Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in a Pregnant Woman With Ovarian Cancer

High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer during Pregnancy: From Diagnosis to Treatment

BACKGROUND

Due to the rarity of ovarian cancer diagnosed during pregnancy, the literature on the treatment of subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer in pregnancy is sparse. The aim of our review was to analyze cases of high-grade serous ovarian cancer in pregnancy.

METHODS

The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles published in English between January 2000 and December 2023. The references of all the relevant reviews found were also checked to avoid omitting eligible studies. Information on the all retrieved cases was extracted and reviewed in detail. The most important detail was the subtype of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, which was referred to as serous adenocarcinoma (grade 2 or grade 3) in older cases.

RESULTS

We found eleven cases with relevant details of high-grade serous ovarian cancer diagnosed in pregnancy. Despite the small number of cases we found, our study demonstrated the importance of an accurate initial vaginal ultrasound at the first examination in pregnancy and the safety of diagnostic surgery and chemotherapy in pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS

There have not been long-term follow-ups of patients' oncologic and obstetric outcomes. As patients should be comprehensively informed, more detailed case reports or series with longer follow-up periods are needed.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes following taxane use during pregnancy: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

The use of taxanes following the first trimester of pregnancy is endorsed by current clinical guidelines. However, evidence regarding their safety in terms of obstetric and neonatal outcomes is limited.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Web of Sciences databases from their inception up to 12/16/2022. Eligibility criteria included gestational taxane use, presentation of original findings, and individual case data presented. A descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken.

RESULTS

A total of 159 patients treated with taxane-containing regimens during pregnancy were identified, resulting in 162 fetuses exposed in utero. The majority of patients had breast cancer (n = 88; 55.3%) or cervical cancer (n = 45; 28.3%). The most commonly employed taxane was paclitaxel (n = 131; 82.4%). A total of 111 (69.8%) patients were also treated with other cytotoxic drugs during pregnancy, including platinum salts (n = 70; 63.0%) and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (n = 20; 18.0%). While most patients received taxanes during the second trimester of pregnancy (n = 79; 70.0%), two were exposed to taxanes in the first trimester. Obstetric outcomes were reported in 105 (66.0%) cases, with the most frequent adverse events being preterm contractions or premature rupture of membranes (n = 12; 11.4%), pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome (n = 6; 5.7%), and oligohydramnios/anhydramnios (n = 6; 5.7%). All cases with pregnancy outcome available resulted in live births (n = 132). Overall, 72 (54.5%) neonates were delivered preterm, 40 (30.3%) were classified as small for gestational age (SGA), and 2 (1.5%) had an Apgar score of < 7 at 5 min. Perinatal complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 14; 10.6%), hyperbilirubinemia (n = 5; 3.8%), and hypoglycemia (n = 2; 1.5%). In addition, 7 (5.3%) cases of congenital malformations were reported. At a median follow-up of 16 months, offspring health status was available for 86 (65.2%), of which 13 (15.1%) had a documented complication, including delayed speech development, recurrent otitis media, and acute myeloid leukemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Taxanes appear to be safe following the first trimester of pregnancy, with obstetric and fetal outcomes being similar to those observed in the general obstetric population. Future studies should aim to determine the most effective taxane regimen and dosage for use during gestation, with a specific focus on treatment safety.

The Safety of Chemotherapy for Ovarian Malignancy during Pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Data on epidemiologic features, treatments and outcomes in women diagnosed with ovarian malignancy during pregnancy are very sparse due to its low incidence. The goal of our study was to summarize the epidemiologic characteristics of pregnant women complicated with ovarian malignancy and investigate the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy during pregnancy.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data of eight patients suffering from ovarian malignancy during pregnancy in our institution from June 2011 to July 2021. Furthermore, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed up to 1 September 2021, which identified 92 cases with ovarian malignancy during pregnancy eligible for the analysis. Therefore, we collected the data of 100 pregnant patients complicated with ovarian malignancy, including clinical demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment interventions and outcomes.

RESULTS

In total, 100 pregnant patients complicated with ovarian malignancy were investigated and classified into three groups: 34 cases in the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) group, 38 cases in the germ cell tumors (GCTs) group and 28 cases in the sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) group. The onset age of pregnant patients with epithelial ovarian cancer was significantly higher than that of other patients. Pelvic mass and abdominal pain were the common clinical presentations of pregnant patients with ovarian malignancy. For distinguishing epithelial ovarian cancer during pregnancy, the area under the curve (AUC) of CA-125 was 0.718 with an optimal cutoff value of 58.2 U/mL. Moreover, 53 patients underwent surgery during pregnancy, the majority of whom underwent unilateral adnexectomy in the second trimester. Furthermore, 43 patients received chemotherapy during pregnancy, and 28 delivered completely healthy newborns at birth; 13 neonates showed transient abnormalities without further complications; and 2 died during the neonatal period.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals the safety of chemotherapy for ovarian malignancy during pregnancy. However, large-sample prospective studies are still needed to further explore the safety of chemotherapy in pregnant patients with malignancy to choose the appropriate chemotherapy regimen and achieve the maximum benefit for patients.

The efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer in pregnancy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Ovarian cancer during pregnancy is a rare event. Little is known about the treatment of this condition due to lack of high level evidence. Therefore, we performed a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer during pregnancy.

METHODS

This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022370709), which will be conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols 2015 statement. We will search 7 electronic databases to identify relevant studies from inception to October, 2022, which includes PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Clinical Trials Database, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. The Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions will be performed to assess a broad category of biases in the included studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system will be used to judge the overall quality of evidence supporting outcomes in this work. Data are analyzed with the Review Manager Version 5.3 software.

RESULTS

The results of this meta-analysis would be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication.

CONCLUSION

This paper will provide high-quality synthesis to assess the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer in pregnancy.

Efficacy and Safety of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction

Based on the available data on ovarian cancer during pregnancy, we performed a review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy against ovarian cancer during pregnancy.

Methods

We systematically searched three databases including the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published from January 1986 to December 2020 using the following terms: “ovarian tumors OR ovarian carcinoma OR adnexal masses OR ovarian cancer” AND “pregnancy” AND “chemotherapy.” Two authors (Yaping Pei and Yuanfeng Gou) independently searched the literature and extracted data from each eligible study. The outcome measures were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The OS and PFS of all patients were estimated by Kaplan–Meier survival curves and log-rank tests.

Results

A total of 43 studies including 55 cases of ovarian cancer during pregnancy were selected. Forty-eight patients were comprehensively staged using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system. Twenty-six of the 48 patients (54.17%) were diagnosed with early-stage disease, while the remaining had advanced stages (II, III, and IV). The mean age at diagnosis was 29.31 years. The majority of patients in this meta-analysis were diagnosed at a mean gestational age of 16.05 weeks. The mean GA at chemotherapy administration was 17.42 weeks. Overall, 55 women gave birth to 56 newborns, including a pair of twins. At the end of follow-up (median 10 months, range 0–73 months), all the children were healthy, except for one child who died 5 days after delivery due to a congenital abnormality. During 2–204 months of follow-up, there were five cases of recurrence, with no evidence of recurrence in the remaining cases. Unfortunately, one patient died 29 months after diagnosis. Neither median overall survival nor median progression-free survival was obtained.

Conclusion

Platinum-based chemotherapy may be a good choice for pregnant women with ovarian cancer who want to continue their pregnancy.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40487-021-00179-9.

Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports and series

AIM

This study aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients in pregnancy.

METHODS

In this study, eligible studies were searched on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to December 31, 2020. Data were calculated and presented by frequency and percentage, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and median (range), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

Finally, 34 studies including 40 ovarian cancer cases receiving chemotherapy during pregnancy were included. All 40 patients received chemotherapy during pregnancy. During the follow-up, seven of 37 (18.9%) women had a relapse and four of them (4/7, 57.1%) died of recurrence. Survival analysis failed to reach median OS and PFS within the follow-up (range 3-72 months). Better OS and PFS after chemotherapy in pregnancy were obtained in women with early-stage ovarian cancer (I) compared with those with advanced stage (III-IV). Neither OS nor FS differed between women treated with multi-drugs and those with monotherapy. Forty-one newborns were delivered from 40 pregnant women. Thirty-four (34/41, 82.9%) were completely healthy at birth and the end of follow-up (range 0.18-160 months). However, one newborn died 5 days after birth due to multiple congenital malformations, and another one developed Tourette's syndrome, aphasia, Asperger's syndrome as well as speech delay.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis first reveals the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer during pregnancy, especially for early-stage patients. Cisplatin or carboplatin is suggested to be used as monotherapy to reduce adverse effects.

