-obtained urine and vaginal samples for HPV-16, -18, -31 and -45 cervical cancer screening in pregnancy: a pilot cross-sectional study. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: To conduct a pilot cross-sectional study to evaluate the rates of detection of four common high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) types using first-void urine paired with vaginal self-obtained samples in a nonvaccinated population of pregnant women. We also aimed to compare these results with a matched nonpregnant group in order to test the applicability of self-sampled hr-HPV cervical cancer screening during antenatal visits. Materials & methods: Samples from 550 pregnant women were subjected to hr-HPV-16, -18, -31 and -45 type detection by inhouse PCR and compared with 250 paired urine, vaginal and cervical samples from an age-matched cohort of nonpregnant women. Results: Comparing overall hr-HPV prevalence in urine and vaginal samples between pregnant (15 out of 550; 2.7%) and nonpregnant women (eight out of 250; 3.2%) for each HPV type revealed no significant differences. All paired urine/vaginal samples were both positive for the same type of hr-HPV and there was no positive urine sample with the other samples being negative. Conclusion: hr-HPV detection in pregnant women using self-obtained urine and vaginal samples seems to be a feasible cervical cancer screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Mantzana
- Department of Microbiology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Pournaras
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Skentou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Deligeoroglou
- Division of Pediatric–Adolescent Gynecology & Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Katsioulis
- Department of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Antonakopoulos
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Department of Hygiene & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Abstract
Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, such as influenza, hepatitis E, malaria, and tuberculosis. The management of many other infections-including urinary tract infections, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases-is also made more complex by pregnancy; even if some infections do not pose a great risk to the expectant mother, they can impact fetal and neonatal development, thus posing a treatment challenge to physicians. By focusing on the most important diseases that physicians may encounter in pregnant patients, this review outlines the challenges associated with managing important infectious diseases in the pregnant population and references the most recent evidence and international treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Adler
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Linares ST, Hollier LM. Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118314937.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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