Multidisciplinary Management of Cancer During Pregnancy

Cancer during pregnancy is relatively rare but is increasing in frequency in countries in which the maternal child-bearing age continues to rise. The complexities of medical decision making are underscored by the need to weigh the potential benefits of any intervention for the mother against the risks to the fetus. A majority of diagnostic evaluations can be performed safely in the setting of pregnancy and should not be delayed. Noninvasive prenatal testing that shows discordance with fetal karyotype can be a clue to an underlying maternal malignancy. After diagnosis, a multidisciplinary team should formulate a care plan for both the mother and the fetus. Key topics for discussion should include the mother's prognosis, standard treatment plan, and predictions of how modifications for a continuing pregnancy will affect the treatment plan and overall prognosis. In the context of this knowledge, frank discussions about pregnancy termination should be addressed with the patient, if appropriate. Selection of a plan for oncologic management in the case of a pregnant woman is based on the type of cancer, the tumor biology, and the tumor stage. Additional complexities for pregnant patients are typically related to the gestational age of the fetus, the dynamic physiologic changes of pregnancy, and the limited safety data for administration of most anticancer therapies during pregnancy. In this article, we summarize data related to different classes of anticancer therapies as well as considerations for the management of selected cancers. Finally, we provide some key principles that should be considered in the management of patients with cancer during pregnancy.

Interactive three-dimensional teaching models of the female and male pelvic floor

Controversies regarding structure and function of the pelvic floor persist because of its poor accessibility and complex anatomical architecture. Most data are based on dissection. This "surgical" approach requires profound prior knowledge, because applying the scalpel precludes a "second look." The "sectional" approach does not entail these limitations, but requires segmentation of structures and three-dimensional reconstruction. This approach has produced several "Visible Human Projects." We dealt with limited spatial resolution and difficult-to-segment structures by proceeding from clear-cut to more fuzzy boundaries and comparing segmentation between investigators. We observed that the bicipital levator ani muscle consisted of pubovisceral and puborectal portions; that the pubovisceral muscle formed, together with rectococcygeal and rectoperineal muscles, a rectal diaphragm; that the external anal sphincter consisted of its subcutaneous portion and the puborectal muscle only; that the striated urethral sphincter had three parts, of which the middle (urethral compressor) was best developed in females and the circular lower ("membranous") best in males; that the rectourethral muscle, an anterior extension of the rectal longitudinal smooth muscle, developed a fibrous node in its center (perineal body); that the perineal body was much better developed in females than males, so that the rectourethral subdivision into posterior rectoperineal and anterior deep perineal muscles was more obvious in females; that the superficial transverse perineal muscle attached to the fibrous septa of the ischioanal fat; and that the uterosacral ligaments and mesorectal fascia colocalized. To facilitate comprehension of the modified topography we provide interactive 3D-PDFs that are freely available for teaching purposes. Clin. Anat. 33:275-285, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Management of gynecological cancer in pregnant patients

INTRODUCTION

Cancer during pregnancy is a rare but challenging condition. More women delay childbearing and consequently the incidence of cancer during pregnancy is constantly increasing.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

An extensive electronic search was performed in PubMed and Scopus. Only studies written after 1985 were considered eligible for this review. Abstracts, conference papers, book chapters, animal studies, commentaries as well as editorials articles were excluded from this review.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Cancer treatment during pregnancy is possible, but both maternal and fetal conditions need to be preserved. Randomized clinical trials are not feasible and current evidence are mainly based on case-series, small case reports and expert opinion. Cervical and ovarian cancers are the most common gynecological cancers diagnosed during pregnancy. Surgery and chemotherapy after the first trimester seem to be relatively safe for the newborn. Platinum-based chemotherapy administered during the 2nd-3rd trimester showed comparable adverse effects in newborns to those in the general population. Babies exposed to antenatal chemotherapy might be more likely to develop small for gestational age and NICU admission, than babies not exposed.

CONCLUSIONS

Management of pregnant women with cancer should be performed in specialized cancer centers and all cases should be discussed with a multidisciplinary approach. In the present review, we discuss the current recommendations for the management of pregnancies complicated by cancer and neonatal outcomes.

A review on pregnancy complicated by ovarian epithelial and non-epithelial malignant tumors: Diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives

The management of gestational ovarian cancer can be challenging because of the risk of fetal wastage, and the possibility of treatment-related complications to the fetus; it is based on insufficient data from retrospective studies and case series. Here, a literature review of the diagnostic and surgical approaches to the gestational ovarian cancer has been performed; moreover, data on safety of chemotherapeutic treatments in pregnancy, including both oncologic and fetal outcomes, have also been reviewed. Up to now, 193 cases of ovarian cancers during pregnancy have been reported in the English literature. Treatment of ovarian malignancies during pregnancy depends on histology, stage, and gestational weeks. When possible, surgical excision is indicated, and fertility-sparing surgery can be offered to stage I epithelial ovarian tumours (EOC), germ cell ovarian, or sex-cord stromal ovarian tumours. Neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian tumours is indicated as in non-pregnant women. Administration of chemotherapy after the first trimester, can cause fetal growth restriction, while being seemingly safe. The therapeutic approach of ovarian cancer in pregnancy should be individualized and intended in specialized centers.

Does Chemotherapy for Gynecological Malignancies during Pregnancy Cause Fetal Growth Restriction?

Cancer and pregnancy rarely coincide. Gynecological cancers are among the most common malignancies to occur during pregnancy, and chemotherapy with or without surgery is the primary treatment option. The main concern of administering chemotherapy during pregnancy is congenital malformation, although it can be avoided by delaying treatment until after organogenesis. The dose, frequency, choice of chemotherapeutic agents, time of treatment commencement, and method of administration can be adjusted to obtain the best maternal treatment outcomes while simultaneously minimizing fetal toxicity. Use of chemotherapy after the first trimester, while seemingly safe, can cause fetal growth restriction. However, the exact effect of chemotherapy on such fetal growth restriction has not been fully established; information is scarce owing to the rarity of malignancy occurring during pregnancy, the lack of uniform treatment protocols, different terminologies for defining certain fetal growth abnormalities, the influence of mothers' preferred options, and ethical issues. Herein, we present up-to-date findings from the literature regarding the impact of chemotherapy on fetal growth.

Treatment options for pregnant women with ovarian tumors

Diagnosis of ovarian mass during pregnancy is a rare event. Treatment of ovarian malignancies during pregnancy depends on histology, grade, stage, and gestational weeks. When possible, surgical excision is indicated, and sometimes, fertility-sparing surgery is recommended. Administration of systemic treatment before or after surgery is indicated as in nonpregnant women. Preliminary data suggest that platinum salts and taxanes are safe during pregnancy. Management of ovarian tumors in pregnancy requires a multidisciplinary approach to guarantee an optimal treatment for the mother and the fetus.

Feto-maternal outcomes of pregnancy complicated by epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review of literature

Although cancer diagnosed during pregnancy is rare, epithelial cell type ovarian cancers (EOCs) comprise approximately one quarter to one half of cases of ovarian malignancy diagnosed during pregnancy. The behavior of EOC during pregnancy and its implications for maternal and fetal outcomes is not well understood. In order to better define these outcomes, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE using entry keywords "pregnancy" and "ovarian cancer" for the period from 1955 to 2013. The literature search identified 105 cases eligible for analysis. Clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcome, tumor characteristics, clinical management, and survival outcomes were all evaluated. Serious adverse events were defined as complications related to EOC that resulted in severe morbidity or mortality for the mother and/or fetus. The mean age of cases was 31.6 years. The most common histology was serous (47.6%), followed by mucinous (27.6%) and endometrioid types (10.5%). The most common presenting symptom was abdominal or pelvic pain (26.7%) while incidentally detected tumors accounted for one third of cases. The majority of cases were stage I at diagnosis (63.8%) followed by stage III disease (24.8%), and the median tumor size was 12cm. Live births occurred in 81.3% of cases, and of the remainder 72.2% were due to elective termination. Intrapartum surgery primarily took place in the second trimester (43%) with fetal conservation in 61.9% of operations. Over half of cases received chemotherapy (55.2%), approximately one third of which received it during the pregnancy (36.2%). Among the 21 cases treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy, there was no association with small for gestational age or fetal malformations. Serious adverse events occurred in 21.9% of cases, of which the most common was tumor rupture during pregnancy (10.5%). Three (2.9%) maternal death following surgery during pregnancy and five (6.4%) neonatal deaths were reported. Gestational age at tumor diagnosis (2-year overall survival rate, 1st trimester 94.6%, 2nd trimester 88.8%, and 3rd trimester 72.9%, p=0.041) type of histology (serous 88.1%, mucinous 84.6%, endometrioid 89.5%, clear cell 100%, mixed type 75.0%, and undifferentiated 30.0%, p<0.01), stage (stage I 96.9%, stage II 85.7%, stage III 56.3%, and stage IV 25.0%, p<0.01), and serious adverse events (yes versus no, 68.1% versus 92.2%, p=0.041) were significantly related to maternal overall survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, stage III/IV disease remained the independent prognostic factor associated with decreased maternal overall survival (stage III, hazard ratio 44.6, p<0.01; and stage IV, hazard ratio 399, p<0.01). In conclusion, although the majority of EOC cases during pregnancy resulted in live birth, maternal and neonatal mortality needs to be considered in the counseling and management of these pregnancies.